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"Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang sebaran spasiotemporal spesies HAB di lokasi budidaya kerang hijau (Perna viridis), Kamal Muara, Jakarta Utara pada bulan Mei-Oktober 2011. Sampel diambil secara vertikal di sembilan stasiun dengan plankton-net, dan dilakukan pula pengukuran parameter lingkungan. Spesies HAB yang ditemukan berasal dari kelas Raphidophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, dan Dinophyceae, didominasi oleh Ceratium furca, Chaetoceros spp., Gonyaulax polygramma, Nitzschia spp., Prorocentrum micans, Skeletonema costatum, dan Thalassiosira spp. Berdasarkan peta isoplank diketahui bahwa sebaran terpadat terjadi pada bulan Mei dan Oktober, yaitu di stasiun dekat muara. Berdasarkan Analisis Komponen Utama (AKU) dan Analisis Faktorial Korespondensi (AFK), diketahui bahwa terdapat perbedaan faktor lingkungan penciri di setiap bulan pengamatan yang menyebabkan perbedaan sebaran spesies HAB tertentu. Research on spatiotemporal distribution of HAB species at green mussel (Perna viridis) farming area, Kamal Muara, North Jakarta has been conducted in May to October 2011. Samples were taken vertically at nine stations using plankton-net, and environmental parameters were also measured. The classes of HAB species found in this research were Raphidophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, and Dinophyceae, dominated by Ceratium furca, Chaetoceros spp., Gonyaulax polygramma, Nitzschia spp., Prorocentrum micans, Skeletonema costatum, and Thalassiosira spp. Based on isoplank map, the densest distribution was at stations near river mouth, especially in May and October. Based on the Principle Component Analysis (PCA) and Correspondence Analysis (CA) results, there were differences in environmental factor characterized each month, which will cause differences in the distribution of certain HAB species."

"Manusia hidup dengan dikelilingi oleh banyak profesor kehidupan yaitu setiap individu mahluk hidup lainnya. Tiap individu mahluk hidup merespon lingkungannya dengan mekanisme bertahan hidup yang berbeda-beda. Kini manusia merespon lingkungannya dengan melawan mekanisme alam yang mengakibatkan disaster cycle loop yang merusak hubungan timbal balik antara manusia dengan alam. Fenomena ini terjadi secara global dan salah satunya terjadi di Jakarta Utara. Dengan mengambil latar peristiwa Jakarta di tahun 2050, dimana Jakarta telah tenggelam di bawah permukaan air. Spekulasi akan masa depan Jakarta ini mendorong manusia untuk beradaptasi dan mengembrace air sebagai medium bertinggal baru. Proyek tugas akhir ini menawarkan biomimikri mekanisme bertahan hidup dari kerang hijau sebagai cara pandang lain dalam mendesain Jakarta Baru sebagai arsitektur yang tidak hanya mampu menghidupi dirinya namun juga menjadi sumber kehidupan bagi ekosistemnya.

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Humankind living their lives surrounded by professors of life , those living creatures who live side by side to us. Each individual response their natural surroundings with unique and specific surviving mechanism. In present time , humankind has the tendencies to fight the nature as form of their surviving mechanism which creating the disaster loop cycle. This phenomenon damaging the relationship between human and their mother nature. Sadly this happen globally in our world and it also depict in North Jakarta. Taking timeline on 2050 when Jakarta ground level submerged below the sea surface. This speculation of Jakartas future will ultimately push human to adapt and embrace water as our new living interface. The Final project proposes the idea of musselss surviving mechanism biomimicking from which the design of The New Jakarta is sought to be able not only feed the architecture itself but also to be the energy source for its ecosystem."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai sebaran spasial spesies Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) di lokasi budidaya kerang hijau (Perna viridis) Kalibaru, Cilincing, Jakarta Utara pada bulan Mei 2012. Sampel diambil secara vertikal dari kedalaman 3 meter dan pencacahan dilakukan dengan metode sub sampel. Hasil pencacahan menemukan 9 spesies penyebab HAB yang berpotensi red tide maker dan toxin producer. Berdasarkan peta sebaran, kepadatan tertinggi spesies penyebab HAB terdapat di stasiun yang dekat dengan garis pantai (Stasiun 1). Berdasarkan hasil Analisis Faktorial Koresponden (AFK) dan Analisis Komponen Utama (AKU) diketahui bahwa Stasiun 1 dicirikan oleh Thalassiosira mala yang dipengaruhi oleh kecepatan arus dan intensitas cahaya.

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Research on the spatial distribution of Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) species at green mussel (Perna viridis) aquaculture area, Kalibaru, Cilincing, North Jakarta has been held in May 2012. Samples from 3 meter depth were taken vertically and then identified using sub sample method.

The results showed 9 HAB phytoplankton species which potentially red tide maker and toxin producer. Based on the distribution map, the highest density of HAB species is at station close to the shoreline (Station 1). Based on Correspondent Analysis (CA) and Principle Component Analysis (PCA), Station 1 is characterized by Thalassiosira mala and are affected by current velocity and light intensity."

"ABSTRAKTelah dilakukan penelitian mengenai analisis sebaran kelimpahan kista Dinoflagellatapenyebab HAB di lokasi budidaya kerang hijau (Perna viridis) Kamal Muara, Jakarta Utara,pada bulan Oktober 2014 di 9 titik stasiun. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untukmengetahui keberadaan serta kelimpahan kista Dinoflagellata penyebab HAB, memetakansebaran spasial kista Dinoflagellata penyebab HAB, dan untuk mengetahui faktor lingkunganyang memengaruhi sebaran kista Dinoflagellata penyebab HAB. Pengambilan sampelsedimen dilakukan menggunakan Eijkman Grab, dan pemisahan kista dari sampel sedimendilakukan menggunakan metode sieving technique. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwaterdapat 8 genus kista Dinoflagellata di lokasi penelitian, yaitu Alexandrium, Cochlodinium,Diplopsalis, Gonyaulax, Gymnodinium, Polykrikos, Protoperidinium, dan Scrippsiella,dimana 5 diantaranya merupakan genus penyebab HAB, yaitu Alexandrium, Cochlodinium,Gonyaulax, Gymnodinium, dan Scrippsiella. Kelimpahan kista di sedimen lokasi penelitianmemiliki kisaran antara 4--324 kista/ml. Kista dengan kelimpahan tertinggi adalah genusAlexandrium (324 kista/ml) dan terendah adalah genus Diplopsalis (4 kista/ml). Pola sebarankista di lokasi penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kista terkonsentrasi pada stasiun-stasiun diwilayah timur. Faktor lingkungan yang paling memengaruhi sebaran kista di lokasipenelitian adalah arus, sedangkan faktor lingkungan yang memengaruhi germinasi kistaadalah DO, cahaya, dan suhu.

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ABSTRACTResearch on the distribution analysis on the cyst abundance of HAB causing Dinoflagellatesat green mussel (Perna viridis) culture area in Kamal Muara, North Jakarta, has beenconducted in October 2014 at 9 sampling stations. The objectives of the research were todetermine the presence and abundance, mapping the spatial distribution, and to determine theenvironmental factors that influence the distribution of cysts from HAB causingDinoflagellates. Sediment sampling was carried out using Eijkman Grab. Cyst samplepreparation was carried out using the sieving technique. The results showed 8 genus ofDinoflagellate cysts, which were Alexandrium, Cochlodinium, Diplopsalis, Gonyaulax,Gymnodinium, Polykrikos, Protoperidinium, and Scrippsiella, in which 5 of them were HABcausing, namely Alexandrium, Cochlodinium, Gonyaulax, Gymnodinium, dan Scrippsiella.The abundance of cyst at sediments were ranged between 4--324 cysts/ml. Cyst with highestabundance was genus Alexandrium (324 cysts/ml) and the lowest was genus Diplopsalis (4cysts/ml). Cyst distribution pattern at the study site showed that cysts were concentrated atstations located in the eastern region. Environmental factors that mostly influence thedistribution of cysts in the study site was water current, whereas environmental factors thataffect the germination of cysts was DO, light, and temperature."

"Kurnia AI, Purwanto E, Mahajoeno E. 2010. Exposure copper heavy metal (Cu) on freshwater mussel (Anodonta woodiana) and its relation to Cu and protein content in the body shell. Nusantara Bioscience 2: 48-53. To determine the relationship of Cu exposure in water to the freshwater mussel exposure experiment is conducted with water containing Cu. Which measured the influence of Cu and protein content in the body shell. This study used the freshwater mussel species, Anodonta woodiana. Oysters were exposed for four weeks in the water with Cu concentration of 0.02 ppm, 0.04 ppm, 0.06 ppm and 0.00 ppm control. Cu content and protein content in the body shells are checked every week. Cu analysis was done by AAS method and the protein content using Kjeldahl method. Cu analysis showed elevated levels of Cu in mussel body after exposure. The pattern of increase in Cu content was not the same, where the pattern of the largest increases occurred after the fourth week. The statistical test showed no significant effect between the treatment with Cu accumulation in the body shell. Protein analysis showed an increase of protein content after exposure of the second week and decreased after the third and fourth weeks. The pattern of changes in protein content varied among the various treatments. The statistical test showed no significant effect between treatment with the protein changes in the body shell. Correlation test of the relationship between concentration of Cu in mussel body protein level showed a positive correlation between them with a fairly good level of relationship (correlation coefficient r =0.836). "

"Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang sebaran spasial fitoplankton di lokasi budidaya kerang hijau (Perna viridis) Kamal Muara, Jakarta Utara. Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui kelimpahan dan sebaran spasial fitoplankton, serta parameter lingkungan yang memengaruhi. Berdasarkan peta sebaran, kelimpahan Bacillariophyceae dan Dinophyceae lebih tinggi pada stasiun-stasiun yang dekat dengan daratan (Stasiun 1 dan Stasiun 2), sedangkan kelimpahan Cyanophyceae ditemukan lebih tinggi pada stasiun-stasiun yang jauh dari daratan (Stasiun 5 dan Stasiun 9). Analisis Regresi Multivariat menunjukkan bahwa seluruh parameter lingkungan terukur berpengaruh terhadap kelimpahan fitoplankton. Nilai korelasi Spearman menunjukkan bahwa kelimpahan Bacillariophyceae paling dipengaruhi oleh pH, kelimpahan Dinophyceae paling dipengaruhi oleh salinitas, sedangkan kelimpahan Cyanophyceae paling dipengaruhi oleh fosfat.

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Research on the spatial distribution of phytoplankton has been held in the green mussel aquaculture area (Perna viridis) Kamal Muara, North Jakarta. The research aim to determine the abundance and spatial distribution of phytoplankton and environmental parameters influenced. Based on distribution maps, the abundance of Bacillariophyceae and Dinophyceae were highest at stations near mainland (Station 1 and Station 2), whereas Cyanophyceae was at farther stations (Station 5 and Station 9).

Regression Multivariate analysis showed that all measured environmental parameters were influencing the abundance of phytoplankton. Spearman correlation values indicate that the abundance of Bacillariophyceae were most influenced by pH, Dinophyceae by salinity, whereas Cyanophyceae by phosphate."

"Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui kelimpahan mikroplastik pada kerang hijau Perna viridis berbagai ukuran, mengetahui organ tubuh kerang hijau yang paling banyak menyimpan mikroplastik, serta mengetahui korelasi antara kelimpahan mikroplastik pada kerang hijau, air, dan sedimen. Sampel kerang hijau, air, dan sedimen diambil dari 3 stasiun berbeda dengan jarak masing-masing sekitar 500 m. Analisis kelimpahan mikroplastik dilakukan dengan cara mengisolasi mikroplastik pada setiap sampel. Isolasi pada sampel kerang dilakukan dengan melarutkan kerang di dalam larutan HNO3 65, sementara sampel air dan sedimen dilakukan dengan cara pemisahan berdasarkan ukuran dan massa jenis dengan perendaman dalam larutan NaCl jenuh. Hasil yang didapatkan, yaitu rata-rata kelimpahan mikroplastik pada kerang hijau ukuran 3, 6, dan 9 cm, yaitu 5,35; 24,99; dan 39,00 partikel/gram. Mikroplastik kelompok fiber dominan pada sampel kerang. Rata-rata kelimpahan mikroplastik di air dan sedimen, yaitu 13,15 partikel/L air laut dan 0,92 partikel/g sedimen kering. Mikroplastik kelompok film dominan pada sampel air dan sedimen. Sementara, kelompok pelet tidak ditemukan pada ketiga sampel. Terdapat korelasi antara kelimpahan mikroplastik dengan ukuran cangkang kerang, maupun dengan kelimpahan mikroplastik kelompok film dan fiber pada air dan sedimen.

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Research on abundance of microplastic in green mussel Perna viridis, water and sediments in Kamal Muara, North Jakarta has been done. The research determined the abundance of microplastic in green mussel of various sizes, the organ of the green mussels most storey microplastic, and the correlation between abundance of microplastic in green mussel, water, and sediment. Samples of green mussel, water and sediments were taken from 3 different stations with a distance of about 500 meters each. Analysis of abundance of microplastic was done by isolating microplastic in each sample. The isolation of the green mussel samples was done by dissolving the mussels in the HNO3 solution, while the water and sediment samples were performed by separation by size and density by immersion in a saturated NaCl solution.

The results obtained were, on average, abundance of microplastic in green mussel size 3, 6, and 9 cm ie, 5.35 24.99 and 39,00 particles gram. Microplastic fiber was dominant in mussel sample. The average abundance of microplastic in water and sediment are 13.15 particles L of sea water and 0.92 particles gram of dry sediment. Microplastic film was dominant in water and sediment samples. Meanwhile, pellet was not found in all three samples. There was a correlation between abundance of microplastic with green mussel size, as well as with abundance of microplastic of film and fiber in water and sediment."

"Penelitian mengenai uji toksisitas dan distribusi kandungan fikotoksin pada kerang hijau (Perna viridis) telah dilakukan di kawasan budidaya kerang hijau, Kamal Muara pada bulan Mei 2012. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mendeteksi keberadaan fikotoksin penyebab Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP), serta mengetahui tingkat toksisitas dan distribusi fikotoksin pada bagian visceral, mantel, dan otot dari kerang hijau. Berdasarkan Jellet Rapid Test, hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat racun penyebab PSP dalam kerang hijau. Berdasarkan BSLT, hasil menunjukkan bahwa terdapat senyawa aktif yang bersifat toksik pada seluruh bagian tubuh kerang yang diuji karena semua nilai LC50 yang didapatkan kurang dari 1.000 ppm. Nilai LC50 yang terendah pada bagian visceral (63,75 ppm, 105,5 ppm, dan 74,64 ppm) diikuti dengan jaringan mantel (211,8 ppm, 335,74 ppm, dan 306, 67 ppm) dan jaringan otot (459,95 ppm, 529,05 ppm, dan 492,06 ppm). Hasil tersebut mengindikasikan bahwa tidak terdapat racun penyebab PSP pada kerang hijau, namun terdapat fikotoksin lain pada sampel kerang hijau yang terdistribusi pada bagian tubuh yang berbeda dengan konsentrasi tertinggi pada bagian visceral.

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The research on toxicity test and phycotoxin distribution in green mussel (Perna viridis) had been done on Kamal Muara aquaculture area in May 2012. The research aimed to detect the Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) causing phycotoxin and to know the toxicity levels and distribution on green mussels viscera, mantle, and muscles. Based on Jellet Rapid Test, the result showed that there were no PSP toxins inside the mussels.

Based on Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT), there was other active compound with toxic properties for all the LC50 levels that were lower than 1.000 ppm. The LC50 levels were lowest on the viscera (63,75 ppm, 105,5 ppm, and 74,64 ppm), followed by the mantle (211,8 ppm, 335,74 ppm, and 306, 67 ppm) and muscles (459,95 ppm, 529,05 ppm, and 492,06 ppm). Those results indicated that there were no PSP toxins inside mussels, but there were other phycotoxins distributed in different body parts with highest concentration in viscera."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang uji toksisitas dan deteksi kandungan fikotoksin pada kerang hijau di lokasi budidaya kerang hijau Kalibaru, Cilincing, Jakarta Utara. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tingkat toksisitas kandungan fikotoksin pada kerang hijau dengan metode BSLT, mendeteksi kandungan saksitoksin pada sampel kerang hijau dan fitoplankton dengan Jellett Rapid PSP Test, dan membandingkan hasil KLT pada ekstrak kerang hijau dan fitoplankton. Hasil BSLT dengan analisis probit menunjukkan bahwa semua stasiunmengandungsenyawaaktifbersifattoksikdengannilaiLC50 <1000ppm, yaitu berkisar antara 96,257--125,231 ppm. Hasil Jellett Rapid PSP Test menunjukkan tidak terdapat kandungan saksitoksin pada kerang hijau dan fitoplankton. Hasil KLT menunjukkan komponen senyawa aktif pada kerang hijau tidak sama dengan sampel fitoplankton.

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Research on toxicity test and detection of phycotoxin content in green mussels was conducted at green mussels aquaculture area at Kalibaru, Cilincing, North Jakarta. The aims of this research are to detect toxicity levels of phycotoxin content in green mussels by BSLT, to detect the content of saxitoxin in green mussels and phytoplankton by Jellett Rapid PSP Test, and to compare the results of TLC from the green mussels and phytoplankton extract.

The BSLT result by probit analysis showed that the green mussels at every stations contained active compounds with toxic properties, and LC50 < 1000 ppm with range values 96,257- -125,231 ppm. The Jellett Rapid PSP Test showed that there is no saxitoxin in green mussels and phytoplankton samples. TLC result showed that there was no similarity on compounds between green mussels and phytoplankton samples."