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"The principle of military necessity, in its role as a fundamental legal princnnle underlining international humanitarian law, has been firmly rooted in international law. That is not necessarily the case, however, with its rote as circumstance precluding wrongfulness for violations of humanitarian law norms, much disparity exist among authors and states about the elements, scope, and limitations to its role as preclusion. This article intends to clarify as to what extent the principle of military necessity can operate in the sphere of positive IHL norms."

"War and armed conflicts have been the major problems in international law especially for their defected impacts such as physical, psychological, and material loss for the victims. Wars and armed conflicts are subject to international humanitarian law so that people are protected from the soldiers violence where they kill each other in defending their national interests. Humanitarian law also has a purpose to protect wounded soldiers and prisoners of war from inhuman treatments. However, these wars and armed conflicts should be prevented because they have more disadvantages than advantages to human beings."

"Kekalahan Indonesia atas Malaysia dalam kasus sengketa atas pulau-pulau Sipadan dan Ligitan yang diputuskan oleh Mahkamah Internasional di Den Haag akhir tahun 2002 yang lalu memunculkan kembali kontroversi di kalangan para pemerhati hukum internasional mengenai prinsip-prinsip perolehan kedaulatan atas wilayah negara, khususnya mengenai prinsip "pendudukan efektif" atau "effective occupation". "