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"Penelitian tesis ini membahas tentang legitimasi unilateral humanitarian intervention yang merupakan sebuah intervensi atau penggunaan kekuatan bersenjata oleh suatu negara (atau sejumlah negara) kepada negara lain dengan tujuan untuk menghentikan pelanggaran HAM berat di negara tersebut, yang dilakukan tanpa otorisasi DK PBB. Praktek tersebut menimbulkan perdebatan berdasarkan fakta bahwa apabila DK PBB gagal (baik karena unwilling dan atau unable), komunitas internasional tidak dapat merespon terhadap pelanggaran HAM berat, seperti genosida, kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan, ethnic cleansing, yang terjadi di suatu negara apabila intervensi ini dianggap menentang kedaulatan negara. Memang, prinsip non intervensi dan perlindungan terhadap HAM, samasama merupakan norma jus cogens dalam hukum internasional. Namun, saat ini kedaulatan negara tidak lagi bersifat absolut, dimana negara (pemerintah) memiliki kewajiban untuk melindungi rakyatnya dan tidak dapat melakukan pelanggaran HAM berat atau kejahatan internasional dan berlindung di balik kedaulatannya tersebut, atau dengan kata lain sovereignty implies responsibility. Atas dasar itulah, komunitas internasional menghadapi dilema terkait tindakan yang harus dilakukan oleh sebuah negara ketika terjadi pertentangan antara apa yang diperbolehkan oleh hukum dengan apa yang seharusnya dilakukan secara moral, karena terdapat jurang yang memisahkan legalitas atau hukum (law) dengan legitimasi atau keadilan (justice). Seperti kasus unilateral humanitarian intervention yang dilakukan oleh NATO di Kosovo yang memunculkan dilemma akan apa yang seharusnya dilakukan oleh Negara-negara ketika ada pertentangan antara hukum internasional dan aspek moral. Dalam kasus tersebut, intervensi NATO dianggap "illegal but legitimate", sehingga menimbulkan suatu pergeseran dalam hukum internasional dari konsep legal menjadi legitimasi. Pendekatan ini terlihat masuk akal untuk mendamaikan pertentangan antara legalitas dan moralitas, tetapi kurang memiliki posisi dalam hukum internasional. Namun, bukan tidak mungkin bahwa bila dikemudian hari ada lagi kasus serupa dimana negara melakukan unilateral humanitarian intervention, dan negara lain tidak menentangnya, maka praktek ini dapat berkembang menjadi sebuah kebiasaan baru yang memiliki posisi dalam hukum internasional. Tetapi perlu diingat bahwa tugas kita adalah bukan untuk mencari sumber otoritas lain sebagai alternatif dari DK PBB, namun untuk membuat DK PBB bekerja lebih baik dari sebelumnya.

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The focus of this thesis is to analyze the legitimacy of unilateral humanitarian intervention in international law. Unilateral humanitarian intervention is a threat or a use of force by a state (or a group of states) aiming to prevent or end widespread of grave human rights violations or international crimes, without the permission or the target state and without the Security Council authorization. This practice has created a debate based on the fact that if the United Nations Security Council fails to act (unable and or unwilling), the international community may not respond to stop international crimes, such as genocide, crimes against humanity, ethnic cleansing that occur in other states because the intervention is considered to violate the sovereignty of that state. The tension is between the principle of non-intervention (use of force) which is related to the primacy of state sovereignty and the protection of fundamental human rights, which both are norms of jus cogens in international law. However, sovereignty is no longer an absolute concept. The sovereignty of States can no longer be used as a shield for gross violations of human rights, or in other words sovereignty implies responsibility. This poses the dilemma of what states should do when there is a great divide between what international law requires and what morality dictates, as there is a gap between legality and legitimacy, law and justice. This issue was brought into sharp relief by NATO?s intervention in Kosovo in 1999, which raised the dilemma of what states should do when there is a divide between the demands of international law and morality. In the end, many states concluded that NATO?s use of force was illegal but legitimate. However, while this approach provides an intuitively plausible way of reconciling legality and morality, it ultimately does not have a sustainable position in international law. It could have a position in international law, if in the future, there are other similar cases or state practice where states did act unilaterally to respond to international crimes, and received no condemnation from other states. But let's remember that the task is not to find alternatives to the Security Council as a source of authority, but to make the Security Council work much better than it has."

"Meningkatnya masalah krisis kemanusiaan tentunya mengiringi munculnya berbagai operasi kemanusiaan atau yang biasa disebut humanitarian action dimana bantuan-bantuan tersebut dianggap sebagai solusi untuk mengatasi masalah terkait kemanusiaan yang terjadi di banyak Negara. Humanitarian action ini melibatkan adanya humanitarian intervention dan juga humanitarian assistance. Humanitarian intervention dan juga humanitarian assistance merupakan dua konsep yang berbeda walaupun mereka berangkat dari tujuan yang sama. Terdapat beberapa perbedaan dari kedua konsep tersebut mulai dari bentuk keterlibatan, pihak yang dapat terlibat, dan status hukum pelaksanaan kedua konsep tersebut dalam keadaan konflik. Skripsi ini pada dasarnya membahas mengenai perbedaan dari kedua konsep tersebut dan penerapan dari humanitarian assistance dalam keadaan konflik. Mekanisme dari pelaksanaan humanitarian assistance seringkali ditemukan adanya hambatan-hambatan yang membawa pengaruh buruk bagi keberlangsungan korban-korban konflik. Sepatutnya bagi negara-negara penerima bantuan tidak menutup diri karena dapat memperparah keadaan krisis kemanusiaan. Oleh karena itu seharusnya negara-negara penerima bantuan memanfaatkan bantuan-bantuan yang diberikan oleh PBB melalui organ-organnya dan organisasi kemanusiaan lainnya, guna memberikan perlindungan kepada penduduk yang menjadi korban konflik yang terjadi.

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The rising humanitarian crisis made the emergence of various humanitarian operations or so called humanitarian action where the aid is considered as a solution to overcome the problems related to humanity that occurred in many countries. Humanitarian action involves humanitarian intervention and humanitarian assistance. Humanitarian intervention and humanitarian assistance are two different concepts even though they depart from the same goal. There are several differences between the two concepts ranging from the form of involvement, the parties involved, and the legal status of the implementation of the two concepts in a conflict country.

This study basically explains the differences between the two concepts and the application of humanitarian assistance in the conflict country. Mechanisms of the implementation of humanitarian assistance are often found to be obstacles that have a negative impact on the survival of conflict victims. As the humanitarian recipient countries, they should not close themselves because it can worsen the situation of the humanitarian crisis. Therefore, the recipient countries should use the assistance provided by the UN through their organs and other humanitarian organizations, to provide protection to the victims of the conflict. "

"Unilateral Arbitration Clause atau Klausul Arbitrase Unilateral (KAU) memposisikan satu pihak untuk mendapatkan hak yang lebih baik untuk mengakses penyelesaian sengketa, termasuk arbitrase. Sedangkan pihak lainnya direstriksi kepada pilihan tertentu saja. Karakteristik yang mengedepankan kesepihakan ini seringkali menuai isu, baik mengenai kebasahannya atau juga penerapannya yang melanggar kaidah super memaksa atau ketertiban umum. Demi mengetahui bagaimana peradilan menyikapi permasalahan ini, maka perlu diteliti dari putusan-putusan pengadilan yang telah menimbang terkait KAU. Putusan-putusan yang dipilih adalah dalam perkara Uber v. Heller di Kanada, lalu perkara RTK v. Sony Ericsson di Russia serta perkara Wilson Taylor Asia Pacific Pte Ltd v. Dyna-Jet Pte Ltd di Singapura. Pada kesimpulannya terdapat perbedaan dari setiap pertimbangan hakim mengenai ketidakseimbangan dalam klausul ini. Tinjauan dari hukum perdata internasional pun diperlukan sebagaimana dalam KAU kerap mengandung unsur asing. Ditambah juga salah satu lembaga tertua dari hukum perdata internasional, yaitu ketertiban umum, yang memiliki peran besar dalam menimbang mengenai KAU.

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Unilateral Arbitration Clause (UAC) positions one party to obtain better dispute resolution rights, including arbitration. Meanwhile, the other party is restricted to only a particular choice(s) of a forum. The characteristic of a one-sided clause opens up a legal discussion on many court’s jurisdictions. Be it questioning the validity of the clause or worrying that the application of such a clause violates a nation’s mandatory rules or public policy. To see how the judiciary is addressing this issue, it is necessary to examine the court decision that has considered UAC. The decisions on Uber v. Heller in Canada, RTK v. Sony Ericsson in Russia, and Wilson Taylor Asia Pacific Pte Ltd v. Dyna-Jet Pte Ltd in Singapore may best represent this review. In conclusion, there are differences in each judge’s consideration regarding the imbalance in such a clause. A review of private international law is also necessary as UAC often contains foreign elements. Moreover, one of the oldest institutions under private international law-public policy-played a significant role in weighing the existence of UAC."

"This is a concise and nuanced overview of International Humanitarian Law (IHL). The structure is unusual. While the book reflects the state of the law with accuracy and sobriety, it nevertheless shows the idealist and philosophical ambitions of the authors. Legal issues are often discussed within a wider moral and ethical context. The authors add many basics on human rights and the enforcement of international law, which are not directly relevant for IHL, but ensure the reader understands the wider picture. Marco Sass©øli, University of Geneva, Switzerland This book provides a clear and concise explanation of the central principles of international humanitarian law (or the law of armed conflict) while situating them in a broader philosophical, ethical and legal context. The authors consider a range of wider issues relevant to international humanitarian law, including its ethical foundations, relationship to other bodies of international law and contemporary modes of enforcement. This helps to develop a richer context for understanding the law of war and a sound basis for examining the changing nature of contemporary armed conflict. The book also discusses important recent decisions by international courts and tribunals, tracks the historical development of humanitarian principles in warfare and considers the legal position of states, individuals and non-state groups. Principles of International Humanitarian Law is an important resource for students of international humanitarian law and International law academics, as well as international humanitarian law practitioners.ContentsMachine generated contents note: 1.The concept of armed conflict2.Sources of international humanitarian law3.Means and methods of warfare4.Protection of civilians5.Protection of combatants hors de combat6.Humanitarianism and human rights7.Liability of states and non-state groups8.Liability of individuals."

"This study focuses on the prohibition of sexual violence in armed conflict based on the provision of various international treaties and the sanctions that imposed on perpetrators of sexual violence according to the Rome Statute of International Criminal Court. The analysis on the provision of the Rome Statute of International Criminal Statute and its application in some cases of sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. This study is based on the results of literature study with normative juridical method. Based on the result of this study, the provisions of the prohibition of sexual violence has not been properly applied in some cases that occur in armed conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Therefore, in addition to the provision of regulation, it is also necessary to establish the system of evidence that could facilitate the implementation of the sanctions to the perpetrators of sexual violence in armed conflicts.

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Skripsi ini membahas mengenai larangan dilakukannya kekerasan seksual dalam konflik bersenjata berdasarkan perumusan dalam berbagai perjanjian internasional dan sanksi yang diberikan kepada pelaku kekerasan seksual berdasarkan statuta peradilan internasional. Analisa mengenai perumusan kekerasan seksual didasari pada ketentuan dalam Rome Statute of International Criminal Court dan penerapannya dalam kasus kekerasan seksual yang terjadi di Democratic Republic of the Congo. Penelitian ini disusun berdasarkan studi kepustakaan dengan metode yuridis normatif. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, perumusan mengenai larangan kekerasan seksual belum dapat diterapkan secara baik dalam beberapa kasus yang terjadi pada konflik bersenjata di Democratic Republic of the Congo. Oleh karena itu, selain rumusan pengaturan, diperlukan pula sistem pembuktian yang dapat mempermudah dilakukannya penerapan saksi bagi pelaku kekerasan seksual dalam konflik bersenjata."