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"In the fast developing economies of Asia migration has come toplay an important role. However. It has also remained opposed by publicopinion and workers organizations, who consider migrants detrimental tothe employment opportunities and working conditions of local workers.The crisis, which sent some Asian economies into recession and causedwidespread social costs, had a specific impact on migration. A largenumber of migrants were repatriated, others had la endure wage curs andworsening of labor conditions. This paper argues that because of thestructural role that migration has acquired in Asian economies, it should bepart of the workers organization concerns and of a regional dialogue bymigrants to ensure that it is orderly and protected."

"In the last two decades, Indonesia has witnessed a surplus growth in the young and educated labor force. A significant proportion of educated people tend to move to other regions in search of jobs. Data from the 1995 Intercensal Population Survey (SUPAS) clearly documented this phenomenon and that many people who migrated belong to younger age groups. The improvements in socioeconomic development across various regions have exerted a tremendous impact on the flow of people as well as gonads across the regional and ethics boundaries within Indonesia. This paper mainly focuses on the region-to-region migration in Indonesia and the influence of major determinants specifically education and employment. For the analysis, logistic regression models are confined to explain the differentials in migration by selected explanatory variables. "

"The last three decades have revealed substantial change inpopulation :nobility in Indonesia. In the l9S0s population :nobility wasgreatly determined by the government rather than the individualsconcerned. This is called a ''direct policy' implemented throughtransmigration program. The mobility pattern was dominated by out-migration flow from Java to outside Java. However, in the next two decades l990-2000} the migration pattern was determined by the migrantsthemselves, and is called 'indirect policy'. The pattern shows a polarizationof mobility which indicates migrant flows from outside Java into Java aswell as into other centers of growth in indonesia. This paper tests spatialinteraction model which is well known in geography. The model is derivedfrom Newton's gravity model and was developed by Ravenstein and Reilly(1931). The result of statistical test shows that the flows of migration havepositive relationship to the size of population in each region of origin anddestination, and have negative relationship to the distance between originand destination. The statistical model developed in this paper also rises theorigin and destination region as an explanatory variable."

"ABSTRACTThe article considers the relationship between migration from Central Asia to the Russian Federation and gender relations. In particular, the paper describes the age sex composition of the migration flows from three countries of the subregion (Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan) and discusses the case of Kyrgyzstan with its active female migration. Male migrants are more often employed in construction and are paid more than female migrants, who work mostly in trade and services. However, men and women show almost no difference in complying with migration laws, vulnerability in interactions with the state, relations with employers and apartment owners as well as transnational practices. The article also considers possibilities for family reunification, and gendered differences in inter ethnic communication. The article concludes that further studies are required, and that assistance mechanisms are required for women who do not receive financial assistance from their migrant husbands. The article also finds that migrants sexual and reproductive behaviour is characterized by limited access to information about risks and also requires thorough study."

"Over the last two decades there have been numerous profound changes in UK society which have had an impact on the scale, geographies, meaning and experiences of internal migration. Providing a critical appraisal of migration scholarship from the perspective of Geography, reviewing theory, substantive foci and method, this book demonstrates how sub-national migration in the UK gives rise to and reflects new patterns of population, housing, economies and cultures. Each chapter is written by a Population Geographer together with a scholar representing another Human Geography sub-discipline thus."

"Diskusi mengenai migrasi merupakan bahasan yang relatif baru dalam Ilmu Hubungan Internasional dibandingkan dengan kebanyakan topik-topik lainnya. Seiring meningkatnya bahasan mengenai perubahan iklim pada forum-forum internasional, pembahasan mengenai perpindahan masyarakat akibat perubahan iklim juga turut meningkat. Namun, pada faktanya pembahasan mengenai perpindahan masyarakat akibat perubahan iklim, atau kemudian disebut sebagai migrasi lingkungan, masih belum banyak dibahas secara akademis. Faktanya hingga saat ini masih banyak perdebatan pada percabangan pembahasan dari topik migrasi lingkungan dalam hubungan internasional pada lingkup akademisnya. Oleh sebab itu, tulisan ini berusaha untuk melakukan pemetaan terhadap perkembangan literatur-literatur terkait. Dengan melakukan tinjauan pustaka terhadap 29 literatur akademis menggunakan metode taksonomi, kelompok literatur dibagi ke dalam tiga tema utama: 1) konseptualisasi migrasi lingkungan, 2) tata kelola global migrasi lingkungan, dan 3) respons negara-negara mengenai migrasi lingkungan. Pada akhirnya, penulis melihat adanya kebutuhan untuk pembuatan konseptualisasi migrasi lingkungan dalam hubungan internasional yang tunggal. Selain itu, penulis juga menyimpulkan bahwa formulasi kebijakan terkait migrasi lingkungan dalam hubungan internasional penting untuk mempertimbangkan dari berbagai cabang ilmu yang terlibat mengingat sifat dari fenomena ini yang multicausal.

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Discussions regarding migration is still considered a relatively new subject within the International Relations realm. Following the rise of discourse regarding climate change in international forums, deliberations regarding displaced communities due to climate change, later referred as environmental migrants, is also coming to a rise. However, these discussions have not been formally compiled, meaning that there are still very little academic literature in the IR field that puts environmental migrants as their focal point. Factually speaking, there are still many debates and discrepancies regarding environmental migrants within the academic realm of IR. Hence why this writing aims to map out the literature development of the aforementioned topic. By reviewing 29 academic pieces of literature using taxonomic methods, the literature is divided into three main themes: 1) conceptualization of environmental migration, 2) global governance of environmental migration, and 3) countries' responses to environmental migration. Finally, this paper expresses the need for a universal conceptualization of environmental migration in international relations. In addition, this paper also concludes that it is essential to consider the various studies involved during the process of policy formulation related to environmental migration in international relations given the multicausal nature of this phenomenon."

"Population movement, from rural areas to towns is typical in any developing countries. It is due to general opinion that towns can supply and give everything to support their lives. Seasonal migration in Yogyakarta City is exclusively influenced by the variation of its peripheries. The worse the peripheries, the more the seasonal migrant come. The findings are related to the conditions of the city acting as the pull factors, the conditions and their place of origin acting as the push factors and also the rhythmic pattern of their mobility."