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"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari karakteristik dan faktor-faktor yang berkaitan dengan kehamilan remaja pada empat negara di Asia Tenggara, yaitu Indonesia, Filipina, Kamboja, dan Myanmar dengan menggunakan analisis multilevel regresi logistik. Data Demographic and Health Survey digunakan sebagai data pada level individu. Data level kontekstual menggunakan data indikator sosial dan ekonomi dari masing-masing negara. Berdasarkan hasil pengolahan data diperoleh bahwa penentu utama kejadian kehamilan remaja adalah variabel individual. Durasi lama pendidikan, status sosial ekonomi, dan pengetahuan tentang alat kontrasepsi berhubungan dengan kehamilan remaja di empat negara. Analisis data yang bersifat cross sectional menjadi keterbatasan dalam penelitian ini.

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This study aims to analyze the characteristics and factors related to teenage pregnancy in four countries in Southeast Asia: Indonesia, Philippines, Cambodia and Myanmar by using multilevel logistic regression analysis. Demographic and Health Survey data is used as data at the individual level. Contextual level data uses social and economic indicator data from each country.

The results of data processing obtained that the main determinant of the incidence of teenage pregnancy is an individual variable. The years of schooling, socioeconomic status, and knowledge about contraception are related to teenage pregnancy in four countries."

"ABSTRACTThe aim of this research is to analyse the legal framework in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and the Philippines, and its conformity to international instnunents regarding general elections, particularly on settlement of election offences for the conduct of democratic general elections. To achieve the purpose of this study, there will be aneed to examine (i) The extent the legal framework in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and the Philippines incorporated international standards on election to protect election process fiom election offences; (ii) The extent the election offences are settled through the process and through the process of election petition.It is highly important to conduct a more comprehensive research, either 'globally or regionally, to identify some problems related to settlementof election offences, either through the criminal process or through the election petition process. By means of this research, the differences and similarities ofthe legal framework as well as their strengths and weaknesses can be fotmd and some recommendations could be proposed to strengthen the system of election offence settlement.This study is a comparative study. The methodology applied in this thesis is related to the objective, namely, to analyse the legal framework of Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and the Philippines in solving election offences problems. This thesis analyses the extent to which the legal framework incorporates several intemational standards concerning elections.The primary data of this thesis are documents in the form of laws, legislation and court decisions. It is supported by other literature, such as reports, academic journals, magazines, newspapers, and books. Additionally, interviews were also conducted with several resource persons having expertise in this field. The data are analysed using a qualitative approach.The study results demonstrate that in order to prevent unwanted political influence on the election process , every country needs a legal iamework that protect general elections from all kinds of election offences, provide the right of all aggrieved parties to challenge the elections result before an independent and competent judicial body and set out the scope of available review, establish provisions conceming the effect of irregularities on the outcome of elections and provide effective and fair redress mechanism.The existing legal framework of the respective countries generally cover elements of international human right standars of election, however different on some issues, especially the coverage of election offences, the model of regulation, the effect of cellection offences on the election result, the ground of ellection petitions and the settlement procedure (in criminal process and in election petition). Some aspects of the legal framework of settlement of election offences, particulary in Indonesia, need to be improved to ensure more democratic general elections. It is extremely important for democratic country to protec its political process and protec political rights of every citizen and partics from election offerences. Without an effective and fair system, it will be very difficult tho achieve the protections as provided in International standads. The international standards provide a minimum benchmark to which all countries should aspire."

"What is the relationship between Marxism and postcolonial thought? Can a revolutionary European ideology be an emancipatory intellectual tool in the post-imperial world? Or, in sites where European thought is often treated with suspicion, does it repeat distrusted legacies and epistemologies? This collection is the first systematic attempt to provide an overview of this collision. An international cast of contributors challenge the elision of Marxist thought in the debate on what the term "postcolonial" actually entails. The volume is essential reading for all engaged in postcolonial and cultural studies."