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"ABSTRACTOld-Age Insurance (JHT), which is intended for workers entering the old age, is now widely claimed when workers are still in their early age discussing the implementation of the policy on benefits of Old Age Insurance (JHT) in Indonesia. This study discusses the implementation of policies on benefits of Old Age Insurance (JHT) in Indonesia. JHT is a program in the form of giving cash when participants enter retirement age. In its implementation, there are several obstacles, namely many participants who took the benefits of JHT at a young age. This has led to a shift in the philosophy of JHT as well as the existence of companies that register good programs, wages and labor. The purpose of this study is to analyze the implementation of the JHT benefit policy in Indonesia and what determines the success of implementing the JHT benefit policy. This study used a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews and literature studies. In-depth interviews were conducted with several informants including the government, BPJS Employment, participants and employers as well as NGOs. The results of this study, namely the implementation of the JHT benefit policy in Indonesia goes well despite disharmony of regulations and the successful implementation of the JHT benefit policy in Indonesia is strongly influenced by various things including the content and context of the policy itself and compliance with implementers and factual sociological conditions of the community. The conclusion is that implementation is going well even though it still faces both regulatory and compliance constraints, so it needs to be revised PP 60 in 2015, the existence of unemployment benefits so that it does not interfere with JHT and innovative performance is needed from BPJS Ketenagakerjaan."

"School entry regulations in Indonesia have a specific cutoff date for enrolment and it requires children to start school at the age of seven. In practice, there were schools that allowed children to start elementary school before reaching seven years old. This might create age differences between children in the same grade at school. Some literature has been shown that older students outperform younger students in the school outcomes. For instance, higher education attainment, reduce grade repetition, and excellent academic performances. However, limited evidence exists about the school starting age and academic performances in Indonesia. In order to determine whether the school starting age rule in Indonesia affects children’s academic performance, this study utilizes the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS wave) 5 and regression discontinuity design. This study found that older entrance might get lower score compared to the children who start school at early age. Based on the results, entering school earlier might increase the average of total score by 2.687 grade points higher than older entrance."

"Selama beberapa tahun terakhir, kontribusi sektor pertanian terhadap PDB Indonesia mengalami penurunan setiap tahun yang mengakibatkan tingkat partisipasi tenaga kerja sektor pertanian juga cenderung menurun. Tren di Indonesia menunjukkan penurunan persentase tenaga kerja sektor pertanian di usia muda, tetapi di saat yang bersamaan persentase tenaga kerja sektor pertanian di usia tua justru meningkat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh dari usia, periode, dan kohor terhadap perkembangan tingkat partisipasi tenaga kerja sektor pertanian di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan data dari lima periode Survei Angkatan Kerja Nasional (Sakernas) yaitu Sakernas pada tahun 2000, tahun 2005, tahun 2010, tahun 2015, dan tahun 2020. Dengan menggunakan analisis mixed effect logistic regression, diperoleh hasil bahwa tingkat partisipasi tenaga kerja sektor pertanian di usia muda lebih rendah dibandingkan tenaga kerja usia tua. Tenaga kerja pada usia muda yang berasal dari kohor-kohor awal memiliki probabilitas bekerja di sektor pertanian lebih tinggi dibandingkan tenaga kerja usia muda yang berasal dari kohor-kohor terkini. Transisi pada perekonomian Indonesia yang mengakibatkan pertumbuhan sektor non pertanian meningkat menyebabkan tingkat partisipasi tenaga kerja usia muda terus menurun sehingga generasi muda mulai kehilangan minat dan lebih memilih untuk tidak bekerja di sektor pertanian

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Indonesia GDP share of agriculture sector has declined over years recently, which was followed by declining in agricultural labor participation rate. The trend shows percentage of youth agricultural labor become lower and percentage of elder agricultural labor is increasing at the same time. This study aims to see the age, period, and cohort effect on agricultural labor participation rate over years using National Labor Force Survey data (Sakernas) in five periods consists of Sakernas 2000, Sakernas 2005, Sakernas 2010, Sakernas 2015, and Sakernas 2020. This study using mixed effect logistic regression and it results show youth agricultural participation rate is lower than elder agricultural participation rate. Youth labor from older cohort have higher probabilities to work in agriculture than from younger cohort. The growth of non-agriculture share in Indonesia GDP as the result of economic transformation, causes lowering in youth agricultural participation rate, thus, the youth have less interest and choose to not work in agriculture."

"Penelitian ini membahas mengenai implementasi kebijakan manfaat Jaminan Hari Tua (JHT) di Indonesia. JHT merupakan program berupa pemberian uang tunai ketika peserta memasuki usia pensiun. Dalam implementasinya, terdapat beberapa kendala yakni banyak peserta yang mengambil manfaat JHT pada usia muda. Hal ini menyebabkan adanya pergeseran filosofi JHT serta adanya perusahaan yang mendaftarkan sebagain baik program, upah dan tenaga kerjanya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini ialah untuk menganalisis implementasi kebijakan manfaat JHT di Indonesia dan hal yang menentukan keberhasilan implementasi kebijakan manfaat JHT tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif dengan teknik pengumpulan data melalui wawancara mendalam dan studi literature. Wawancara mendalam dilakukan terhadap beberapa informan mencakup pihak pemerintah, BPJS Ketenagakerjaan, peserta dan pemberi kerja serta LSM. Hasil dari penelitian ini yakni impementasi kebijakan manfaat JHT di Indonesia berjalan dengan baik walaupun terjadi disharmoni regulasi dan keberhasilan implementasi kebijakan manfaat JHT di Indonesia sangat dipengaruhi oleh berbagai hal diantaranya meliputi konten dan konteks dari kebijakan itu sendiri serta kepatuhan dari implementator dan faktual akan kondisi sosiologis masyarakat. Kesimpulannya ialah implementasi berjalan dengan baik walaupun masih menghadapi kendala baik regulasi maupun kepatuhan sehingga perlu dilakukan revisi PP 60 tahun 2015, adanya unemployement benefit sehingga tidak mengganggu JHT dan diperlukan kinerja yang inovatif dari BPJS Ketenagakerjaan.

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This study discusses the implementation of policies on benefits of Old Age Insurance (JHT) in Indonesia. JHT is a program in the form of giving cash when participants enter retirement age. In its implementation, there are several obstacles, namely many participants who took the benefits of JHT at a young age. This has led to a shift in the philosophy of JHT as well as the existence of companies that register good programs, wages and labor.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the implementation of the JHT benefit policy in Indonesia and what determines the success of implementing the JHT benefit policy. This study used a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews and literature studies. In-depth interviews were conducted with several informants including the government, Employment BPJS, participants and employers as well as NGOs.

The results of this study are that the implementation of JHT benefit policies in Indonesia goes well even though there is disharmony in regulation and the successful implementation of JHT benefit policies in Indonesia is strongly influenced by various things including the content and context of the policy itself and the implementer`s compliance and factual sociological conditions.

The conclusion is that implementation is going well even though it still faces both regulatory and compliance constraints so it needs to be revised PP 60 in 2015, the existence of unemployement benefits so that it does not interfere with JHT and innovative performance is needed from BPJS Ketenagakerjaan. "

"Rata-rata Usia Kawin Pertama di Indonesia adalah 20,25 tahun. Rendahnya usia menikah biasanya tidak dibarengi dengan tingginya tingkat pendidikan yang berkaitan dengan siklus tidak setaraan dan kemiskinan yang tiada akhir. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pendidikan terhadap usia kawin pertama di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan data BPS tahun 2015-2020 dengan unit analisis 34 provinsi di Indonesia. Penelitian in menggunakan instrumen variabel untuk menangani permasalahan endogenitas dalam penelitian ini sehingga diperlukan variabel instrumen untuk mengatasinya. Instrument Variable Two Stage Least Square (IV2SLS) adalah metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini, dan rasio jumlah guru terhadap populasi murid sebagai variabel instrumen. Hasil first stage menunjukkan bahwa rasio jumlah guru terhadap populasi murid merupakan instrumen yang baik dan memenuhi asumsi relevance. Hasil estimasi IV2SLS menunjukkan bahwa pendidikan berpengaruh positif terhadap penundaan usia kawin pertama. Adanya peningkatan akses internet juga berkontribusi positif pada penundaan usia kawin pertama di Indonesia. Untuk meningkatkan usia kawin pertama dari 20,25 tahun (usia kawin pertama 2020) menjadi 21 tahun diperlukan peningkatan pendidikan sebesar 1,5 tahun dari 10,8 di tahun 2020.

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The average age at first marriage in Indonesia is 20.25 years. The low age at marriage is usually not accompanied by a high level of education which is associated with an endless cycle of inequality and poverty. This research aims to determine the effect of education on the age at first marriage in Indonesia. This research uses BPS data for 2015-2020 with analysis units from 34 provinces in Indonesia. This research uses variable instruments to deal with endogeneity problems in this research so that instrument variables are needed to overcome them. Instumental Variable Two Stage Least Square (IV2SLS) is the method used in this research, and the ratio of the number of teachers to the student population is the instrument variable. The first stage results show that the ratio of the number of teachers to the student population is a good instrument and meets the relevance assumptions. The IV2SLS estimation results show that the education has a positive effect on delaying the age at first marriage. The increase in internet access has also contributed positively to delaying the age at first marriage in Indonesia. To increase the age at first marriage from 20.25 years (age at first marriage in 2020) to 21 years requires an increase in the education by 1.5 from 10.8 in 2020."