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"Human rights violations become on interesting topic in this 21st century along with emerging respects for civil rights for every violent action. Every person has freedom from persecution and violence either by militia or military force. This can be seen from the establishment of the international Criminal Court (ICC) to prosecute war crimes and crimes against humanity. These efforts are aimed to those who are violating human rights especially by the military force which they can be brought before the ICC for their actions."

"Perkawinan paksa sebagai suatu bagian dari kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan belum diatur dalam Statuta Roma. Dalam praktiknya, Mahkamah Pidana Internasional telah memutus perkawinan paksa sebagai kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan berupa other inhumane acts dan menerapkan ketentuan-ketentuan yang terdapat dalam Statuta Roma untuk menuntut perkawinan paksa sebagai bagian dari kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan. Berdasarkan hasil yurisprudensi di berbagai pengadilan internasional yang telah menangani terkait perkawinan paksa, penuntutan atas tindakan perkawinan paksa telah dilakukan dengan menerapkan ketentuan terkait tindakan-tindakan kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan yang berbeda. Beberapa hasil putusan beranggapan bahwa perkawinan paksa lebih tepat untuk dituntut sebagai perbudakan seksual. Namun, dalam perkembangan terkini terkait penuntutan perkawinan paksa dalam kasus Prosecutor v. Dominic Ongwen, Mahkamah Pidana Internasional menyatakan bahwa perkawinan paksa dapat dituntut secara tersendiri di bawah Pasal 7(1)(k) terkait other inhumane acts. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat perlindungan hukum yang terdapat dalam Statuta Roma untuk menghukum tindakan perkawinan paksa dan meneliti terkait alasan hukum yang mendasari penentuan elements of crime dari perkawinan paksa sebagai suatu bagian dari kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan, lalu bagaimana kasus Prosecutor v. Dominic Ongwen dapat menuntut perkawinan paksa secara tersendiri sebagai other inhumane acts. Hasil penelitian ini menemukan bahwa tindakan perkawinan paksa dan perbudakan seksual seringkali bersinggungan. Sebagaimana telah dinyatakan oleh majelis hakim dalam kasus Prosecutor v. Dominic Ongwen, perkawinan paksa pada umumnya terjadi dalam situasi yang juga mencakup perbudakan seksual. Namun, ketika pemaksaan status perkawinan mengakibatkan penderitaan yang melebihi dan berbeda dari perbudakan seksual, maka perkawinan paksa patut untuk dituntut secara tersendiri agar dapat mencakup keseluruhan tindakan, dampak yang diakibatkan, serta kepentingan yang dilindungi dari tindakan kejahatan yang dilakukan.

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Forced marriage as a crime against humanity has not been regulated in the Rome Statute. In practice, the Court has prosecuted forced marriage as the crime against humanity of an other inhumane act and adopted the existing provisions to prosecute forced marriage as a crime against humanity. The jurisprudence from various international courts dealing with forced marriage has adopted different provisions regarding the crime against humanity to prosecute forced marriage. Some considers that forced marriage is more adequately prosecuted as sexual slavery, but recent developments regarding forced marriage in the case of the Prosecutor v. Dominic Ongwen shows that the Court views forced marriage as a crime that needs to be charged separately under Article 7(1)(k) of the Rome Statute as an other inhumane act. Therefore, this study aims to determine the legal protections under the Rome Statute to protect victims from forced marriage and examine the judicial reasonings in determining the elements of crime of forced marriage as a crime against humanity, particularly in prosecuting forced marriage as a separate crime against humanity in the case of the Prosecutor v. Dominic Ongwen. The results of this study found that the act of forced marriage and sexual slavery often intersect and are not mutually exclusive. As stated by the Trial Chamber in the case of Prosecutor v. Dominic Ongwen, forced marriages generally occur in situations in which women are sexually enslaved. However, when the imposition of marital status results in suffering that goes beyond sexual slavery, forced marriage should be prosecuted separately to warrant full responsibility of the perpetrator and to adequately represent the conduct, ensuing harm, and protected interests from the crime committed."

"Wujud dari perhatian masyarakat dunia terhadap kejahatan internasional adalah dibentuknya berbagai macam pengadilan internasional untuk mengadili para pelaku kejahatan-kejahatan yang menjadi perhatian dunia. Mahkamah Pidana Internasional menjadi pengadilan pidana permanen pertama dunia dengan yurisdiksi terhadap genosida, kejahatan perang, kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan, dan agresi. Mahkamah memerlukan sebuah mekanisme agar dapat menjalankan kewenangannya. Karena berasal dari sebuah perjanjian internasional, Mahkamah memiliki batasan-batasan dalam menjalankan kewenangannya. Karena kewenangan Mahkamah hanya dapat dijalankan terhadap negaranegara yang meratifikasi Statuta Roma, Kewenangan Mahkamah terhadap Negara non-Pihak menjadi pertanyaan. Kemauan dari negara untuk bekerja sama dengan Mahkamah menjadi faktor yang penting bagi aplikasi kewenangan Mahkamah. Perlu mekanisme alternatif bagi Mahkamah untuk memastikan negara-negara bekerja sama dengan Mahkamah.

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The epitome of the international community?s attention towards international crimes is forming an international court that tries individuals responsible for committing crimes that are of the deepest concern for international community. The International Criminal Court is the world?s first permanent criminal international court with jurisdiction over crimes of genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and crimes of aggression. The Court needs some kind of trigger mechanism in order for it to exercise its authority. Since it is formed by an international treaty, the Court?s authority is limited only to those regulations stipulated inside the Statute. Hence, the Court has its statutory limitations. The Court can only exercise its authority with States that have ratified the Statute, hence its authority towards non-State Parties is questioned. States? willingness to co-operate is utmost important for the Court to exercise its authority. There should be alternative means in order to ensure States to co-operate conducted by the Court."

"This is the authoritative introduction to the International Criminal Court, fully updated in this sixth edition. The book covers the legal framework of the Court, the cases that it has heard and that are still to come, and the political debates surrounding its operation. It is written by one of the major authorities on the subject, in language accessible to non-specialists. The sixth edition brings legal references fully up to date in light of the Court's case law. Several trials have now been completed, with four convictions and a number of controversial acquittals. The book also discusses the situations that the Court is currently investigating, including Palestine, Georgia, Ukraine, Venezuela and the UK in Iraq. It also looks into the crisis with African states and the hostility of the United States to the institution."