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"Sejak tahun 1970 an. istilah informatika (informatics) semakin sering digunakan sebagai aplikasi teknologi informasi pada berbagai bidang seperti informatika hukum, informasi lingkungan, informasi kesehatan dan informatika sosial. Karangan ini menguraikan penjelasan singkat tentang informatika dengan merujuk ke latar belakang sejarah, identitas disiplin ilmu, aspek, aplikasi dan tantangan dasar."

"The article talks about four principles of biomedical ethics, respect for autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, and justice. The methodology which was a critique against the present biomedical ethics, was formulated in 1979 by Tom Beauchamp and James Childress. By applying principlism, the paramedics have to constantly understand three components: application, balancing efforts, and specification. The four fundamental principles of biomedical ethics (autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, and justice) have proposed a useful methodology to deal with cases, such as the doctor-patient relations, the use of life support systems, or any research using man as subject."

"This volume presents the proceedings of the Brazilian Congress on Biomedical Engineering (CBEB 2018). The conference was organised by the Brazilian Society on Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) and held in Armação de Buzios, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil from 21-25 October, 2018.Topics of the proceedings include these 11 tracks:• Bioengineering• Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering and Artificial Organs• Biomechanics and Rehabilitation• Biomedical Devices and Instrumentation• Biomedical Robotics, Assistive Technologies and Health Informatics• Clinical Engineering and Health Technology Assessment• Metrology, Standardization, Testing and Quality in Health• Biomedical Signal and Image Processing• Neural Engineering• Special Topics• Systems and Technologies for Therapy and Diagnosis"

"This volume presents the proceedings of the International Conference on Biomedical and Health Informatics (ICBHI). The conference was a new special topic conference and a common initiative by the International Federation of Medical and Biological Engineering (IFMBE) and IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (IEEE- EMBS). BHI2015 was held in Haikou, China, 8-10 October 2015. The main theme of the BHI2015 is “The Convergence: Integrating Information and Communication Technologies with Biomedicine for Global Health”.The ICBHI2015 proceedings examine enabling technologies of sensors, devices and systems that optimize the acquisition, transmission, processing, storage, retrieval, use of biomedical and health information as well as to report novel clinical applications of health information systems and the deployment of m-Health, e-Health, u-Health, p-Health and Telemedicine. "

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kualitas citra USG 2D dan evaluasiparameter untuk phantom polyurethane sebagai test unjuk kerja dan akurasi USG2D. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut maka dilakukan tahap pre-processing,intermediate-processing, dan post-processing menggunakan software Matlabsecara offline. Pre-processing terdiri dari cropping dan filtering, intermediateprocessingberupa segmentasi menggunakan algoritma FCM, dan post-processingmengevaluasi parameter-parameter dari citra phantom polyurethane. Hasil daripre-processing yaitu dimensi citra menjadi kecil, resolusi turun, dan citra menjadiblur. Algoritma FCM yang diimplementasikan mempartisi objek citra ke dalamempat cluster berdasarkan similaritas derajat keabuannya. Tahap terakhir,menampilkan jarak, diameter, dan titik konsentrasi objek pada parameter tertentudari citra. Segmentasi merupakan inti dari peningkatan kualitas citra yang manaalgoritma FCM menghasilkan citra yang tersegmentasi secara tepat namunevaluasi beberapa parameter masih kurang signifikan (lihat Tabel 4.1).

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ABSTRACTThe research aim to upgrade image quality of USG 2D and to evaluate parameterfor polyurethane phantom as performance test and accuracy of USG 2D. Thegoals could be reached via pre-processing, intermediate-processing, and postprocessingstep using Matlab software in offline. Pre-processing consist ofcropping and filtering process. Intermediate-processing is segmentation that usingFuzzy C-Means (FCM) algorithm and post-processing evaluated parameter ofpolyurethane phantom image. Result of pre-processing is polyurethane phantomimage with small dimension, low resolution, and blur. FCM algorithm wasimplementation make partition image object into four cluster based on similarityits gray scale. The last step display distance, diameter, and concentration dot ofobject in particular parameter of image. Segmentation is main step ofenhancement of image quality which FCM algorithm that produced imagesegmentation accurately however evaluation of any parameter did not still quitesignificant (look at Table 4.1)."