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"This article uses a variation of the Solow model that weredeveloped by Alonso, Echevaria and Tran (2004) to explore theinterrelations between the labor market and the economic growth. It con beproven that both analytically and empirically, income and capitol perworker in the development-store (ASEAN Countries) depend positively onflexibility of the labor market that the development state unemployment role depends positively on the rare of population growth and theproductivity growth rate and negatively on the savings rate and flexibilityof the labor market, and, finally, that labor market flexibility affectsconvergence toward developing countries. The paper also discusses theeconomic implications of these result sigma convergence."

"Kertas kerja ini menyiasat penyebab Granger jangka panjang di antara perbelanjaan pertahanan dan pertumbuhan ekonomi untuk 20 negara-negara ahli Pertubuhan Kerjasama Islam (OIC) menggunakan rangka kerja Model Pembetulan Ralat untuk data tahunan bagi jangka masa 1960 hingga 2005. Perbelanjaan pertahanan diukur oleh nisbah perbelanjaan pertahanan (milex) dibahagi keluaran dalam negara kasar (KDNK); manakala pertumbuhan ekonomi (rgdpc) diwakili oleh KDNK benar per kapita. Hasil kajian menyarankan bahawa penyebab Granger jangka panjang satu hala iaitu arah penyebab daripada pertumbuhan ekonomi kepada perbelanjaan pertahanan untuk Burkina Faso, Indonesia, Kuwait, Arab Saudi, Sudan, Togo dan Turki. Manakala pneyebab Granger jangka panjang satu hala iaitu daripada perbelanjaan pertahanan kepada pertumbuhan ekonomi didapati untuk Iran, Mautitania, dan Nigeria. Untuk negara-negara OIC lain, hasil kajian mencadangkan bahawa tiada hubungan diantara perbelanjaan pertahanan dengan pertumbuhan ekonomi."

"Labor market outcome khususnya produktivitas pekerja merupakan salah satu faktor penting bagi pertumbuhan ekonomi suatu negara. Di antara berbagai mancam hal yang memengaruhi labor market outcome, terdapat aspek religiositas yang dinilai turut berkontribusi dalam membentuk produktivitas pekerja. Namun dari studi yang dilakukan di berbagai negara dalam melihat hubungan antara religiositas dengan labor market outcome hasil yang ditemukan masih bersifat abu-abu, di mana terdapat temuan yang menyatakan bahwa kedua hal tersebut memiliki hubungan negatif, dan ada juga temuan yang menyatakan hal sebaliknya. Dengan menggunakan data IFLS 5 dan upah per bulan pekerja sebagai proksi labor market outcome, studi ini hendak mengetahui hubungan antara tingkat religiositas pekerja terhadap labor market outcome di Indonesia sebagai negara dengan masyarakat yang terhitung memiliki tingkat religiositas tinggi. Studi ini menggunakan metode estimasi OLS dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 6.450 individu pekerja berusia lima belas tahun ke atas. Hasil pada studi ini menemukan bahwa adanya hubungan negatif antara tingkat religiositas pekerja dengan produktivitas yang dimilikinya. Hal ini dapat terjadi di lingkungan Indonesia yang religius akibat adanya faktor lain yang dinilai memiliki dampak lebih besar terhadap labor market outcome dibandingkan aspek religiositas, serta adanya kemungkinan pengaruh sekularisme dalam membentuk hubungan kedua hal tersebut.

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Labor market outcome, especially worker productivity, are one of the significant factors for the economic growth of a country. Among the various things that affect labor market outcome, there is an aspect of religiosity that contributed to shaping worker productivity. However, from studies conducted in different countries in looking at the relationship between religiosity and labor market outcome, the findings of the results are still unclear. Several studies are findings that the two things have a negative relationship, and other studies are finding the opposite results. This study aims to determine the relationship between the level of religiosity and labor market outcome in Indonesia as a country with people who have a high level of religiosity by using IFLS 5 data and worker's monthly wages as proxies for labor market outcome. This study uses the OLS estimation method with a sample of 6,450 individual workers aged at least fifteen years. The results of this study found that there was a negative relationship between the level of worker's religiosity and their productivity. This condition can happen in the Indonesian religious environment due to other factors that capture the source of impact on labor market outcome better than worker's religiosity. In addition, there is the possibility of secularism's influence in shaping the relationship between the two."

"This paper examines the impact of supply-demand balance in the labor market on the recent ongoing trend toward marriage avoidance in Japan, incorporatingreviews of previous studies. From a theoretical standpoint, declining income and wages could be seen either as encouraging or as discouraging marriage, but according to empirical analyses inprevious studies of Japanese marriage behavior, for men in particular regular employment with high earning potential appears to have the effect of encouraging marriage, and being hired as a regular employee immediately upon graduation appears correlated with younger marriage ages. For women, as well, some previous studies have found a positive correlation between being hired as a regular employee immediately upon graduation and getting married younger. It follows that the decline in hiring of young people as regular employees, as a result of economic stagnation, may be one of the causes of the recent trend toward marriage avoidance."

"Tourism has become an important sector in the economy over recent decades, but the impact of tourism on economic growth is still debated. The purpose of this paper is to investigates the long-run relationship between tourism and economic growth in ASEAN countries as well as the causal linkages between them. This study uses panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag (panel ARDL) and data from the World Tourism Organization and the World Development Indicator. The results suggest that tourism has significant and positive impact on economic growth in the long run, supporting the tourism-led growth hypothesis. Furthermore, the results also indicate that there is bidirectional causality between inbound tourism and economic growth.

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Pariwisata telah menjadi sektor penting dalam perekonomian selama beberapa dekade terakhir, namun dampak pariwisata terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi masih diperdebatkan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk meneliti hubungan jangka panjang antara pariwisata dan pertumbuhan ekonomi di negara-negara ASEAN serta hubungan sebab akibat di antara keduanya. Penelitian ini menggunakan panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag (panel ARDL) dan data dari World Tourism Organization dan World Development Indicator. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pariwisata memiliki dampak yang signifikan dan positif terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi dalam jangka panjang. Selain itu, hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa terdapat kausalitas dua arah antara pariwisata inbound dan pertumbuhan ekonomi."

"Tiga emisi gas rumah kaca (GRK) utama, yaitu karbon dioksida (CO2), metana (CH4), dan dinitrogen oksida (N2O) telah meningkat ke tingkat yang belum pernah terjadi sebelumnya sejak era pra-industrialisasi. Perdagangan internasional telah menjadi katalis yang signifikan terhadap emisi GRK karena pengaruhnya terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi dan intensitas kegiatan ekonomi, yang dapat disebut sebagai efek skala, efek komposisi, dan efek teknik. Sebagai daerah yang belum banyak dipelajari terkait topiknya, penelitian ini berupaya untuk memahami pengaruh keterbukaan perdagangan, diukur dengan nilai penjumlahan X+M/GDP, dan pertumbuhan ekonomi, terhadap emisi CO2, CH4, dan N2O di antara sepuluh Negara-negara ASEAN dengan analisis data panel menggunakan Fixed Effect Model (FEM). Hasil analisis menemukan bahwa peningkatan keterbukaan perdagangan mengurangi emisi CH4 dan N2O per kapita tetapi meningkatkan emisi CO2 per kapita di negara-negara ASEAN, sedangkan peningkatan PDB per kapita mengakibatkan peningkatan semua emisi GRK per kapita. Namun, efeknya berbeda di seluruh kelompok pendapatan. Untuk negara-negara berpenghasilan rendah, peningkatan keterbukaan perdagangan umumnya meningkatkan emisi GRK per kapita dengan efek sebaliknya untuk negara-negara berpenghasilan tinggi. Teori Kurva Kuznets Lingkungan (EKC) ditemukan ketika memahami hubungan antara pertumbuhan ekonomi dan emisi gas rumah kaca. Informasi ini dapat membantu pembuat kebijakan dalam mengatasi masalah polusi yang berkaitan dengan perdagangan internasional dan saran studi lebih lanjut disajikan.

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The three major greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, namely carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) have risen to an unprecedented level since pre-industrialization era. International trade has become a significant catalyst to GHG emissions for its effect on economic growth and the intensity of economic activity, which can be termed as either scale effect, composition effect, and technique effect. As an understudied region with regards tot his topic, this study looks to understand the effect of trade openness, measured by the sum value of X+M/GDP, and economic growth, to the emissions of CO2, CH4, and N2O among the ten ASEAN countries with a panel data analysis using Fixed Effect Model (FEM). The result of analysis found that increase in trade openness reduces CH4 and N2O emissions per capita but increases CO2 emission per capita in ASEAN countries, while increases in GDP per capita results in increases in all GHG emissions per capita. However, the effect differs across income groups. For lower-income countries, increase in trade openness generally increases GHG emissions per capita with the converse effect for higher-income countries. Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) theory is found when understanding the relation between economic growth and greenhouse gas emission. This information can help policymakers in addressing pollution concerns with regards to international trade and further study suggestions are presented"

"Peningkatan angkatan kerja akibat migrasi tenaga kerja merupakan salah satu faktor yang dapat meningkatkan tingkat pengangguran tenaga kerja lokal. Studi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak migrasi tenaga kerja dan selective migration terhadap tingkat pengangguran tenaga kerja lokal di Indonesia. Studi ini mempertimbangkan proporsi sektor informal karena rendahnya tingkat pengangguran belum cukup untuk menjadi indikator kemajuan pembangunan ketenagakerjaan di negara berkembang. Kualitas pekerjaan juga harus diperhatikan dengan mempertimbangkan proporsi sektor informal. Metode analisis yang digunakan yaitu data panel dinamis, dengan lag pertama variabel dependen dimasukkan sebagai regressor. Studi ini menunjukkan tingkat imigrasi berdampak signifikan dan positif terhadap tingkat pengangguran dan proporsi sektor informal tenaga kerja lokal. Hasil ini menunjukkan tenaga kerja migran memiliki efek substitusi atau dapat menggantikan tenaga kerja lokal terutama di sektor formal. Tenaga kerja lokal yang tersubstitusi kemudian beralih ke sektor informal atau bahkan menjadi pengangguran. Jika dianalisis menurut kelompok pendidikan, efek susbtitusi ini paling dirasakan oleh tenaga kerja lokal dengan jenjang pendidikan dibawah SMA. Menariknya, adanya selective migration juga akan berdampak pada peningkatan proporsi sektor informal tenaga kerja lokal terutama dengan jenjang pendidikan dibawah SMA. Hal ini berarti semakin besar perbedaan tingkat pendidikan antara tenaga kerja migran dan lokal akan meningkatkan proporsi sektor informal tenaga kerja lokal kurang berpendidikan.

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The labor force increase due to labor migration is one of the factors that can increase the unemployment rate of native workers. This study aims to analyze the impact of labor migration and selective migration on the unemployment rate of native workers in Indonesia. This study considers informal employment because the low unemployment rate is insufficient to indicate the progress of labor development in developing countries. The quality of work must also be considered by considering informal employment. The analytical method used is dynamic panel data, with the first lag-dependent variable as a regressor. This study shows that the immigration rate positively and significantly affects the unemployment rate and the informal employment of native workers. These results indicate that migrant workers have a substitution effect or can replace native workers, especially in formal sectors. Substituted local workers then switch to the informal sector or even become unemployed. If analyzed by the education group, this substitution effect is felt mainly by native workers with education below senior high school. Interestingly, the existence of selective migration will also have an impact on increasing native worker’s informal employment, especially those with an education level below senior high school. This increase means that the more significant the difference in education between migrant and native workers will increase the informality of native workers, especially those with less education."