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"ABSTRAKDengan adanya permasalahan tentang masih dikontrolnya ruang udara Indonesiaoleh FIR asing khususnya di atas kepulauan Riau dan Natuna oleh FIR Singapuraberdasarkan perjanjian yang dibuat oleh Indonesia dan Singapura tahun 1995,dimana kemudian dengan telah dimilikinya kemampuan baik di bidang teknologimaupun SDM maka Indonesia berkeinginan untuk mengambil alih kontrol FIRtersebut sebagai bangsa yang berdaulat dan juga sbg pelaksanaan dari undangundang.Terkait dengan hal itu, perlu ditinjau lebih lanjut mengapa Indonesiamemandang perlu untuk mengambil alih kontrol FIR di atas kepulauan Riau danNatuna dari pihak Singapura serta hambatan-hambatan yang dihadapi pihakIndonesia dalam mewujudkan kehendaknya tersebut. Namun sesuai dengansalah satu klausul dalam perjanjian (Article 6) bahwa selama pihak Singapuramelakukan pengontrolan di wilayah Indonesia maka Pemerintah Singapura atasnama Pemerintah Indonesia memungut Route Air Navigation Services (RANS)Charges, dan hasilnya akan diserahkan ke pemerintah Indonesia. Dari adanyapendapatan yang diperoleh Negara tersebut maka hal ini menjadi salah satusumber pendapatan Negara berupa PNBP. Namun demikian, dengan adanyaRANS Charges tersebut.menimbulkan implikasi terhadap Indonesia terkait upayapengambilalihan pelayanan navigasi penerbangan pada FIR Singapura di ataskepulauan Riau dan Natuna berdasarkan perjanjian Indonesia Singapura Tahun1995.

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ABSTRACTWith the problems about still is still uncontrollable air space Indonesia by foreignFIR, especially above the Riau Islands and Natuna by the Singapore FIR basedon agreements made by Indonesia and Singapore in 1995, which then has theability to have both in the field of technology and human resources, Indonesiadesirous to take over FIR control as a sovereign nation and also as theimplementation of the Act. Related to this matter, need to be reviewed further,Indonesia necessary to take over control FIR above Riau Islands and Natuna fromthe Singapore and the obstacles faced by Indonesia in realizing against his will.However according to one clause in the agreement (Article 6) that during theSingapore authorities in the area of controlling in Indonesia, the Government ofSingapore on behalf of the Government of Indonesia picked up Route AirNavigation Services (RANS) Charges, and the results will be submitted to thegovernment of Indonesia. Of the State earned income it becomes a source ofState revenue in the form of non-tax revenues. However, with the existence ofRANS , give rise to that implication charges against Indonesia?s takeoverattempts on the air navigation services in the Singapore FIR above Riau islandsand Natuna based on agreement Indonesia Singapore 1995."

"[ABSTRAKWilayah udara yang berada di atas sebuah negara merupakan hak negara tersebutsecara penuh dan eksklusif. Namun, ketentuan itu tidak selalu dapat diikuti. Halini ditunjukkan dengan adanya pengaturan wilayah penerbangan di atas negara ?negara di dunia, Flight Information Region (FIR), yang tidak selalu mengikutigaris batas negara. Kondisi tersebut dialami oleh Indonesia. Sebagian wilayahudara di kawasan Kepulauan Riau dan Natuna didelegasikan kepada Singapurakarena ketidakmampuan Indonesia konon dalam mengelola navigasi penerbangan.Melalui pendelegasian wilayah udara tersebut, terdapat berbagai kerugian yangdiderita oleh Indonesia. Namun, pemerintah Indonesia tetap meneruskan kerjasama pengelolaan wilayah udara tersebut walaupun perjanjian pendelegasian,yang dibuat pada tahun 1995, telah berakhir masa berlakunya, dan kondisiIndonesia telah memungkinkan untuk mengambil kembali kewenangannya. Halinilah yang menjadi anomali dari sikap negara berdaulat. Oleh sebab itu, tesis inimenggunakan teori politik birokratik (bureaucratic politics theory) dalampembedahan isu untuk melihat proses pemutusan kebijakan politik luar negeri diantara birokrasi ? birokrasi di dalam negeri. Pembedahan tesis dibagi sesuaidengan variabel dalam teori ini, yaitu aktor/birokrasi yang terlibat, faktor yangmenentukan masing ? masing aktor, dan sikap aktor dalam menyatukanpertimbangan untuk menghasilkan keputusan dan tindakan pemerintah. Setelahmendapatkan ketiga variabel penelitian, langkah selanjutnya adalah memetakanpolitik birokratik Indonesia terkait isu tersebut. Pada akhirnya, ditemukan adanyamasalah politik birokratik intranasional yang menyebabkan limitasi pilihan bagipemerintah dalam proses pemutusan kebijakan politik luar negeri menanggapi isupendelegasian wilayah udara nasional kepada Singapura. Masalah ini jugamerefleksikan persaingan antara Indonesia dan Singapura di beberapa aspek.

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ABSTRACTAir territory, located above a country, is exclusively and fully considered a rightowned by the subjacent state. However, this provision does not always succeed tofollow. This is indicated by the Flight Information Region (FIR) which mostunlikely follow the country demarcation line. That condition is experienced byIndonesia with most of the air territories in Riau Islands and Natuna are delegatedto Singapore due to the country?s inability in managing air navigation. Bydelegating the air territory, Indonesia suffers various losses. However, Indonesiangovernment still continues the air territory management cooperation although thedelegation agreement in 1995 has expired, and the condition of Indonesia hasmade it possible to take back the authority. This is considered an anomaly of thesovereign state?s attitude. Therefore, this thesis applies the bureaucratic politicstheory in dissecting issues to look at the foreign policy decision making processamong bureaucracies in the country. Thesis dissection is divided according to thevariables in this theory, the actor/bureaucracy involved, the factors that determineeach actor, and the attitude of each actor in aggregating to yield governmentaldecisions and actions. After obtaining three variables of the study, Indonesianbureaucratic politic, related to the issue, is mapped. In the end, the identifiedproblems of intra-national bureaucratic politics cause choices of limitation in thegovernmental foreign policy decision making process in response to the issue ofnational air territory delegation to Singapore. Furthermore, this issue also reflectsthe competition between Indonesia and Singapore in several aspects.;Air territory, located above a country, is exclusively and fully considered a rightowned by the subjacent state. However, this provision does not always succeed tofollow. This is indicated by the Flight Information Region (FIR) which mostunlikely follow the country demarcation line. That condition is experienced byIndonesia with most of the air territories in Riau Islands and Natuna are delegatedto Singapore due to the country?s inability in managing air navigation. Bydelegating the air territory, Indonesia suffers various losses. However, Indonesiangovernment still continues the air territory management cooperation although thedelegation agreement in 1995 has expired, and the condition of Indonesia hasmade it possible to take back the authority. This is considered an anomaly of thesovereign state?s attitude. Therefore, this thesis applies the bureaucratic politicstheory in dissecting issues to look at the foreign policy decision making processamong bureaucracies in the country. Thesis dissection is divided according to thevariables in this theory, the actor/bureaucracy involved, the factors that determineeach actor, and the attitude of each actor in aggregating to yield governmentaldecisions and actions. After obtaining three variables of the study, Indonesianbureaucratic politic, related to the issue, is mapped. In the end, the identifiedproblems of intra-national bureaucratic politics cause choices of limitation in thegovernmental foreign policy decision making process in response to the issue ofnational air territory delegation to Singapore. Furthermore, this issue also reflectsthe competition between Indonesia and Singapore in several aspects., Air territory, located above a country, is exclusively and fully considered a rightowned by the subjacent state. However, this provision does not always succeed tofollow. This is indicated by the Flight Information Region (FIR) which mostunlikely follow the country demarcation line. That condition is experienced byIndonesia with most of the air territories in Riau Islands and Natuna are delegatedto Singapore due to the country’s inability in managing air navigation. Bydelegating the air territory, Indonesia suffers various losses. However, Indonesiangovernment still continues the air territory management cooperation although thedelegation agreement in 1995 has expired, and the condition of Indonesia hasmade it possible to take back the authority. This is considered an anomaly of thesovereign state’s attitude. Therefore, this thesis applies the bureaucratic politicstheory in dissecting issues to look at the foreign policy decision making processamong bureaucracies in the country. Thesis dissection is divided according to thevariables in this theory, the actor/bureaucracy involved, the factors that determineeach actor, and the attitude of each actor in aggregating to yield governmentaldecisions and actions. After obtaining three variables of the study, Indonesianbureaucratic politic, related to the issue, is mapped. In the end, the identifiedproblems of intra-national bureaucratic politics cause choices of limitation in thegovernmental foreign policy decision making process in response to the issue ofnational air territory delegation to Singapore. Furthermore, this issue also reflectsthe competition between Indonesia and Singapore in several aspects.]"

"Pada tanggal 25 Januari 2022 pemerintah Indonesia bersama dengan Singapura menyetujui kesepakatan penyesuaian Flight Information Region (FIR) Indonesia-Singapura yang di ratifikasi melalui Peraturan Presiden No 109 Tahun 2023. Adanya perjanjian realignment FIR penting untuk dikaji terutama dilihat melalui pertahanan dan keamanan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan menggambarkan objek yang diteliti berdasarkan fakta di lapangan dengan menggunakan key informan sebagai sumber data dan data sekunder. Pada penelitian ini juga digunakan teori Kedaulatan dari Kranser dan Teori Keamanan Kompleks dari Barry Buzzan. Penelitian ini menghasilkan bahwa Indonesia belum sepenuhnya mengelola ruang udara yang semula di delegasikan kepada Singapura khususnya di sebagian sektor A dan B. Tetapi Indonesia tetap memiliki kontrol dan pengawasan melalui Civil-Military Cooperation In Air Traffic Control (CMAC), dimana CMAC tersebut dapat menjadi solusi dalam isu kedaulatan, pertahanan, dan keamanan. Di sisi lain perjanjian tersebut dianggap dapat menabrak UU No 1 Tahun 2009 tentang Penerbangan yang menyatakan bahwa Indonesia harus sudah melakukan pengelolaan secara penuh selambat-lambatnya pada tahun 2024. Pada penelitian ini juga dihasilkan bahwa Indonesia masih dihadapkan dengan kendala pengambilalihan ruang udara tersebut, diantaranya: (1) kepercayaan; (2) diplomasi.

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On January 25, 2022, the Indonesian government together with Singapore approved the realignment Flight Information Region (FIR) Indonesia-Singapore agreement which was ratified through Presidential Regulation Number 109 Year 2023. The existence of an FIR realignment agreement is important to be reviewed, especially seen through defense and security. This research uses qualitative descriptive methods by describing the object under study based on facts in the field using key informants as data sources and secondary data. In this study also used the theory of sovereignty from Kranser and the theory of security the complex of Barry Buzzan. This research results that Indonesia has not fully managed the airspace originally delegated to Singapore, especially in some sectors A and B. But Indonesia still has control and supervision through Civil-Military Cooperation In Air Traffic Control (CMAC), where the CMAC can be a solution in sovereignty, defense, and security issues. On the other hand, the agreement is considered to be able to violate Law of the Republic Indonesia Number 1 Year 2009 concerning Aviation which states that Indonesia must have carried out full management no later than 2024. In this study, it was also found that Indonesia is still faced with obstacles to the takeover of airspace, including: (1) trust; (2) diplomacy."

"ABSTRAKNama : Hageng GurinoProgram Studi : Hukum TransnationalJudul : Penyelengaraan Pelayanan Navigasi Penerbangan Di Sektor A, B, dan C Di Indonesia Ditinjau Dari Hukum International. Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia yang sangat luas yang teridiri dari 17.508 pulau dan 81.000 km2 garis pantai, dengan luas perairan laut mencapai /- 5.900.000km2. Dengan luasnya wilayah Indonesia, maka akan mengundang ancaman pelanggaran baik di wilayah laut dan wilayah udara Indonesia. Ruang udara Indonesia di atas kepulauan Riau dan Natuna dikenal sebagai Sektor A, B, dan C yang dikelola oleh Singapura dan Malaysia. Beberapa usaha pengambil alihan pun pernah dilakukan namun belum berhasil. Dengan Pelayanan Navigasi penerbangan di Indonesia di Sektor A, B, dan C sampai saat ini yang masih dikuasai oleh Singapura dan Malaysia akan berdampak pada bidang politik, bidang ekonomi, pertahanan keamanan negara. Ini sudah saatnya pemerintah mengkaji ulang tentang Flight Information Regional yang dikelola oleh Singapura dan Malaysia dan sebagai negara yang berdaulat Indonesia harus dapat mengambil alih kembali Pelayanan Navigasi di Sektor A, B, dan C dari Singapura dan Malaysia. Dalam penerapan Flight Information Region Sektor A, B, dan C, Indonesia sudah sesuai dengan standar yang ditetapkan oleh Annex 11 Konvensi Chicago 1944 dan Indonesia sudah mampu mengelola wilayah udara negaranya. Kata kunci :Pelayanan navigasi penerbangan, Flight Information Region, Sektor A, B, dan C,

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ABSTRACTNama Hageng GuritnoProgram of Studi Transnational LawTitle Navigation Aviation Services In Sectors A, B, and C In Indonesia Viewed From International Law. Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia consists of 17,508 islands and 81,000 km2 of coastline, with sea area reaching 5.900.000km2. With the vastness of Indonesia, it will invite the threat of violations both in the sea and air region of Indonesia. Indonesia 39 s airspace over the islands of Riau and Natuna is known as Sectors A, B, and C managed by Singapore and Malaysia. Several takeover attempts have been made but have not succeeded. With Indonesia 39 s Navigation Services in Sectors A, B, and C to date still dominated by Singapore and Malaysia will have an impact on the political, economic, and defense of the country 39 s security. It is time for the Government to review the Regional Flight Information managed by Singapore and Malaysia and as a sovereign country Indonesia should be able to take over the Navigation Service in Sectors A, B and C from Singapore and Malaysia. In implementing Flight Information Region Sector A, B, and C, Indonesia is in conformity with the standards set by Annex 11 of the 1944 Chicago Convention and Indonesia has been able to manage the airspace of the country. Keywords Navigation Services Aviation, Flight Information Region, Sector A, B, and C "

"Sebelum berlakunya Peraturan Bank Indonesia No. 14/17/PBI/2012 tentang Kegiatan Usaha Bank Berupa Penitipan dengan Pengelolaan (Trust), perjanjian trust antara badan hukum Indonesia dengan badan hukum asing kerap digugat ke peradilan Indonesia atas dasar penyelundupan hukum. Akibatnya, pilihan hukum dan pilihan forum dalam perjanjian tersebut diabaikan oleh hakim dalam peradilan Indonesia, sehingga peradilan Indonesia mengadili perkara perjanjian trust dengan mengacu pada hukum Indonesia yang pada saat itu belum mengenal lembaga hukum trust. Setelah berlakunya Peraturan Bank Indonesia No. 14/17/PBI/2012 tentang Kegiatan Usaha Bank Berupa Penitipan dengan Pengelolaan (Trust), perjanjian trust tidak lagi dapat dianggap sebagai penyelundupan hukum.

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Prior to the enactment of the Bank Indonesia Regulation No. 14/17/PBI/2012 concerning Trust as Bank Business Activities, trust agreements between Indonesian legal entity and foreign legal entity were often considered as fraudulent creation of point of contacts and be sued to the Indonesian civil court. As a result, the choice of law and the choice of forum that had be made in the agreement was ignored by the Indonesian civil court’s judges. Therefore, the judges adjudicated the case of a trust agreement with reference to the Indonesian law which at that time has not regulated about trust. After the enactment of the Bank Indonesia Regulation No. 14/17/PBI/2012 concerning Trust as Bank Business Activities, trust agreements shall no longer be considered as fraudulent creation of point of contacts."

"Otoritas kontrol ruang udara atau FIR terkait keamanan dan keselamatan penerbangan sipil memiliki pengaruh yang sangat signifikan terhadap berlaku penuh dan ekslusifnya suatu Negara atas kedaulatan ruang udaranya. Pada Rapat Terbatas Tingkat Menteri tanggal 8 September 2015, Presiden RI menginstrusikan kepada Menteri Perhubungan dan Panglima TNI untuk mengambil alih kontrol ruang udara sektor ABC di Kepuluan Riau dari FIR Singapura dalam tiga atau empat tahun kedepan. Dampak pendelegasian kontrol ruang udara ini adalah kerugian pada tiga gatra dari panca gatra ketahanan nasional yaitu ekonomi, politik, dan pertahanan keamanan di kedaulatan udara Indonesia. Sejak tahun 2007 telah dilaksanakan audit kepatuhan keamanan dan keselamatan penerbangan oleh ICAO kepada Indonesia serta kesiapan-kesiapan dan rapat koordinasi antar kementerian dan Lembaga yang terlibat kebijakan FIR. Beberapa hal tersebut dijadikan acuan dalam penelitian ini untuk melihat sejauh mana penerapan strategi perencanaan dan analisis kebijakan dari kementerian dan lembaga terkait dengan metode penilitian kualitatif. Dari hasil penelitian disimpulkan bahwa kemampuan sumber daya penerbangan Indonesia masih berada di bawah standar rata-rata dunia serta masih adanya ego sektoral dan perbedaan persepsi antar Kementerian dan Lembaga pada urgensi kebijakan ini. Sedangkan pada strategi perencanaan dan analisis kebijakan terlihat belum adanya pelaksanaan roadmap yang komprensif dalam mengimplementasikan Instruksi Presiden tersebut.

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The airspace control authority or FIR of civil aviation security and safety has a significant role on the exclusiveness of a State especially on it airspace sovereignty. On September 8, 2015, the President of the Republic Indonesia instructed the Minister of Transport and the TNI Commander to take control of the ABC sector air space in Riau Islands from the Singapore FIR within three or four years. The impact of this delegation of airspace control is the loss of three aspects of the national security resilience such as economic, political, and defense of security in air sovereignty of Indonesia. From 2007 ICAO has conducted compliance audits on aspects of aviation safety and security in Indonesia, as well as coordination readiness and coordination meetings between Ministries and Agencies involved in this FIR policy. It`s to analyze how far the implementation of strategic planning and policy analysis. This research uses a qualitative research method. The result of this research shows that the ability of aviation resources in Indonesia is still below the world average standard as well as the existence of sectoral ego and the difference of perception. For planning strategy and policy analysis, there is no comprehensive roadmap to manifestation President`s instruction."

"Perdagangan efek berdasarkan informasi orang dalam merupakan kejahatan pasar modal yang apabila tidak diatasi dengan benar, dapat membahayakan kesehatan pasar modal, dan juga dapat menghilangkan kepercayaan investor maupun masyarakat umum terhadap pasar modal itu sendiri. Namun pada nyatanya, penegakan hukum pada perdagangan efek berdasarkan informasi orang dalam di Indonesia masih lemah dikarenakan Indonesia masih menerapkan person connected approach dalam peraturan mengenai perdagangan efek berdasarkan informasi orang dalam di pasar modal. Person-connected approach sendiri merupakan pendekatan yang berfokus pada hubungan antara pelaku perdagangan efek berdasarkan informasi material dengan perusahaan maupun pemilik informasi material non-publik, sehingga secara umum sulit untuk memperluas person-connected approach ke orang-orang yang tidak ada di perusahaan, dan dikarenakan hal tersebut, penting untuk menerapkan information-connected approach pada peraturan mengenai perdagangan efek berdasarkan informasi orang dalam. Skripsi ini membahas pentingnya penerapan information-connected approach pada kasus perdagangan efek berdasarkan informasi orang dalam di Pasar Modal Indonesia yang dapat memperkuat penegakan hukum mengenai perdagangan efek berdasarkan informasi orang dalam di pasar modal Indonesia. Hal ini dikarenakan terdapat kelemahan pengaturan perundang-undangan terkait perdagangan efek berdasarkan informasi orang dalam di pasar modal Indonesia, yaitu pada Pasal 97 ayat (2), dikarenakan pada pasal tersebut disebutkan bahwa yang termasuk kepada kategori penerima informasi adalah para pihak yang “berupaya” untuk mendapatkan informasi orang dalam tersebut, baik secara melawan hukum atau tidak. Penulis menggunakan metode perbandingan hukum, yaitu metode penelitian dimana hukum-hukum dan lembaga-lembaga hukum dari tiga negara dibandingkan, dengan mengacu pada penegakan hukum perdagangan efek berdasarkan informasi orang dalam yang ada pada Singapura dan Australia sebagai perbandingan.

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Trading securities based on insider information is a capital market crime which, if not handled properly, can endanger the health of the capital market, and can also reduce the confidence of investors and the general public in the capital market itself. But in fact, law enforcement on trading securities based on insider information in Indonesia is still weak because Indonesia still applies the person connected approach in regulations regarding trading securities based on insider information in the capital market. The person-connected approach itself is an approach that focuses on the relationship between securities traders based on material information with companies and owners of material non-public information, so that in general it is difficult to extend the person-connected approach to people who are not in the company, and because In this regard, it is important to apply an information-connected approach to regulations regarding trading securities based on insider information. This thesis discusses the importance of implementing an information-connected approach in cases of trading securities based on insider information in the Indonesian Capital Market which can strengthen law enforcement regarding trading securities based on insider information in the Indonesian capital market. This is due to weaknesses in the laws and regulations related to trading securities based on insider information in the Indonesian capital market, namely in Article 97 paragraph (2), because in that article it is stated that those who are included in the category of recipients of information are parties who "try" to obtain information. insider information, whether unlawfully or not. The author uses the comparative law method, which is a research method in which the laws and legal institutions of the three countries are compared, with reference to insider information trading securities law enforcement in Singapore and Australia as a comparison."