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"Skripsi ini membahas pengaturan tindakan safeguard dalam ketentuan World Trade Organization (WTO), yaitu Pasal XIX The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) dan Agreement on Safeguards (SA). Dalam menerapkan tindakan safeguard, harus diperhatikan unsur prosedural dan substantifnya. Dalam unsur prosedural, harus dipenuhi langkah-langkah investigasi, notifikasi, dan konsultasi. Dalam unsur substantif harus diperhatikan kenaikan impor yang menyebabkan kerugian serius atau ancamannya terhadap industri domestik. Selain itu, terdapat batasan-batasan yang harus diperhatikan dalam mengenakan tindakan safeguard terhadap negara lain, khususnya terhadap negara-negara berkembang. Negara-negara berkembang memiliki hak khusus berdasarkan Pasal 9.1 SA yang dapat dikecualikan atas dikenakannya tindakan safeguard, jika memenuhi persyaratan de minimis levels. Selanjutnya, skripsi ini membahas kasus tindakan safeguard di negara-negara berkembang terkait Pasal 9.1 SA, yaitu kasus US - Line Pipe (2002), US - Steel Safeguards (2003), dan Dominican Republic - Polypropylene Bags and Tubular Fabric (2012).

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This thesis studies the regulations concerning safeguard measure under the provisions of World Trade Organization (WTO), which are Article XIX of The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and Agreement on Safeguards (SA). In order to apply safeguard measure, the procedural and substantive elements must be observed. Procedurally, it shall meet the requirements of investigation, notification, and consultation. Substantively, it shall consider the increase of import that causes a serious injury or threat thereof to the domestic industry. Furthermore, there are limits in applying safeguard measure to other countries, especially developing countries.

Developing countries have special rights pursuant to Article 9.1 SA, where they can be excluded from the safeguard measure application, if they fulfill the requirement of de minimis levels. This thesis, additionally, studies some cases of safeguard measure in developing countries pursuant to Article 9.1 SA, which are US - Line Pipe (2002), US - Steel Safeguards (2003), and Dominican Republic - Polypropylene Bags and Tubular Fabric (2012)."

"Di balik perannya dalam meningkatkan perekonomian dunia, perdagangan internasional dianggap berkontribusi pada kerusakan lingkungan, kelangkaan sumber daya, hingga ketimpangan sosial. Kritik-kritik ilmu lingkungan atas perdagangan internasional kemudian berevolusi menjadi konsep perdagangan berkelanjutan yang menggabungkan motif ekonomi manusia dengan batasan-batasan tertentu guna mengurangi risiko terhadap kehidupan manusia, kerusakan lingkungan, serta ketersediaan sumber daya di masa depan. Meskipun topik ini memiliki prospek yang sangat baik, topik ini masih belum banyak dibahas dan terdisintegrasi dalam berbagai disiplin ilmu yang berbeda. Tinjauan literatur ini memetakan dan menggambarkan ragam pandangan dalam perdagangan berkelanjutan dari 26 literatur yang berbeda. Tinjauan literatur ini dibuat dengan metode taksonomi yang mengategorisasikan topik bahasan menjadi tiga tema besar, yakni konseptualisasi, norma dan tata kelola, serta pandangan dan kritik terhadap perdagangan berkelanjutan. Penulis memiliki temuan bahwa: (1) meskipun poin keberlanjutan berhasil disepakati Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (PBB), adopsi isu perdagangan di dalam World Trade Organization (WTO) masih terhambat. Alih-alih, aktor-aktor tertentu menggunakan kesepakatan dagang sebagai instrumen mendorong keberlanjutan; (2) terdapat pandangan yang berseberangan terkait peran, kontribusi, dan prospek adopsi konsep keberlanjutan dalam perdagangan internasional oleh WTO. Adapun, celah penelitian yang penulis identifikasi berkaitan dengan kajian perdagangan berkelanjutan yang masih harus lebih spesifik, terutama dalam menggambarkan interaksi antar aktor dalam sistem internasional. Penelitian selanjutnya harus ditujukan kepada isu yang spesifik, seperti difusi norma dan politik domestik.

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Behind its role in improving the world economy, international trade is considered to have contributed to environmental damage, resource scarcity, and social inequality. Environmental critics of international trade then evolved into the concept of sustainable trade, which combines human economic motives with certain limitations to reduce risks to human life, environmental damage, and the availability of resources in the future. Scholars from various academic disciplines began to research the concept of sustainability to reduce the negative excesses of trade on the environment and human life. Even though this topic has very good prospects, it is still not widely discussed and has disintegrated in many different academic disciplines. This literature review maps and describes the various views on sustainable trade from 26 different works of literature. This literature review was made using a taxonomic method that categorizes the discussion topics into three major themes: conceptualization, norms and governance, and views and criticism of sustainable trade. The author argues that: (1) even though sustainability provisions have been agreed by the United Nations, the adoption of sustainability in trade- related issues is still hampered in the World Trade Organization (WTO). Instead, certain actors use preferential trade agreements as instruments to promote sustainability in the trade context; (2) there are opposing views regarding the role, contribution, and prospects for sustainable trade concept adoption by the WTO. Meanwhile, the author reflects that the study of sustainable trade in the context of international relations needs to be more specific, especially in describing interactions between actors in the international system. Further research must be directed to specific IR issues, such as norms diffusion and domestic politics."

"World Trade Organization (WTO) merupakan organisasi internasional yang berperan penting dalam memastikan arus perdagangan global dapat berjalan dengan sesedikit mungkin hambatan. Akan tetapi, berdasarkan Pasal XX (b) GATT, anggota WTO dapat melakukan suatu tindakan perdagangan yang perlu dilakukan untuk melindungi kehidupan atau kesehatan manusia, hewan atau tumbuh-tumbuhan. Persetujuan Penerapan Tindakan-Tindakan Sanitari dan Fitosanitari (Persetujuan SPS) merupakan penjabaran dari ketentuan Pasal XX (b) GATT tersebut. Berdasarkan Persetujuan SPS, anggota WTO berhak menerapkan ketentuan-ketentuan yang diperlukan untuk melindungi kesehatan atau kehidupan manusia, hewan atau tumbuhan, dengan didasarkan pada prinsip-prinsip ilmiah dan bukti ilmiah yang cukup, serta tidak menciptakan diskriminasi sewenang-wenang atau pembatasan terselubung bagi perdagangan internasional. Untuk memenuhi kebutuhan ilmiah dan teknis dalam penerapan Persetujuan SPS, Persetujuan SPS merujuk International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) sebagai organisasi internasional relevan untuk mendorong harmonisasi tindakan fitosanitari dengan didasarkan pada standar internasional yang diadopsi oleh IPPC. Penelitian ini menganalisa penerapan Persetujuan SPS dan IPPC pada tiga kasus di WTO, yakni Japan - Agricultural Products II (2001), Japan - Apples (2005) dan Australia – Apples (2011).

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World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international organization who plays an important role in ensuring that the global trade can works with a little barriers. However, pursuant to Article XX (b) GATT, WTO Members can perform an action trade necessary to protect human, animals or plants health or life. Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement) is derived from the provision of Article XX (b) GATT. Based on the SPS Agreement, WTO Member have a right to take sanitary and phytosanitary measures necessary for the protection of human, animal, health or plant life or health, which is based on scientific principle and is not maintained without sufficient scientific evidence; and not unjustifiably discriminate or be applied in a manner which would constitute a disguised restriction on international trade. For the fulfilment of scientific and technical need within the application of SPS Agreement, SPS Agreement refers International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) as an international organization relevant, to encourage harmonisation of phytosanitary measures, based on international standards which adopted by IPPC. This thesis analyzes the application of the SPS Agreement and the IPPC in three cases at WTO: Japan- Agricultural Products II (2001), Japan - Apples (2005) and Australia - Apples (2011)."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan penjelasan deskriptif tentang komitmen Indonesia dibawah kewajibannya dalam perjanjian internasional, seperti dari Hukum WTO dan Perjanjian Perdagangan Barang ASEAN (ATIGA) sebagaimana dirumuskan dalam Undang-Undang yang baru saja diundangkan, UU No. 7 Tahun 2014 tentang Perdagangan. Penelitian ini menganalisis apakah Perdagangan ketentuan Barang dalam UU No. 7 Tahun 2014 tentang Perdagangan sesuai dengan ketentuan dalam Hukum WTO/GATT dan Perjanjian Perdagangan Barang ASEAN (ATIGA) dan juga apakah Undang-Undang No. 7 Tahun 2014 memungkinkan Indonesia untuk melindungi kepentingan nasionalnya. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan yuridis normative dengan sifat penjelasan-analisis. Secara normatif, penelitian ini akan mengkaji ketentuan Perdagangan Barang dibawah Hukum WTO / GATT dan Perjanjian Perdagangan Barang ASEAN (ATIGA) serta Undang-Undang No. 7 Tahun 2014. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, diharapkan penelitian ini akan memberikan gambaran hingga sejauh mana UU No. 7 Tahun 2014 sesuai dengan kewajiban internasional dan hingga sejauh mana dapat perlindungan kepentingan nasional. Indonesia adalah negara besar yang berada ditengah-tengah persiapa pelaksanaan Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN pada akhir 2015, sehingga kepastian hukum di sektor perdagangan penting untuk menjaga kompetisi kegiatan perdagangan yang adil antar negara dan juga memberikan perlindungan pada kepentingan nasional.

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This research aims to get the descriptive idea of Indonesia?s commitment under its obligation in international agreements, such as from the WTO Law and ASEAN Trade in Goods Agreement (ATIGA) as formulated in the recently enacted law, Law No. 7 Year 2014 on Trade.

This research analyzes whether or not the Trade in Goods provisions in Law No. 7 Year 2014 on Trade in conformity with such provisions under the WTO Law/GATT and ASEAN Trade in Goods Agreement (ATIGA) and also whether or not the Law No. 7 Year 2014 enable Indonesia to protect its national interest.

This research paper will use the juridical-normative approach with the nature of explanatory-analysis. Normatively, this research will examines the provisions of Trade in Goods under the WTO Law/GATT and the ASEAN Trade in Goods Agreement (ATIGA) also as the Law No. 7 Year 2014.

Based on the research result, it is hoped that this research will provide a description to what length that the Law No. 7 Year 2014 is in conformity with the international obligations and the national interest protection. Indonesia is a big country that is in the midst of preparing for the fully implementation of the ASEAN Economic Community by the end 2015, thus the legal certainty in trade sector is important to keep a fair competitiveness in trade activity between countries as well as providing protection to national interest."

"Dewasa ini, fasilitasi perdagangan merupakan elemen penting dalam proses ekspor-impor suatu negara. Fasilitasi perdagangan pertama kali dibahas dalam Singapore Ministerial Conference tahun 1996 dan kemudian dikategorikan sebagai salah satu Singapore Issues. Akan tetapi, negosiasi terhadap fasilitasi perdagangan antara negara-negara WTO sempat mengalami deadlock dan menghabiskan waktu yang cukup lama. Hingga akhirnya pada 22 Februari 2017, Perjanjian Fasilitasi Perdagangan mulai diberlakukan bagi negara-negara anggota WTO. Dimulainya penerapan single window system di Indonesia, atau yang lebih dikenal sebagai Indonesia National Single Window INSW pada tahun 2008 menandai bahwa Indonesia menjalankan komitmen dalam negosiasi fasilitasi perdagangan WTO. Hal yang menarik adalah dalam hal ini Indonesia sudah mulai menerapkan kebijakan single window system sebelum kesepakatan terhadap Perjanjian Fasilitasi Perdagangan dicapai. Penerapan sistem ini dinilai penting oleh Indonesia demi menunjang proses ekspor-impor yang lebih efektif dan efisien, sebab seringkali proses tersebut memakan banyak waktu dan biaya yang cukup besar. Namun demikian, sebagai negara berkembang Indonesia membutuhkan dukungan baik secara kebijakan maupun pendanaan untuk dapat membangun sistem ini. Tulisan ini kemudian melihat bagaimana keterlibatan atau pengaruh WTO dan Bank Dunia dalam pengembangan sistem INSW. Dalam hal ini, pengaruh WTO lebih ditekankan pada penetapan aturan perdagangan yang berkaitan dengan fasilitasi perdagangan. Kemudian, keterlibatan Bank Dunia adalah dari sisi pendanaan dan pengawasan melalui program Development Policy Loan DPL yang mendukung policy reform, khususnya dalam kebijakan pengembangan sistem INSW. Cognitive authority yang dibangun oleh keduanya menunjukkan terdapat strong institutional belief untuk mewujudkan terciptanya perekonomian negara-negara di dunia yang lebih terbuka.

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Nowadays, trade facilitation is a prominent element in a country rsquo s export import process. Trade facilitation was first discussed at the Singapore Ministerial Conference in 1996 and subsequently categorized as one the ldquo Singapore Issues. However, the negotiations on trade facilitation had been deadlocked and took considerable time to reach the conclusion. On February 22, 2017, the Trade Facilitation Agreement was finally applied to all of the WTO member countries. The commencement of the implementation of single window system in Indonesia, or Indonesia National Single Window INSW in 2008, indicates that Indonesia is committed to WTO trade facilitation negotiations. Indonesia has implemented this system even long before the Trade Facilitation Agreement is reached, which is considered unique as Indonesia is categorized as a developing country. Implementation of this system is considered crucial for Indonesia in order to promote the efficiency and effectivity of trade process, because sometimes this process takes a lot of time and costly indeed. Nevertheless, as a developing country Indonesia needs both policy support and funding to build this system. This paper explains the involvement of WTO and The World Bank in developing INSW system. In this case, the involvement of WTO is more emphasized on setting trade rules, especially relating to trade facilitation. The World Banks involvement is more on funding and monitoring through Development Policy Loan DPL program that promotes policy reform, particularly in the development of INSW system. Their cognitive authority shows there is strong institutional belief to stimulate more liberalized world."

"Twenty-first-century trade agreements increasingly are a source of international law on investment and competition. With chapters contributed by leading practitioners and academics, this volume draws upon investor-state arbitration and competition/​antitrust disputes to focus on the application of economics to international trade law and specifically WTO law. Written in an accessible language suitable for a broad readership while providing concrete insights designed for the specialist, this book will be of use to those active or interested in the related fields of trade disputes, competition law, and investor-state arbitration"--"Global markets have become increasingly integrated both in terms of the size of trade and investment flows and in terms of the number of players involved. Global trade and investment flows are governed by a set of national, regional and global legal frameworks that interact at different levels. Increasingly the question arises how those frameworks fit together and how they can be made more coherent."