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"Arsitektur adalah bidang ilmu yang terkesan tidak berkaitan dengan pertahanan negara. Mengetahui pengaruh arsitektur pada pertahanan negara beserta pola spasial yang terbentuk pada pertahanan negara merupakan tujuan dari skripsi ini. Metode yang digunakan adalah melalui studi berbagai referensi untuk melihat pengaruh arsitektur pada pertahanan negara. Tipe Geopolitik menjadi variabel dalam melihat pola spasial pertahanan negara. Berdasarkan pendekatan yang dilakukan, dapat disimpulkan bahwa sejak zaman dahulu hingga sekarang, pertahanan negara tidak dapat terlepas dari pengaruh salah satu ranah di arsitektur, yaitu architectura militaris. Setiap tipe geopolitik memiliki ciri pola spasial tertentu yang terbentuk dari pertahanan negara.

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At a glance, architecture may not have any correlation with state defence. To know how architecture affect state defence and to find the spatial pattern shaped by state defence are the objectives of this work. Study of various references is the method to know if there's any correlation between state defence and architecture, while, geopolitic type treated as a variable to find the spatial pattern of state defence. It was shown that from the past until now, state defence never detached itself from architectura militaris as one domain of architecture. Each Geopolitic type has its own spatial pattern as the result of its state defence."

"Arsitektur dimulai ketika seseorang atau sekelompok manusia mempunyai suatu kebutuhan suatu naungan, yang pada saat itu tidak terdapat di alam bebas. Ketika kehidupan manusia selalu berpindah tempat, tidak jarang mereka mengalami kesulitan untuk mencari sebuah tempat di alam, yang dapat menaungi mereka dari serangan cuaca. Dari sebuah kebutuhan mendasar itulah, dunia Arsitektur mulai berkembang selaras dengan berkembangnya kebudayaan manusia.Meskipun dunia Arsitektur dapat dikatakan dinamis, narnun pada dasarnya terdapat beberapa nilai tetap yang dapat menjadi batas pada sebuah karya Arsitektur. Sedikitnya terdapat tiga faktor utama, seperti yang diungkapkan oleh seorang Arsitek Roma, Marcus Vitruvius Polio, yaitu Utilitas, Firmitas, dan Venustas. Ketiga faktor ini, sangat membantu para arsitek untuk menilai ataupun melihat sesuatu dalam dunia arsitektur, termasuk dalam melihat sistem struktur pada sebuah karya Arsitektur.Salah satu hal yang menarik untuk dilihat pada karya Arsitektur ialah tentang penggunaan struktur tenda. Struktur tenda telah dipakai oleh banyak orang di beberapa daerah, ketika mereka masih hidup secara nomaden. Pada masa sekarang, ketika manusia mulai hidup menetap pada suatu daerah tertentu; penggunaan struktur tenda dalam pembangunan berkurang secara drastis. Dengan pemahaman dasar teori Vitruvius inlah, kita dapat menelusuri fenomena ini, guna melihat kemungkinan- kemungkinan perkembangan struktur tenda dalam bidang arsitektur; baik dari segi Kekuatan, Fungsi dan Keindahannya."

"This book offers a comprehensive introduction to urban design, from a historical overview and basic principles to practical design concepts and strategies. It discusses the demographic, environmental, economic, and social issues that influence the decision-making and implementation processes of urban design."

"Kerentanan merupakan derajat tingkat dimana manusia dengan sistem lingkungannya mengalami gangguan/tekanan akibat adanya bahaya (bahaya alam maupun bahaya buatan) yang terjadi dan dapat menimbulkan bencana atau tidak. Dalam beberapa disiplin ilmu terdapat perbedaan penggunaan pengertian konsep kerentanan, karena dalam pengukurannya mempunyai bermacam-macam metode. Secara umum kajian terbaru tentang kerentanan sekarang ini telah mengalami pergeseran dari penilaian kerentanan tradisional yang hanya berkonsentrasi pada satu tekanan faktor atau sumber daya, menjadi banyak faktor yang mempengaruhinya. Penelitian ini mengkaji pola spasial kerentanan bencana alam di Kabupaten Cianjur, yang diakibatkan oleh karakteristik fisik lingkungan dan bencana (biofisik) dan pengaruh sosial, ekonomi serta demografi (sosial). Metode pendekatan yang digunakan untuk menentukan pola spasial dan tingkat kerentanan adalah analisa cluster dan analisa spasial berbasis sistem informasi geografi. Pola spasial kerentanan tinggi terhadap faktor biofisik tersebar di seluruh wilayah dengan pola merata terutama disebelah selatan Cianjur dan hanya sebagian kecil dibagian utara yang tidak berada dalam kerentanan tinggi. Tidak seluruh wilayah yang berada dalam kerentanan tinggi terhadap faktor biofisik berada dalam kerentanan tinggi karena faktor sosial ekonomi atau ada 36,68% saja wilayah dengan kerentanan tinggi terhadap faktor biofisik yang memiliki kerentanan tinggi karena faktor sosial ekonomi.

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Vulnerability can be defined as the degree to which human and environmental systems are likely to experience harm due to a perturbation or stress. However, different disciplines often use different meanings and concepts of vulnerability, which have led to diverse methods of measuring it. In general, recent studies on vulnerability often divert from traditional vulnerability assessment which centers on single stressor to single resource or receptor, moving to focusing on many aspects of the system being stressed.

This research to examine spatial patterns of natural disaster vulnerability in Cianjur District, which is caused by the physical characteristics of the environment and disasters (biophysical) and social influence, economic and demographic (social). Approach method used to determine the spatial pattern and degree of vulnerability is the cluster analysis and spatial analysis based on geographic information systems Spatial pattern of high vulnerability of biophysical factors in all regions with uneven patterns especially in the south of Cianjur and only a small portion in the north who are not in a high vulnerability. Not all areas are in the high vulnerability of biophysical factors in a high vulnerability due to socioeconomic factors or is 36.68% only region with a high vulnerability to biophysical factors that have a high vulnerability due to socio economic factors."

"Desentralisasi penduduk ke kota-kota pinggiran membentuk pusat perbelanjaan suburban. Kajian mengenai Desentralisasi dan Pusat Perbelanjaan merupakan salah satu fenomena di perkotaan yang menimbulkan multiplier effect, salah satunya adalah pergerakan pengunjung. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui karakteristik persebaran hirarki pusat perbelanjaan serta mengetahui pola pergerakan pengunjung dan fungsi pelayanan hirarki pusat perbelanjaan. Variabel yang digunakan adalah hirarki pusat perbelanjaan, dan pola pergerakan pengunjung, dengan teknik kuota sampling serta analisis penyebaran dan interelasinya. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa persebaran hirarki pusat perbelanjaan berhubungan positif dengan jumlah penduduk. Pola pergerakan pengunjung menunjukan bahwa hirarki pusat perbelanjaan tidak memiliki hubungan dengan besaran pergerakan. Namun semakin tinggi hirarki ukuran pusat perbelanjaan maka motif pergerakan semakin beragam sehingga faktor jarak tidak menjadi penghambat pergerakan. Berdasarkan pola pergerakan pengunjung terlihat bahwa sebagian besar hirarki pusat perbelanjaan berperan sebagai pusat pelayanan dan setiap pusat perbelanjaan memiliki karakteristik pelayanan yang berbeda.

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Decentralization to suburban area develops suburban shopping center. Study of decentralization and shopping centre is one of the phenomena in urban areas that cause a multiplier effect, one of them is movement of visitors. The purpose of this research was to determine the dispersion of the shopping center hierarchy then determine the pattern of visitor's movement and service functions of the shopping center hierarchy. The variables are Pattern of Visitor's Movement and Shopping Center Hierarchy, with a quota sampling and analysis of distribution and interrelations.

The result of this research show that the dispersion of shopping center hierarchy has a positive connection with a number of population. Pattern of Visitor's Movement indicates that shopping center hierarchy doesn't have connection with the amount of movement. However, the higher of hierarchy of shopping centers also affected to various motive, so that the distance's factor does not obstacle of movement. Based on pattern of visitor's movement show that many of shopping center hierarchy is a service center and every shopping centers have a different characteristic."

"Rice fields located in Citarum Hilir watershed of Karawang district are more and more affected by growth of residential and industrial areas. This resulted in the need to have supporting rice fields elsewhere including in the upstream region. ln Citarum Hulu watershed, 19,5% fiom the existing rice fields is non-irrigated with 32,l9% of population work in the agriculture sector. But productivity of' non-irrigated rice fields of Citanim Hulu watershed is still low, which is below 25 kwintal/ha. One of the efforts to increase its productivity is to look at the local climate model. The low productivity may also be caused by factors such as slope and altitude, which are used as variables in Wilayah Tanah Usaha (WTU). Sandy (1985) wrote that growth and death of any plant in Indonesia depend on water. Awarding to Chang (1968) every process in a plant is affected by water. Furthermore, FAO believed that the growth requirement of a rice plant is also depended on water availability. Mohr, Schimdt-Ferguson, and Oldeman made climate classifications based on rainfall in relation with plant needs of irrigation. Spatial climate model and planting time/season are important factors in management of non-irrigated rice fields in Citarum Hulu watershed. These rice fields are nou-unifonnly found in the center down to the south. Rice production varies from 22 to 4l kw/ha where the majority produces 30-40 kw/ha. Productivity model for the northem part is varied, and to the south is more stable with productivity of 30-40 kw/ha. The annual average rainfall in Citarum Hulu watershed is 1770-3458 mm/yr where the majority of the region has in the range of 2000-3000 mm/yr. Maximum monthly rainfall is 558 mm and a minimum of 6 mm on average. Rainfall is high in the months of November to April and dry period is fiom June to August. Mol-rr?s climate classification is around class III - Vb where the majority is in class III-IV. Schmidt-Ferguson?s climate classification for this area is type C to type A, where the majority is in the wet type (A). 0Ideman?s climate classification varies from D3 to Bl where the majority ofthe region is in climate group C-B (humid-wet). ln general, climate model for Citarum Hulu watershed is as follows: in the center (around the city of Bandung) is almost always drier than its surrounding areas, specifically in the northem and southem parts that are mountainous. The distribution of non-irrigated rice fields has a strong correlation with the annual rainfall model of Schimdt-Ferguson and Oldeman, because as an area has more precipitation there tend to be non-irrigated rice fields. But it is not true with Mohr climate. A strong correlation in productivity of non-irrigated rice fields with rainfall model, Mohr, Schmidt-Ferguson, and Oldeman climate models mean that as a region receives more precipitation then 'there is a tendency of higher rice productivity. But there is also a tendency that if an area is extremely wet, the productivity will decrease. Planting season in the Citarum Hulu watershed is from October and May with 4 planting time models: October/February, October/March, November/March, and December/April. In the November/March, planting time is dominant in almost all of the watershed area. Part of the non-irrigated rice fields in Citarum Hulu watershed are still according to the WTU conception, that is 65,87%, which the majority is in the center. As for the rest of this region, they should be converted into protected forest areas (especially in the south) and hard plant agriculture (in the cast). Keywords: DAS Citarum Hulu, non-irrigated rice fields, rainfall, climate model, Mohr, Schmidt-Ferguson, Oldeman, WTU conception, planting time."

"Kota Semarang merupakan kota metropolitan terbesar kelima di Indonesia. Berbagai permasalahan lingkungan sering timbul sebagai dampak dari banyaknya konversi lahan di wilayah pesisir maupun perbukitan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur perubahan lanskap dan penutup lahan di Kota Semarang periode tahun 1996-2016. Pengolahan Citra Landsat tahun 1996, 2003, dan 2016 dilakukan untuk memperoleh klasifikasi penutup lahan. Penggunaan Indeks Lanskap seperti PD, PLAND, LPI, LSI, MNN, IJI, SHDI, dan SHEI dilakukan untuk menganalisis struktur dan pola lanskap. Regresi Logistik Biner digunakan untuk membuat model perubahan lanskap dan penutup lahan serta faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi perubahan tersebut. Faktor fisik, sosial ekonomi, dan lingkungan digunakan sebagai variabel prediktor dari model tersebut. Pada periode tahun 1996-2016, lahan yang ada semakin terfragmentasi dengan tingkat percampuran dan pola persebaran antar penutup lahan yang tinggi. Pada tahun 1996-2003, hal tersebut dominan terjadi di wilayah ketinggian 25-100 mdpl, sedangkan pada periode tahun 2003-2016, hal tersebut terjadi di wilayah ketinggian 100-500 mdpl. Model perubahan lanskap dan penutup lahan Kota Semarang paling baik diterapkan pada wilayah ketinggian 100-500 mdpl. Berdasarkan model tersebut, probabilitas perubahan lanskap dan penutup lahan paling tinggi adalah ketika berada di wilayah yang tinggi dan datar, kerapatan sungai dan jalan yang relatif tinggi, kepadatan penduduk tinggi, status tanah berupa Hak Pakai dan Hak Guna Bangunan, nilai tanah yang rendah, dan jarak yang relatif jauh dari pusat kota.

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Semarang City is one of the largest city in Indonesia. Tidal flooding, flash floods, sea water intrusion at the coast and landslide at the hills, are the issues the city currently dealt with as a side effect of land conversion. The study on spatial pattern and its change of landscape land cover is important for a better understanding in environmental management at this city. Landsat images from 1996, 2003 and 2016 and eight landscape indices PD, PLAND, LPI, LSI, MNN, IJI, SHDI, dan SHEI were used to analyze landscape land cover pattern and its change. Binary Logistic Regression and geography information system were used to build a mathematical and spatial modelling of landscape land cover change using driving factors such as elevation, slope, land subsidence, population density, land ownership, land price, street density, drainage density, and distance from city center. Landscape indices shows that the highest land utilization higher PD, LSI, MNN, IJI, SHDI, SHEI and lower LPI mostly occurred at elevation 25 100 meter in 1996 and 2003 and in 2016, it occurred at elevation 100 500 meter. In the period of 1996 2003, land fragmentation with high mixing and diversity occurred at elevation 25 100 meter, while in the period 2003 2016, it occurred at elevation 100 500 meter. Spatial modeling of landscape land cover at Semarang City is best applied at elevation 100 500 meter. The probability of landscape land cover change is high when located at the high and flat areas, high drainage and street density, highest population density, and lowest land price. "