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"The completely revised, Third Edition of Ocular Therapeutics Handbook is directed at the needs of optometrists, nurses, and primary care physicians and provides information for the most common ocular problems encountered in a primary care setting. --The handbook is divided into three sections: Quick Reference, Ocular Therapeutics, and Appendices. The Quick Reference section covers such topic: as ocular microbiology, laboratory tests and procedures, pharmaceutical agents, and side effects of medications. The Ocular Therapeutics section discusses diseases, traumatic injuries, and ocular urgencies and emergencies, as well as in-office systemic emergencies. The Appendices provide a summary of abbreviations, conversion charts, case report sheets, and important phone numbers. --The chapters have been developed to serve as a snapshot, presenting the clinician with the most relevant information regarding the pathophysiology and etiology of diseases, patient demographics, signs and symptoms, laboratory tests, and recommended approaches to treatment. --New to this Edition --Clinical color images --Expanded laboratory tests and procedures chapter --Chapter on neuro-rehabilitation and low vision --Rapid-review chapters of clinical presentations --Update of systemic medications --Outline format and extensive use of algorithms allow readers to quickly access information --Utilizes problem-oriented approach --Resources now include pertinent and up-to-date websites"

"Pengaturan cairan modifikasi cara Lemone dan Burke (2008) membagi pemberian cairan berdasarkan proporsi jumlah cairan pada setiap shiftnya. Pada rentang shift pagi sebanyak 50% dari kebutuhan total cairan dalam 24 jam, 30% pada rentang shift siang dan sisanya pada shift malam. Pengaturan proporsi ini berdasarkan kebutuhan cairan secara fisiologis sesuai irama sirkardian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan gambaran "perbedaan dampak pengaturan cairan modifikasi Lemone dan Burke dengan cara konvensional terhadap tekanan darah, frekuensi nadi, frekuensi pernafasan dan keluran urin". Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian quasi eksperimen dengan post test only with control group. Hipotesis yang telah dibuktikan dalam penelitian ini adalah perbedaan dampak pengaturan cairan."

"Latar belakang: Relaksasi otak saat pembukaan dura merupakan aspek yang penting pada operasi kraniotomi tumor. Secara teori, lidokain dapat menurunkan metabolisme otak (CMRO2), menurunkan CBF dan CBV, sehingga berpotensi menurunkan ICP dan menghasilkan relaksasi otak yang baik. Lidokain juga diketahui memiliki efek analgesia dan antiinflamasi. Hingga saat ini, belum ada penelitian yang meneliti mengenai efek infus lidokain intravena kontinu intraoperatif terhadap relaksasi otak saat pembukaan dura, kebutuhan opioid intraoperatif dan kepuasan operator pada pasien dewasa yang menjalani operasi kraniotomi.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan randomized controlled trial dengan pengambilan sampel secara Consecutive sampling. Sebanyak 60 subjek yang akan menjalani operasi kraniotomi tumor dimasukkan ke dalam penelitian. Subjek penelitian akan diberikan lidokain (2%) intravena bolus 1,5 mg/kg saat induksi dilanjutkan rumatan 2 mg/kg/jam hingga selesai jahit kulit (kelompok lidokain) atau diberikan NaCl 0,9% dengan volume yang sama (kelompok Plasebo). Relaksasi otak saat pembukaan dura dinilai oleh operator Bedah Saraf dengan skala 4 derajat, kebutuhan opioid fentanyl intraoperatif dalam mcg dan mcg/kg/menit, serta kepuasan operator dengan skala 4 derajat.Hasil: Enam puluh subjek, dengan 30 subjek pada tiap kelompok, mengikuti penelitian hingga selesai. Infus lidokain intravena kontinu intraoperatif menghasilkan relaksasi otak yang baik saat pembukaan dura sebesar 96,7% (vs plasebo sebesar 70%, p = 0,006), kebutuhan opioid fentanyl intraoperatif sebesar 369,2 mcg (vs plasebo sebesar 773,0 mcg, p < 0,001) atau sebesar 0,0107 mcg/kg/menit (vs plasebo sebesar 0,0241 mcg/kg/menit, p < 0,001), dan menghasilkan kepuasan operator yang puas sebesar 96,7% (vs plasebo sebesar 70%, p = 0,006). Tidak ada efek samping lidokain yang tampak selama penelitian.Simpulan: Infus lidokain intravena kontinu intraoperatif dibandingkan plasebo dapat meningkatkan proporsi relaksasi otak yang baik saat pembukaan dura, menurunkan kebutuhan opioid intraoperatif, dan meningkatkan proporsi kepuasan operator yang puas pada pasien dewasa yang menjalani operasi kraniotomi tumor.

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Background: Brain relaxation after dural opening is important aspect in craniotomy tumor removal operation. Theoretically, lidocaine can decrease brain metabolism (CMRO2), decrease CBF and CBV, and has potential to decrease ICP and resulting excellent brain relaxation after dural opening. Lidocaine also has analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect. Until now, there is no study analyze continous intravenous Lidocain infussion effect to brain relaxation, intraoperative opioid consumption and surgeon’s satisfactory in adult population undergo craniotomy tumor removal operation.

Methods: This study is randomized controlled trial with Consecutive sampling. Sixty subject scheduled for craniotomy removal tumor were enrolled. Subject received either a dose of lidocaine (2%) intravenous bolus 1.5 mg/kg before induction followed by an infussion at a rate 2 mg/kg/h until skin closure (Lidocaine group) or the same volume of NaCl 0.9% (Placebo group). Brain relaxation was evaluated by Neurosurgeon with a four-point scale, total intraoperative opioid consumption in mcg and mcg/kg/minutes, and surgeon’s satisfactory with a four-point scale.

Results: All of sixty subjects completed the study. Lidocaine group resulting good brain relaxation after dural opening in 96.7% subject (vs 70% subject in placebo group, p < 0.006), intraoperative fentanyl consumption was 369.2 mcg (vs 773.0 mcg in placebo group, p < 0,001) or 0.0107 mcg/kg/minutes (vs 0.0241 mcg/kg/minutes in placebo group, p < 0,001), and resulting good surgeon’s satisfactory in 96.7% subject (vs 70% subject in placebo group, p = 0.006). There is no side effect of lidocaine infussion was observed during this study.

Conclusions: Continous lidocaine intravenous infussion intraoperatively can increase proportion of good brain relaxation after dural opening, decrease intraoperative opioid consumption, and increase proportion of good surgeon’s satisfactory compared to Placebo in adult population undergo craniotomy tumor removal operation."