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"ABSTRAKMalaysias representation of women as parliamentarians remains one of the lowest in comparison to other Southeast Asian and global parliamentary democracies. However, when contextualized against Malaysias politics of divides and dissent starting from 1999 onward, there are some newer characteristics of womens involvement in formal politics. This paper explores the specificities of womens experience in formal politics under the one-party dominant rule of the National Front before it was defeated in the May 2018 general election. The paper questions various incidents of political transitioning from an old to a newer political regime. Processes such as the collaboration between womens civil society and formal state political actors, the cultivation of clientelist and patronage relations, and the maintenance of a cohesive multiparty coalition as a strategy for electoral advantage have all had fruitful bearings on the way the formalization of women in politics has developed. However, given the insufficiency of these developments for increasing womens representation, this paper proposes the more reliable gender quota or reserved seats mechanism as one of the considerations for gender electoral reform."

"Notes: The authors look beyond party cohesion and discipline in parliamentary democracies to take a broader view, assuming a diversity of preferences among party members and then exploring the incentives that give rise to coordinated party behaviour at the electoral, legislative and executive levels. The chapters in this book share a common analytical framework, confronting theoretical models of government formation with empirical data, some drawn from cross-national analyses and others from theoretically structured case studies. A distinctive feature of the book is that it explores the impact of intra-party politics at different levels of government: national, local and EU. This offers the opportunity to investigate existing theories of coalition formation in new political settings. Finally, the book offers a range of innovative methods for investigating intra-party politics which, for example, creates a need to estimate the policy positions of individual politicians inside political parties."

"ABSTRAKSkripsi ini membahas mengenai implementasi Grassroot Democracy sebagai upaya dalam mempertahankan legitimasi rezim komunis satu partai di Vietnam. Penelitian ini mengunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan melakukan triangulasi terhadap data-data sekunder yang diperoleh melalui studi kepustakaan. Dengan berangkat mengunakan teori Hegemoni, Mobilizational Coorporatism, dan Democratic Centralism peneliti mencoba megaitkan hubungan antara penerapan Grassroot Democracy dengan maksud upaya dari pemerintah Vietnam dalam melanggengkan legitimasi negaranya. Sebagaimana asumsi peneliti yang mengklaim bahwa terdapat keberkaitan implementasi Grassroot Democracy terhadap penguatan legitimasi rezim komunis satu partai, hasil temuan dari penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa keberhasilan penerapan Grassroot Democracy berimplikasi terhadap meningkatnya stabilitas dan kepercayaan masyarakat Vietnam terhadap pemerintahnya. Hal ini secara tidak sadar menjadi sebuah motif pemerintah Vietnam guna mempertahankan eksistensi legitimasi rezim komunis satu partai di Vietnam dengan menggunakan Grassroot Democracy sebagai alat untuk meredam gejolak masyarakat serta mewadahi aktivitas masyarakat.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis discusses the implementation of Grassroot Democracy as an effort to defend the legitimacy of the one party communist regime in Vietnam. This research uses qualitative research method by doing triangulation to secondary data obtained through literature study. With the Hegemony, Mobilizational Coorporatism, and Democratic Centralism approach, researchers attempted to link the relationship between the application of Grassroot Democracy to the efforts of the Vietnamese government to perpetuate the legitimacy of the country. As the researcher assumes that there is a relationship between Grassroot Democracy implementation and the strengthening of legitimacy of one party 39 s communist regime, the findings of this study also show that the successful implementation of Grassroot Democracy has implications for the stability and confidence of the Vietnamese community towards their government. This unconsciously became a motive for the Vietnamese government to maintain the legitimacy of the one party communist regime in Vietnam by using Grassroot Democracy as a tool to curb public upheaval and to accommodate community activities."

"Australia melaksanakan Pemilihan Umum Federal pada tahun 2016 untuk memilih 150 anggota Dewan Perwakilan, dimana pemenang mayoritas mutlak memiliki hak untuk membentuk Parlemen ke-45. Pemungutan suara yang dilaksanakan pada 2 Juli 2016, melalui proses dimana selama penghitungan suara muncul banyak spekulasi bahwa hasil dari pemilu adalah tidak ada satu partai atau koalisi partai yang menang secara mayoritas mutlak. Partai Koalisi Liberal-Nasional yang merupakan petahana dan juga sebagai salah satu partai terbesar di Australia, menjalankan strategi pembentukan minority government sebagai langkah antisipasi dalam Pemilu Federal Australia tahun 2016 apabila tidak dapat memperoleh sedikitnya 76 bangku di Parlemen. Penelitian ini membahas bagaimana pembentukan minority government merupakan langkah antisipasi yang dijalankan oleh Partai Koalisi Liberal-Nasional melalui negosiasi ajakan berkoalisi kepada crossbench di Parlemen Australia. Penelitian kualitatif ini menggunakan teori Minority Governments, Minimal Winning Coalitions and Surplus Majorities in Parliamentary Systems oleh Christophe Crombez. Berdasarkan temuan, tiga dari lima anggota crossbench pada Parlemen ke-45 Australia menerima ajakan dan memilih untuk mendukung Partai Koalisi Liberal-Nasional. Faktor-faktor yang dapat menjadi latar belakang ketiga anggota crossbench memutuskan untuk mendukung Partai Koalisi Liberal-Nasional dilihat dari latar belakang anggota crossbench dimana Partai Koalisi Liberal-Nasional mendominasi di wilayah pemilihan mereka, pengalaman dan partisipasi anggota crossbench dalam minority government tahun 2010, serta posisi kedua pihak dalam isu nasional Australia.

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Australia conducts a Federal Election in 2016 to elect 150 members of the House of Representatives, in which the absolute majority winner has the right to form the 45th Parliament. The voting which took place on July 2nd, 2016, went through a process whereby during the vote counting there was many speculations that the result of the election was that no party or coalition of parties would win an absolute majority. The Liberal National Coalition Party as the incumbent and also one of the largest political party in Australia, runs a minority government formation strategy in anticipation of the 2016 Federal Election if they can rsquo t achieve 76 seats in the Parliament. This study discusses how the formation of a minority government as an anticipation runs by The Liberal National Coalition Party if they can rsquo t achieve 76 seats in the Parliament through negotiating a coalition formation to the crossbench members in the Australian Parliament.

This qualitative research uses Minority Governments, Minimal Winning Coalitions and Surplus Majorities in Parliamentary Systems by Christophe Crombez. Based on the findings, three of the five members of the crossbench at the 45th Parliament of Australia accepted the call and voted to support the National Liberal Coalition Party. The factors that could be the background of the three crossbench members decided to support the National Liberal Coalition Party are from the background of crossbench members in which the Liberal National Coalition Party dominates in their constituency, the experience and participation of crossbench members in minority government in 2010, and both sides in Australia 39 s national issue."