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"This paper1 describes the development of temporal expressions in a bilingual child acquiring two typologically distinct languages: Italian and Indonesian.2 These languages differ from one another in the way tense and aspect are encoded and it is interesting to observe what kind of cross-linguistic influence one language system has on the other. Italian verbs are heavily inflected for person, number as well as for tense, aspect and mood, whereas, in Indonesian, the encoding of tense and aspect is lexical rather than morphological; moreover encoding is optional when the context is sufficiently clear. This means that tense and aspect in Indonesian is often marked pragmatically rather than grammatically. This paper considers the interference effects that result from simultaneously acquiring these two typologically distinct systems."

"ABSTRAKFilm merupakan salah satu karya sastra yang digemari banyak orang. Akan tetapi, film yang diproduksi setiap negara berbeda sehingga dibutuhkan penerjemahan untuk dapat memahami bahasa yang digunakan di setiap negara. Dalam film, penerjemahan yang ditampilkan dapat berupa dubbing atau subtitle. Artikel ini membahas masalah penerjemahan yang disajikan dalam subtitile film Ballerina produksi Gaumont berbahasa Prancis ke bahasa Indonesia. Namun, penelitian ini dibatasi pada penerjemahan kalimat lampau karena perbedaan penyampaian kala lampau dalam bahasa Prancis BP dan bahasa Indonesia BI cukup signifikan. Dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif dan teknik studi kepustakaan, penelitian ini memaparkan bagaimana masalah penerjemahan dapat diselesaikan dengan mempertimbangkan dampak pada penonton walaupun kedua bahasa berbeda. Melalui analisis teknik penerjemahan oleh Hoed 2006 , kesepadanan penerjemahan oleh Williams 2013 , pergeseran dalam penerjemahan oleh Catford 1965 , dan ketentuan penulisan subtitle oleh Karamitrouglou 2007 , ditemukan bahwa belum ada pola tetap dalam penerjemahan kala lampau BP tetapi hasil penerjemahan berterima karena sesuai dan tidak mengganggu alur cerita. Pergeseran tataran dan intrasistem ditemukan dalam kajian ini.

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ABSTRACTFilm is one of the most popular literary works. However, films produced by each country use different languages so that translation is required to understand the language used in each country. In movies, the translation can be in the form of either dubbing or subtitle. This article disscusses about translation problem presented in the subtitle of the French-language from Gaumont 39;s film titled Ballerina that translated into Indonesian. However, this study is limited to translations of past sentences because of the difference in past tense in French BP and Indonesian BI are significant. Using qualitative methods and literature study techniques, this study explains how translation problems can be solved due to the differences between the two languages by considering the impact on the audience. Through the analysis of translation techniques, equivalent and shifting in translation, and the provision of subtitle writing, it is found that there has no fixed pattern in past BP translation but it is acceptable because it does not interfere with the story line. Level and intrasystem shifts was found in this study."