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"Formasi karbonat Abenaki berumur Jurrasic-Akhir pada Lapangan Penobscot, Pantai Timur Provinsi Nova Scotia, Canada, di interpretasikan sebagai platform karbonat laut dangkal yang didominasi oleh oolitic limestone yang menjalar sepanjang tepian paparan samudera. Tugas akhir ini bertujuan untuk membangun model geologi berdasarkan integrasi data geofisika dan petrofisika, yang digunakan untuk deskripsi geometri pada kerangka struktur dan distribusi fasies dan properti petrofisika seperti porositas, saturasi air, dan kandungan lempung. Perhitungan potensi hidrokarbon di dalam reservoar karbonat dilakukan berdasarkan model properti petrofisika yang didistribusikan berdasarkan korelasinya terhadap Atribut Impedansi Akustik, yang dapat diperoleh dari proses inversi seismik. Crossplot antara Impedansi Akustik dengan properti petrofisika menunjukkan hubungan dalam identifikasi litologi yang kemudian menjadi dasar pada distribusi fasies dan properti reservoar. Hasil perhitungan volumetrik yang dikontrol oleh properti akustik menjadi acuan yang penting dalam pengembangan dan rencana produksi Lapangan Penobscot.

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The Upper Jurassic carbonate Abenaki formation in Penobscot Field, East Coast of Nova Scotia Province, Canada, is interpreted as a submarine carbonate platform dominated by oolitic limestone lies along the ancient shelf edge. This undergraduate thesis is to build the geological model based on integration of geophysical and petrophysical data, which used to describe geometry of structural framework and distribution of facies and petrophysical properties such as porosity, water saturation, and clay content. Calculation of hydrocarbon potential within the carbonate reservoir is performed based on the property model, which distributed with its correlation with Acoustic Impedance Attribute that can be obtained from seismic inversion process. The crossplot between Acoustic Impedance with the petrophysical properties showing relationship in lithology identification which then became the basis of the facies and reservoir properties distribution. The results of volumetric calculation that controlled by acoustic property will be a noteworthy reference on the development and production plan of Penobscot Field."

"Litologi batuan merupakan hal yang paling mendasar dalam mendelineasikan reservoar. Gambaran fisis batuan dapat terlihat dari hasil permodelan impedansi akustik. Pada Formasi Missisauga yang berumur Cretaceus awal pada Lapangan Penobscot terdapat batu pasir yang sangat tebal. Pernyataan dibuktikan dengan hasil metode inversi yang diterapkan pada penelitian ini. Beberapa hal yang perlu di analisis dalam delineasi reservoar tersebut adalah perpaduan antara data seismik, data sumur, dan data geologi yang kemudian digunakan untuk membentuk persebaran lateral reservoar batu pasir dari nilai impedansi akustik. Reservoar batu pasir yang memenuhi kriteria pada formasi Missisauga terlihat pada nilai anomali impedansi akustik yang rendah (7500-9000 m/s.gr/cc) yakni pada lapisan Sand 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, dan 7. Untuk mendukung persebaran lateral nilai impedansi akustik, dilakukan juga persebaran nilai porositas. Dari peta persebaran batu pasir yang terbentuk dan dari peta struktur domain waktu maupun kedalaman terlihat struktur antiklin dan patahan yang merupakan perangkap hidrokarbon dan diduga sebagai daerah prospek hidrokarbon.

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Lithology of rock is the most basic thing for reservoir delineation. We can describe the rocks from the result of acoustic impedance modeling. The Early-Cretaceous Mississauga Formation in Penobscot Field is identified containing a thick sandstone. This statement is proved by the results of the inversion modeling method applied in this study. Some things to keep in the analysis in this reservoir delineation is a combination of seismic data, well log data, and geologic data are then used to form the lateral distribution of sandstone reservoir of acoustic impedance values.

Sandstone reservoir that meet the criteria in Mississauga Formation at the value anomaly with low acoustic impedance (7500-9000 m/s.gr/cc) at the sand 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 layer. To support the lateral distribution of acoustic impedance values, was also distribution of porosity. From then sandstone distribution maps formed and structure map of time domain and depth domain looks anticline structure and fault that supposed to be a trap of hydrocarbon and a hydrocarbon prospect."

"Studi ini bertujuan untuk pengidentifikasian zona reservoar batuan karbonat dari Formasi Baturaja pada Cekungan Sumatera Selatan dengan mengunakan metode inversi seismik. Data yang digunakan adalah data sesimik 3D post stack (441 inline & 449 crossline) serta sumur TA-6. Parameter seismik impedansi akustik dapat memetakan persebaran batuan karbonat pada Formasi Baturaja yang berada diantara batuan pasir dari Formasi Gumai dan Talang Akar. Model persebaran impedansi akustik dari hasil inversi Model Based menunjukkan rentang nilai impedansi akustik pada zona prospek sebesar 10000 m/s.gr/cc - 12000 m/s gr/cc. Dari korelasi antara nilai impedansi akustikdan porositas dapat diketahui persebaran nilai estimasi porositas pada zona prospek sebesar 10-15%. Dengan bantuan ekstraksi atribut amplitudo rms pada peta struktur persebaran batuan karbonat dapat diketahui lingkungan pengendapannya. Sehingga integrasi model hasil inversi impedansi akustik dengan nilai estimasi porositas serta didukung dengan hasil ekstraksi atribut amplitudo RMS menunjukkan pada daerah tinggian Formasi Baturaja terdapat daerah-daerah yang memiliki anomali impedansi akustik rendah dan porositas tinggi yang tersebar pada fasies body karbonat hingga back reef serta pada bagian atas zona tinggian tersebut terdapat lapisan seal sebagai penutupreservoar.

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The purpose of this study is to identify reservoir zone of carbonate rock from Baturaja Formation at South Sumatera Basin. The data used from seismic 3D post stack data (441 inline & 449 crossline) and TA-6 log. Acoustic impedance seismic parameter can map the distribution of carbonate rock at Baturaja Formation where is between the sand stone from Gumai Formation and Talang Akar Formation. Distribution model of acoustic impedance from the Model Based Inversion results shows the range value of acoustic impedance at the potential zone is range from 10000 m/s.gr/cc - 12000 m/s gr/cc. From the correlation of values acoustic impedance and porosity, we can infer that distribution of porosity estimation value in potential zone range from 10-15%. With the support of RMS amplitude extraction on map structure of carbonate rocks distribution, the depositional environment can be known. Therefore integration of acoustic impedance inverted results model with porosity estimation results and supported by RMS amplitude attribute extraction results show that at the Baturaja Formation anticlines there are zones that consists of anomaly low acoustic impedance and high porosity which spread out among carbonate body to back reef and at the top part of the anticlines there is a seal as a closure of reservoir."

"Dalam usaha pengembangan lapangan minyak Rahma dan Nala penting untuk dilakukan pemodelan dan karakterisasi reservoir yang meliputi distribusi fasies dan properti reservoir batupasir 1950 dan 2110 Formasi Bekasap yang merupakan salah satu reservoir di lapangan ini. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan gambaran suatu play concept yang lebih baik dalam meningkatkan performance lapangan.Identifikasi distribusi fasies dan properti reservoir menggunakan metoda simulasi kondisional sekuensial yang merupakan salah satu metode geostatistik yang termasuk dalam kategori simulasi berbasis grid dengan mengintegrasikan beberapa data seperti data core, data sumur dan data seismik 2D.Berdasarkan analisa data core dan elektrofasies, daerah penelitian terdiri dari beberapa fasies pengendapan yakni fasies channel sand, fasies bar sand dan fasies marine shale dimana batupasir 1950 dan 2110 yang menjadi objek penelitian merupakan fasies channel sand.Akibat keterbatasan data maka geometri reservoir fasies channel sand tidak dapat diidentifikasi secara pasti. Untuk mengakomodasi ketidakpastian ini maka pemodelan dilakukan berdasarkan tiga skenario yang meliputi lebar dan ketebalan fasies channel sand serta arah pengendapan yang akan memberikan 23 realisasi model distribusi fasies. Dari beberapa realisasi model yang dihasilkan, akan di ranking dan diuji kebenarannya untuk mendekati kondisi geologi bawah permukaan yang sebenarnya.

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During the development program of Rahma and Nala fields, it is important to execute modeling and reservoir characterization that is comprised of reservoir properties and facies distribution. The program will focus on two potential reservoir in Bekasap Formation, they are 1950 and 2110 sandstone. The expectation from the evaluation result capability to describe a better play concept in order to increase fields performance.

Identification of reservoir properties and facies distribution in these fields will use Sequential Conditional Simulation. Sequential Conditional Simulation is one of geostatistical method which is categorized as grid base simulation that integrates several data such as core, well data and 2D seismic.

According to core and electrofacies analysis, the field can be differentiated into several depositional facies which are channel sand facies, bar sand facies and marine shale facies while 1950 and 2110 sandstone are known as channel sand facies. Reservoir geometry cannot be determined easily because of data limitation. To accommodate the uncertainty, the modeling was run by emphasizing 3 scenarios, such as width and thickness of channel sand and azimuth. The scenarios will produce 23 realizations of facies model distribution. All of them will be ranked and will be tested in order to approach real sub surface condition.

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"Wilayah Kerja West Kampar terletak di cekungan Sumatera Tengah, yang sudah terbukti sebagai proven basin. Struktur Pendalian terletak di dalam area West Kampar dan status saat ini adalah produksi dengan kapasitas produksi kurang lebih 900BOPD. Kandungan minyak yang diproduksi diperoleh dari formasi Sihapas.Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan inversi simultan untuk menghasilkan Ip, Is dan vp/vs untuk melihat persebaran litologi dan fluida pada reservoar Sihapas. Pemodelan awal dengan input frekuensi difilter pada high pass 10 Hz dan high cut 15 Hz, dan parameter inversi untuk memperoleh tren garis regresi linear diperoleh harga k:2,67; kc: -17,59; m: 0,27 dan mc: -1,77Dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada penampang seismik lintasan 59 (antara CDP 1421-1454) pada klosure tinggian disekitar sumur Pendalian-3 diperoleh nilai Ip = 12000 (ft/s)*(gr/cc) yang ditunjukkan dengan warna kuning dan Is =1208 (ft/s)*(gr/cc) yang ditunjukkan dengan warna kuning cenderung orange. Dengan membandingkan kecepatan vp/vs yang memiliki nilai antara 2-3 dapat diprediksi sebagai batuan reservoar yang berasosiasi minyak.

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West Kampar working area is located in the Central Sumatra basin, which has been proven as a proven basin. Pendalian structure is located in the West Kampar area and the current status is a production and the production capacity approximately 900BOPD. The content of the produced oil derived from Sihapas Formation.

This research be carrying out simultaneous inversion specifically analyzes the velocity ratio vp / vs to see the lithology and fluid distribution in the Sihapas reservoir. Initial modeling with the input frequency high pass filtered at 10 Hz and 15 Hz high cut, and parameter inversion to obtain the linear regression trend line obtained k price: 2,67; kc: -17.59; m: 0.27 and mc: - 1.77

Of the study showed that the seismic track 59 (the CDP 1421-1454) on closure heights around the well Pendalian-3 obtained value Ip = 12000 (ft/s) * (gr/cc) are shown in yellow and Is = 1208 (ft/s) * (gr/cc), which is indicated by the yellow color tends to orange. By comparing the speed of vp/vs which has a value between 2-3 can be predicted as the associated oil reservoir rocks."

"Lapangan BOS, berlokasi di daerah onshore blok Malacca Strait, cekungan Sumatera Tengah, telah dilakukan pengeboran 3 sumur di tahun 2006 - 2007, yaitu sumur BOS-01, BOS-02, dan BOS-03. Pada lapangan ini memiliki kasus yang unik karena pada dua sumur, BOS-01 (yang berada di crestal structure) dan BOS-03 (berada di flange structure, sebelah selatan dari BOS-01), mendapatkan hidrokarbon berupa gas pada formasi Lower Pematang yang menampakkan feature brighspot. Sedangkan sumur BOS-02 (berada di flange structure, sebelah utara sumur BOS-01), yang juga memiliki target pada feature brighspot pada formasi Lower Pematang, ternyata mendapatkan litologi shale. Untuk menganalisis lebih lanjut, dilakukan analisis dan interpretasi Geofisika, yaitu karakterisasi reservoir dengan menggunakan Impedansi Akustik untuk membedakan zona reservoar dan non-reservoar, dan analisis AVO untuk memprediksi kandungan fluida pada Formasi Lower Pematang tersebut. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa litologi shale yang berada di sumur BOS-02, kemungkinan terbentuk/tersedimentasi karena secara posisi struktur sumur BOS- 02 lebih rendah daripada sumur BOS-01, dimana suplai sedimentasi berasal dari arah North-East ke South-West.

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BOS field, located in the onshore of block Malacca Strait, Central Sumatra basin, have 3 wells, were drilled in 2006-2007, there are BOS-01, BOS-02, and BOS-03. This field has unique case, because in two wells, BOS-01 (located at crestal structure) and BOS-03 (located at the flange, south of BOS-01), got hydrocarbon gas at Lower Pematang formation with brighspot feature. But at BOS-02 well (located at the flange, north of BOS-01), with same target at brighspot feature, got shale and categorized as wet.

For further analysis, this study use analysis and geophysical interpretation, used to characterize reservoir at Lower Pematang Formation, there are Acoustic Impedance to differentiate reservoir zone and non-reservoir, and the AVO Analysis to predict fluid content on the Lower Pematang Formation. Result of this study shown that lithology shale on BOS-02 well, sedimented because BOS-02 well located on the lower position (flange) than BOS-01, while sedimentation supply have direction North-East to South-West."

"Lapangan SF adalah salah satu lapangan yang berada di Sub-Cekungan Jambi. Lapangan ini terbukti menghasilkan minyak dan gas di dalam reservoar batupasir Formasi Air Benakat dan Formasi Gumai. Lapangan ini ditinggalkan selama 20 tahun dikarenakan tekanan reservoar yang rendah, jumlah gas yang tinggi, masalah distribusi fluida resevoar serta masalah mekanikal lainnya. Hal inilah yang menjadi faktor bahwa lapangan ini perlu langkah interpretasi bawah permukaan lebih lanjut untuk mendapatkan reservoar baru yang prospektif dan dapat mengoptimalisasi produksi. Studi ini dilakukan pemodelan penyebaran fasies, parameter petrofisika dan perhitungan cadangan hidrokarbon untuk mengetahui arah perkembangan reservoar yang baik pada lapangan ini. Dari hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya endapan sedimen sand tidal bar yang memiliki karakter reservoar yang baik dengan porositas rata-rata sebesar 21-24 %. Endapan sand tidal bar terakumulasi di bagian barat daya lapangan. Selain itu, dari hasil perhitungan cadangan diprediksi lapangan ini masih menyimpan 18 MMSTB minyak dan 2 BCF gas.

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SF field is located in Jambi Sub-Basin. This field proven to produce oil and gas in sand reservoir of Air Benakat Formation and Gumai Formation. Twenty years this field was suspended due to low reservoir pressure, high gas oil ratio, reservoir fluid distribution and mechanical problems. Therefore, this field needs more interpretation to get new reservoir and can optimalization the production. This study will focus only in P Interval, Gumai Formation that indicates potential for further drilling to develop.

The aim of this study is to delineate fasies and petrophysics distribution, and also to calculate reserves for indicating good reservoir direction in this field. The result of this study indicates there is sediment of sand tidal bar and this facies accumulates in the south-west of SF field. Sand tidal bar has a porosity value from 21%-24%. In addition, from the volume calculation of hydrocarbon this field is predicted still have 18 MMSTB of oil and 2 BCF of gas."

"ABSTRACTTo define reservoir potential or to have a better understanding of reservoircharacterization become the most important part to get many subsurface information.It will be very useful to analyze and prospect new candidates. Reservoircharacterization combined with the formation evaluation data between vertical andhorizontal dimensions will produce a geologic model, which is used as an input forreservoir simulation.The objectives of this research is to develop a reservoir model within the producinginterval of interest defined as horizons ?E? where it plays as a main oil target. It is apart of the Salemba Field, Kutai Basin, East Kalimantan.A geostatistical method used for the study was stochastic since the data setavailability is good. But to have better self confidence, a glance of deterministicmethod was applied to see how the differences. There are three kind of stochasticmethod will try for facies modeling, there are: Object-base Modeling, FaciesTransition and Sequential Indicator Simulation. Each method was varied usingexponential types of variogram, which is considered as the best match use in MutiaraField.By using the existing software, it resulted more than 10 good scenarios andrealizations of geological model generated for this study. Also the criterion of themain ranking will use the OOIP and OGIP. The result also was calibrated withcurrent condition, cumulative production and recovery factor to see the remainingreserves."

"ABSTRAKSeismic sequence stratigraphy analysis was performed to identify achronostratigraphic evolution of submarine fan reservoir in Pari field,Makassar Strait, offshore East Kalimantan. A complete sequencestratigraphy in Pari field was divided into three systems tract: lowstandsystems tract (LST), transgressive systems tract (TST) and highstandsystems tract (HST). The ?X? reservoir unit was deposited during thelowstand systems tract (LST). Based on core data and well log, thereservoir is dominated by few massive thick sandstone, thin interbeddedsandstone and shale. Well data and 3D seismic multiattribute analysisindicated a submarine fan depositional system feature. However, theavailable 3D seismic data could not image the submarine fan elementsfeature like channels and splay lobes due to low seismic resolution. Ashallow Pleistocene submarine fan located in the northern part of thestudy area is clearly imaged using 3D seismic data. That Pleistocenesubmarine fan provides analog dimensions for sub-seismic reservoirelements in the ?X? reservoir unit, Pari field. The dimensions of channelsand splay lobes within Pleistocene submarine fan were used to definestochastically reservoir elements in Pari field. The Pleistocene submarinefan are approximately the same size as the seismically mapped the ?X?reservoir unit. Three facies model were generated to provide multiplerealizations of facies model. Those are 70% channel and 30% splay lobe(more channels dominated), 50% channel and 50% splay lobe(proportional between channel and splay lobe), and 30% channel and 70%splay lobe (more splay lobe dominated)."

"Lapangan XYZ adalah lapangan gas yang berada di Selat Makasar Kalimantan Timur. Lapangan ini terletak di bagian timur dari laut dalam Delta Mahakam dan kedalaman rata-rata air laut di daerah ini kurang lebih 6000 feet. Reservoir di lapangan ini dipercaya sebagai endapan turbidite laut dalam, dan dikenal sebagai "deep water channelized system" yang berumur antara Pliosen bawah - Miosen Atas. Oleh karena itu reservoir di daerah ini memiliki kuantitas dan kualitas yang sangat bervariasi.Dalam penelitian ini dipilih metoda dekomposisi spektral yang hasilnya diharapkan akan dapat digunakan dalam mendeliniasi, dan analisa facies reservoir dengan pendekatan model yang telah ada sebelumnya dan telah dilakukan oleh Slatt 2006. Sementara ekstraksi atribut RMS dilakukan untuk melihat distribusi kandidat reservoir sekaligus menjadi pembanding dan pendukung informasi yang didapat dari metoda dekomposisi spektral.Hasil penelitian ini pada akhirnya akan sangat berguna bagi perhitungan cadangan rinci, yang akan sangat tergantung pada geometri dan kualitas reservoir. Selain itu juga akan berguna bagi perencanaan produksi pada fase eksploitasi.Dari hasil penelitian ini , didapatkan tiga facies reservoir dan hubungan korelasi yang kuat antara metode dekomposisi spektral dengan ekstraksi atribut RMS tersebut. Dengan ektraksi atribut RMS dapat dilihat distribusi reservoir secara umum berdasarkan tingginya nilai atribut RMS. Sementara untuk deliniasi reservoir secara lebih rinci diperoleh dari hasil analisis dekomposisi spektral. Universitas Indonesia.

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The XYZ Field is one of the gas fields located in Makasar Strait-East Kalimantan. It lies in the Eastern part of deepwater Mahakam Delta. The average water depth in the area is about 6000 feet. The reservoir of this field is believed to be the product of deepwater turbidite sedimentation as "deep water channelized system" of Lower Pliocene to Upper Miocene in age. As a consequence reservoir of this area has great variations in quality and quantity.

In this research the spectral decomposition method was chosen and expected to be used in reservoir deliniation and facies analysis based on previous model approaches Slatt, 2006. While RMS attribute extraction carried out in order to analyze the distribution of reservoir candidate as well as the benchmark and supporting information for the spectral decomposition method.

The result of this study will be very important for detail reserved calculations, which will be very rely on to the reservoir geometry and quality. Moreover it will be very useful for the production planning at the exploitation phase.

From this study, it is concluded there are 3 (three) main facies of reservoir in the area, and there is a strong correlation between result of spectral decomposition and RMS attribute. From the RMS attribute extraction, the author found a general reservoir distribution based on the height of RMS value. Meanwhile for more detail reservoir deliniation, it has been achieved from the spectral decomposition analysis."