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"The andromeda galaxy and the rise of modern astronomy examines the astronomical studies of Andromeda and its importance to our developing knowledge of the universe. The book discusses how M31 was described both by the Ancients, but more importantly, by astronomers from the nineteenth century to the present. While at the start of the twentieth century the universe was thought of as a finite cosmos dominated by the Milky Way, the study of Andromeda galaxy shattered that image, leading ultimately to the conception of an infinite universe of countless galaxies and vast distances. Even today, M31 is a major focal point for new astronomical discoveries, and it also remains one of the most popular (and rewarding) celestial objects for amateur astronomers to observe and study. This book reveals the little-known history of M31 and the scientists who study it."

"Japan has no official "poverty line," and subsequently no official statistics on poverty.In practice,the public aissistance's minimum standard of living " (below which subsistence benefits can be claimed) ia used to calculate the poverty rate or the OECD index, which is defenit as 50% of the population's median income....."