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"ABSTRAKKapal klotok adalah sarana transportasi utama di daerah pedalaman Kalimantanyang mengutamakan sungai-sungai sebagai penghubung daerah-daerah pedalamandengan dunia luar. Dalam kesehariannya, kapal ini menimbulkan suara yang amatberisik dan apabila terpapar suara tersebut dalam jangka waktu tertentu dapatmenyebabkan gangguan pendengaran. Oleh karena itu, rancangan knalpot menjadisangat penting untuk meredam suara tersebut. Di sisi lain, knalpot juga akanberpengaruh terhadap performa mesin. Akan tetapi, kedua hal tersebut salingberkompensasi sehingga harus dicari rancangan knalpot yang mampu meredamsuara berisik dan meningkatkan performa mesin. Dalam penelitian ini akan dilihatefek perubahan aliran gas buang dengan memodifikasi knalpot muffler onesebanyak 4 knalpot. Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa knalpot variasi 3mampu menaikkan tenaga sebesar 0.5 HP dengan menurunnya nilai backpressuresebanyak 404 Pa. Selain itu knalpot variasi 3 juga mampu menghasilkankebisingan suara dibawah 90 dB. Juga mampu melakukan penghematan bahanbakar sebanyak 3% dari knalpot standard. Dari hasil ini dapat diketahui bahwaknalpot variasi 3 merupakan modifikasi yang paling tepat.

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ABSTRACTKlotok boat is the main means of transport in remote areas of Borneo thatprioritizes the rivers as a link rural areas to the outside world. In daily life, theseboats are very loud noise and when exposed to noise in a set period of time cancause hearing loss. Therefore, the design of the exhaust becomes very importantto muffle the sound. On the other hand, the exhaust will also affect the engineperformance. However, two things are mutually compensated so it should look forthe exhaust design that can reduce noise and increase engine performance. In thisresearch would be seen the effect of changes in the exhaust stream by modifyingone of 4 muffler exhaust muffler. From the result showed that the exhaust pipe 3is able to increase the power variation of 0.5 HP with a decrease in value as muchas 404 Pa backpressure. Besides exhaust variation 3 is also able to produceaudible noise below 90 dB. Also able to save fuel as much as 3% of the standardexhaust. From these results it can be seen that the variation 3 is the bestmodification."

"[Seiring dengan semakin banyaknya kapal yang beroperasi pada saat ini seharusnya menuntut pihak pemilik dan pembuat kapal untuk meningkatkan kehandalan mesin utama kapal dalam proses pembuatan kapalnya melalui rancangan sistem pendukungnya yang optimum maupun ekonomis. Mesin yang dipasang pada kapal dirancang untuk bekerja dengan efisiensi maksimal dan berjalan selama berjam-jam lamanya. Hilangnya energi paling sering dan maksimum dari mesin adalah dalam bentuk energi panas. Untuk menghilangkanenergi panas yang berlebihan harus menggunakan media pendingin untuk menghindari gangguan fungsional mesin atau kerusakan pada mesin. Salah satu bagian yang harus diperhatikan adalah sistem pendingin untuk mesin kapal. Sistem pendingin adalah salah satu bagian penting pada sebuah kapal yang memerlukan perhatian yang cukup, karena lancar atau tidaknya pengoperasian kapal sangat tergantung pada hasil kerja mesin, sebab dalam mesin diesel dinding silinder selalu dikenai panas dari pembakaran. Jika silinder tidak didinginkan, maka minyak yang melumasi torak akan encer dan menguap dengan cepat, sehingga torak maupun silinder dapat rusak akibat suhu tinggi hasil daripembakaran. Sistem pendingin pada kapal tentunya akan optimal jika dilakukan perancangan yang baik melalui perhitungan yang tepat dan dilaksanakan sepraktis mungkin dengan minimum bengkokan dan sambungan las atau brazing untuk memperkecil adanya kerugian pada aliran pipa. Begitu juga dengan perhitungan dari sistem pompa harus dibuat secara efisien agar kinerja pompa menjadi optimum sehingga terciptanya rancangan sistem perpipaan untuk sistem pendingin mesin pada kapal yang dapat bekerja secara optimal. Pada penulisan ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari mengenai perhitungan kerugian aliran yang terjadi pada aliran sistem perpipaan untuk sistem pendingin mesin pada kapal tug boat 2 x 1600 HP sehingga dapat dijadikan pembelajaran dalam menentukan atau meningkatkan kinerja dari sistem pendingin mesin kapal.

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Along with the increasing number of vessels operating at this time should sue the owners and shipbuilders to improve the ship's main engine reliability in the process of making his ship through optimum support system design as well as economical. Engine mounted on a vessel is designed to work with maximum efficiently and runs for hours on end. Loss of the most frequent and maximum energy from the engine is in the form of heat energy. To get rid of excess heat energy must use the cooling medium to avoid functional impairment or damage to

the machine engine. One part that must be considered is the cooling system for ship engines. The cooling system is one of the important parts on a ship that requires considerable attention, as well whether or not the operation of the vessel depends on the work of the machine, because the diesel engine cylinder wall is always

subjected to the heat of combustion. If the cylinder is not cooled, the oil that lubricates the piston will dilute and evaporates quickly, so that the piston and the cylinder can be damaged by high temperatures result from combustion. The cooling system on the ship would be optimal if done good design through precise calculations and implemented as practical as possible with minimum bends and welded or brazed connections to minimize the loss in pipe flow. So also with the calculation of the pump system must be made efficiently in order to be the optimum performance of the pump so that the creation of the design of piping systems for engine cooling systems on ships that can work optimally. In this study aims to learn about the calculation of losses in pipe flow for

engine cooling systems on ships tug boat 2 x 1600 HP so it can be used in determining the learning or improving the performance of the ship's engine cooling system.;Along with the increasing number of vessels operating at this time should sue the owners and shipbuilders to improve the ship's main engine reliability in the process of making his ship through optimum support system design as well as

economical. Engine mounted on a vessel is designed to work with maximum efficiently and runs for hours on end. Loss of the most frequent and maximum energy from the engine is in the form of heat energy. To get rid of excess heat energy must use the cooling medium to avoid functional impairment or damage to the machine engine. One part that must be considered is the cooling system for ship engines.

The cooling system is one of the important parts on a ship that requires considerable attention, as well whether or not the operation of the vessel depends on the work of the machine, because the diesel engine cylinder wall is always

subjected to the heat of combustion. If the cylinder is not cooled, the oil that lubricates the piston will dilute and evaporates quickly, so that the piston and the cylinder can be damaged by high temperatures result from combustion. The cooling system on the ship would be optimal if done good design through precise calculations and implemented as practical as possible with minimum bends and welded or brazed connections to minimize the loss in pipe flow. So also with the calculation of the pump system must be made efficiently in order to be the optimum performance of the pump so that the creation of the design of piping systems for engine cooling systems on ships that can work optimally. In this study aims to learn about the calculation of losses in pipe flow for engine cooling systems on ships tug boat 2 x 1600 HP so it can be used in determining the learning or improving the performance of the ship's engine cooling system., Along with the increasing number of vessels operating at this time should

sue the owners and shipbuilders to improve the ship's main engine reliability in

the process of making his ship through optimum support system design as well as

economical. Engine mounted on a vessel is designed to work with maximum

efficiently and runs for hours on end. Loss of the most frequent and maximum

energy from the engine is in the form of heat energy. To get rid of excess heat

energy must use the cooling medium to avoid functional impairment or damage to

the machine engine.

One part that must be considered is the cooling system for ship engines.

The cooling system is one of the important parts on a ship that requires

considerable attention, as well whether or not the operation of the vessel depends

on the work of the machine, because the diesel engine cylinder wall is always

subjected to the heat of combustion. If the cylinder is not cooled, the oil that

lubricates the piston will dilute and evaporates quickly, so that the piston and the

cylinder can be damaged by high temperatures result from combustion.

The cooling system on the ship would be optimal if done good design

through precise calculations and implemented as practical as possible with

minimum bends and welded or brazed connections to minimize the loss in pipe

flow. So also with the calculation of the pump system must be made efficiently in

order to be the optimum performance of the pump so that the creation of the

design of piping systems for engine cooling systems on ships that can work

optimally.

In this study aims to learn about the calculation of losses in pipe flow for

engine cooling systems on ships tug boat 2 x 1600 HP so it can be used in

determining the learning or improving the performance of the ship's engine

cooling system.]"

"Beberapa polutan udara yang mencemari lingkungan antara lain seperti nitrogen oksida (NOx), sulfur dioksida (SO2), dan karbon monoksida (CO). Teknologi kontaktor membran merupakan teknologi alternatif dalam menyisihkan gas NOx, SO2, dan CO karena keunggulannya berupa luas area spesifik yang tinggi. Penelitian ini akan mempelajari proses penyisihan gas buang mesin diesel berupa NOx, SO2, dan CO menggunakan pelarut H2O2 dan NaOH pada modul membran serat berongga berbahan polisulfon. Gas buang mesin diesel akan dialirkan pada bagian tube membran, sedangkan pelarut H2O2 dan NaOH berada di bagian shell dan bersifat statis. Variabel bebas yang diuji pada penelitian ini adalah laju alir gas umpan dan konsentrasi pelarut H2O2. Berdasarkan hasil uji, efisiensi penyisihan gas NOx, SO2, dan CO tertinggi pada laju alir gas 100 mL/menit dan konsentrasi H2O2 0,5 M berturut-turut, yaitu sebesar 99,56%, 99,79%, dan 99,28%, fluks perpindahan massa NOx, SO2, dan CO tertinggi pada laju alir gas 200 mL/menit menit dan konsentrasi H2O2 0,5 M berturut-turut, yaitu sebesar 1,13 x 10-6 mmol/cm2.s, 9,42 x 10-7 mmol/cm2.s, dan 8,93 x 10-7 mmol/cm2.s serta NOx, SO2, dan CO loading tertinggi pada laju alir gas 200 mL/menit menit dan konsentrasi H2O2 0,05 M berturut-turut, yaitu sebesar 1,72 x 10-4 mmol NOx/mmol H2O2.s, 1,3 x 10-4 mmol SO2/mmol H2O2.s, dan 1,2 x 10-4 mmol CO/mmol H2O2.s.

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Some air pollutants that affect the environment include nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and carbon monoxide (CO). Membrane contactor technology is an alternative technology in NOx, SO2, and CO gases because of its advantages, such as high specific area. This study investigates removing exhaust gases from diesel engines in the form of NOx, SO2, and CO using H2O2 and NaOH solvents on hollow fiber membrane modules made of polysulfone. The exhaust gas of the diesel engine will be in the membrane part of the tube, while the solvent H2O2 and NaOH are in the shell and are static. The independent variables tested in this study were the gas feed flow rate and the concentration of H2O2. Test results, the highest absorption efficiency of NOx, SO2, and CO gas was at a gas flow rate of 100 mL/min and H2O2 0.5 M, respectively, which are 99.56%, 99.79%, and 99.28%, the highest mass transfer flux of NOx, SO2, and CO at a gas flow rate of 100 mL/min and H2O2 0.5 M, respectively, namely 1.13 x 10-6 mmol/cm2.s, 9.42 x 10-7 mmol/cm2.s, and 8.93 x 10-7 mmol/cm2.s, and also highest NOx, SO2, and CO loading at a gas flow rate of 100 mL/min and H2O2 0.05 M, respectively, namely 1.72 x 10-4 mmol NOx/mmol H2O2.s, 1.3 x 10-4 mmol SO2/mmol H2O2.s, and 1.2 x 10-4 mmol CO/mmol H2O2.s."

"Polusi yang dihasilkan berbagai kegiatan masyarakat di Indonesia terus meningkat setiap tahunnya. Jenis polutan yang dihasilkan dapat berupa gas karbon dioksida (CO2), karbon monoksida (CO), sulfur dioksida (SO2) dan nitrogen oksida (NOX). Penggunaan teknologi membran merupakan salah upaya untuk mengurangi tingkat keberadaan polutan gas NOX, SO2 dan CO yang berasal dari mesin diesel. Penelitian ini akan mempelajari mengenai proses absorpsi komponen gas NOX, SO2 dan CO pada kontraktor modul membran serat berongga polysulfone sebagai reaktor gelembung menggunakan pelarut NaClO2 dan NaOH. Gas umpan dengan kandungan gas NOX, SO2 dan CO dihasilkan dari mesin diesel, yang kemudian akan dialirkan pada bagian tube kontraktor membran. Sementara itu campuran pelarut NaClO2 dan NaOH akan dialirkan melalui bagian shell kontraktor membran yang ditutup agar menciptakan gelembung gas. Pada penelitian ini, variabel bebas yang digunakan adalah laju alir gas umpan dan konsentrasi pelarut NaClO2. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai tertinggi untuk efisiensi penyisihan (%R), fluks perpindahan massa (J), serta NOX, SO2 dan CO loading berturut–turut yakni 99,56%, 99,91% dan 96,83% pada laju alir gas umpan 100 ml/menit dan konsentrasi pelarut NaClO2 0,5 M;1,88×10-8 mmol⁄(cm2.s),1,57×10-8 mmol⁄(cm2.s) dan 1,59×10-8 mmol⁄(cm2.s) pada laju alir gas umpan 200 ml/menit dan konsentrasi pelarut NaClO2 0,5 M; serta 0,227 (mmol NOX)⁄(1 mol NaClO2), 0,194 (mmol SO2)⁄(1 mol NaClO2) dan 0,092 (mmol CO)⁄(1 mol NaClO2) pada laju alir gas umpan 200 ml/menit dan konsentrasi pelarut NaClO2 0,05 M.

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Pollution generated by various activities in Indonesia continues to increase every year. The types of pollutants produced can be in the form of carbon dioxide (CO2) gas, carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen oxides (NOX). The use of membrane technology has been developed to reduce the presence of NOX, SO2, and CO pollutant gases in the air from a diesel engine. This research will study the absorption process in a polysulfone hollow fiber membrane module contractor as a bubble reactor using NaClO2 and NaOH solvents. The feed gas containing NOX, SO2, and CO gas is produced from the diesel engine, which will flow to the membrane contactor tube part. Meanwhile, a mixture of NaClO2 and NaOH solvents will be flowed through the closed shell contracting membrane to create gas bubbles. The results showed that the highest values for absorption efficiency (%R), mass transfer flux (J), and NOX, SO2 and CO loading respectively were 99.56%, 99.91% and 96.83% at a feed gas flow rate of 100 ml/min and a NaClO2 concentration of 0.5 M; 1.88×10-8 mmol⁄(cm2.s), 1.57×10-8 mmol⁄(cm2.s) and 1.59×10-8 mmol⁄(cm2.s) at a feed gas flow rate of 200 ml/min and a NaClO2 concentration of 0.5 M; also 0.227 (mmol NOX)⁄(1 mol NaClO2), 0.194 (mmol SO2)⁄(1 mol NaClO2) and 0.092 (mmol CO)⁄(1 mol NaClO2) at a feed gas flow rate of 200 ml/min and a NaClO2 concentration of 0.05 M."

"Konsumsi energi di Indonesia sebagian besar masih didominasi oleh sumber energi tak terbarukan seperti diesel. Saat dibakar, bahan bakar diesel dapat mengeluarkan gas buang beracun ke udara, salah satunya adalah karbon monoksida (CO). Teknologi pemisahan membran merupakan metode efisien yang dapat digunakan untuk menangkap gas buang dari atmosfer secara selektif. Dibandingkan dengan metode konvensional lainnya, teknologi pemisahan membran memiliki beberapa keunggulan antara lain, efisiensi pemisahan yang tinggi karena rasio volume terhadap luas permukaan yang tinggi, serta konsumsi energi dan biaya pengoperasian yang relatif rendah. Penelitian ini akan fokus pada penyerapan gas karbon monoksida dari gas buang mesin diesel menggunakan alat kontaktor membran serat berongga polysulfone. Pada percobaannya, akan digunakan dua absorben untuk membantu proses penyerapan pada kontaktor membran, yaitu tembaga (II) klorida (CuCl2) dan trietilamina (TEA). Selain itu, absorben tersebut akan menjalani perawatan nanobubble untuk meningkatkan efisiensi penyerapan. Variabel bebas yang akan diteliti dalam penelitian ini adalah laju alir gas umpan dan konsentrasi absorben nanobubble-treated [TEA][CuCl2]. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, dengan laju alir gas umpan 100 mL/menit dan konsentrasi pelarut nanobubble-treated [TEA][CuCl2] 1 M, diperoleh efisiensi penyisihan gas CO dan fluks tertinggi berturut-turut 51,94% dan 1,203 x 10-8 mmol/cm2.s. CO loading tertinggi terdapat dengan laju alir gas umpan 100 mL/menit dan konsentrasi nanobubble-treated [TEA][CuCl2] 0,01 M; CO loading tertinggi yang dapat dicapai adalah 2,294 x 10-3 mmol CO/mol [TEA][CuCl2].s.

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Energy consumption in Indonesia is still largely dominated by non-renewable energy sources such as diesel fuel. When burned, diesel fuel will release toxic exhaust gasses into the air, one of which is Carbon Monoxide (CO). Membrane separation technology represents an efficient method that can be used to selectively capture exhaust gas from the atmosphere. Compared to other conventional methods, membrane separation technology has several advantages including high separation efficiency due to a high surface area to volume ratio, as well as relatively low energy consumption and low operating costs. This research will focus on the absorption of carbon monoxide gas from the exhaust of a diesel engine using a polysulfone hollow fiber membrane contactor. In this experiment, two absorbents will be used to assist the absorption process in the membrane contactor, namely copper (II) chloride (CuCl2) and triethylamine (TEA). In addition to that, these absorbents will undergo nanobubble treatment to potentially improve absorption efficiency. The independent variables that will be examined in this research are the feed gas flow rate and concentration of the nanobubble-treated [TEA][CuCl2] absorbent. The results showed that the highest CO removal efficiency (%R) and mass transfer flux (J) was achieved by utilizing a feed gas flow rate of 100 mL/minute and nanobubble-treated [TEA][CuCl2] concentration of 1 M, where the results obtained are 51.94% and 1.203 x 10-8 mmol/cm2.s, respectively. The highest CO loading was achieved by utilizing a feed gas flow rate of 100 mL/minute and nanobubble-treated [TEA][CuCl2] concentration of 0.01 M; CO loading was measured to be 2.294 x 10-3 mmol CO/mol [TEA][CuCl2].s."

"Emissions of NOx, SO2, and CO gas, which mainly result from human activities, pose significant health and environmental risks. While various technologies have been developed to tackle these emissions individually, there's a growing need for a solution that can address all of them at once. Membrane contactor technology offers a promising approach due to its efficiency and greener footprint compared to conventional methods. In this study, the simultaneous removal of NOx, SO2, and CO emissions from diesel engine exhaust gas using a polysulfone hollow fiber membrane contactor combined with a nanobubble treated sodium chlorate (NaClO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as absorbents is discussed. The exhaust gas flows continuously into the tube side, while the shell side contains the absorbents. The independent variables of this research are diesel engine gas feed flow rate and NaClO3, NaOH concentration. The most effective flow rate for removing the exhaust gas is 100 mL/minute, and the concentrations of NaClO3 and NaOH each are 1M and 0.01M.

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Aktivitas manusia menghasilkan gas NOx, SO2, dan CO dalam jumlah besar. Emisi gas-gas tersebut memberikan resiko yang signifikan pada kesehatan dan lingkungan. Hingga kini berbagai teknologi telah di kembangkan untuk menangani masalah emisi gas-gas tersebut secara terpisah, sejalannya waktu kebutuhan untuk solusi yang dapat menangani semua masalah secara bersamaan terus meningkat. Teknologi Membran Kontaktor merupakan pendekatan yang menjanjikan dikarenakan efisiensitas dan lebih ramah lingkungan dibandingkan dengan metode konvensional. Dalam studi ini, kami ingin mengkaji emisi NOx, SO2, dan CO dapat dihilangkan secara bersamaan dari gas buangan mesin diesel menggunakan "Polysulfone Hollow Fiber Membrane Contactor" dengan "Nanobubble treated Sodium Chlorate" (NaClO3) dan "Sodium Hydroxide" (NaOH) sebagai media serapan. Gas buang mengalir secara terus-menerus ke dalam tube, sementara pada sisi shell terdapat media serap. Variabel independen pada riset ini adalah jumlah laju aliran dari gas buang mesin diesel dan kejenuhan NaClO3. Efek dari variabel independen ini akan dikaji ulang dengan variabel lain diantaranya efisiensi serapan (%R), mass transfer flux (J), dan nilai loading dari gas NOx, SO2, dan CO. Laju alir gas buang terefektif untuk CO adalah 100 mL/menit dan konsentrasi NaClO3 and NaOH masing-masing adalah 1M dan 0.01M. "

"Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara dengan potensi kelautan terbesar didunia. Hal ini karena luas lautan Indonesia mencapai 75 % dari luas keseluruhan wilayah Indonesia. Walaupun memiliki potensi yang besar, tetapi pemanfaatan terhadap sumber kelautan ini belum optimal. Salah satu kendalanya adalah kurangnya armada kapal untuk menangkap ikan. Armada kapal yang digunakan oleh sebagian besar nelayan saat ini merupakan kapal yang memiliki keterbatasan dalam hal jarak tempuh, kapasitas muat ikan dan peralatan untuk menangkap ikan. Kondisi ini diperparah dengan cepatnya umur pemakaian mesin pada kapal nelayan tersebut. Sebagian besar mesin yang digunakan pada kapal nelayan ini, merupakan mesin yang bukan diperuntukan digunakan dilaut (marine use). Penggunaan mesin ini (nonmarine use) dilakukan para nelayan karena harganya yang lebih murah jika dibandingkan dengan harga mesin untuk digunakan dilaut (marine use). Meskipun demikian, mesin jenis ini (non-marine use) belum tentu sesuai jika diaplikasikan pada kapal nelayan. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari cepatnya umur pemakaian mesin ini. Salah satu penyebabnya adalah kurang cocoknya cooling system pada mesin tersebut. Kendala ini dapat diatasi dengan merancang cooling system yang lebih sesuai. Aspek desain yang digunakan untuk merancang cooling system ini adalah terpenuhinya kebutuhan heat transfer requirement dan dimensi cooling system yang compact. Desain cooling system yang dihasilkan, diharapkan sesuai untuk digunakan pada non-marine use engine sehingga dapat menambah umur pemakaian mesin itu sendiri.

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Indonesia is one of the countries with the highest sea potential in the world. This is due to the sea area that covers Indonesian territory up to 75%. Even though with this large potential on the sea, but the use of this resource has not yet come to optimal stage. One of the main obstacles is the lack of the ship armada to catch fish. The ships armadas that have been used by most fishermen today are ships that have limitation on sailing distance, load capacity and equipment to catch fishes. This condition becomes more severe with the sort period of the engine usage. Most of the engine that is use on the fishermen ship is not meant to operate on the sea (marine use). The used of this engine by the fishermen due to the lower price compared with the price of marine-use engine, even though this non-marine use engine can not be 100% compatible to apply on the fishermen ship. This condition can be identified by the short period of the engine usage. One of the causes the engine to break down is because the cooling system can not work properly. This problem could be overcome by designing cooling system that more suitable to applied on the non-marine use engine. The design aspects that will be used to design this cooling system are the heat transfer requirements are achieve and the compactness of the cooling system dimension. The cooling system design that will be produce hopefully will suitable to work on the nonmarine use engine and finally it can make the engine usage period longer."

"Sampai saat ini, sebagian besar sumber energi masih berasal dari energi tak terbarukan yang dapat memicu peningkatan emisi gas buang berbahaya, salah satunya, yaitu gas karbon monoksida (CO). Teknologi penyisihan gas berupa kontaktor membran dapat menjadi solusi alternatif karena keunggulannya yang memiliki area kontak yang luas dengan ukuran kontaktor relatif kecil, serta konsumsi energi dan biaya relatif rendah dibandingkan dengan teknologi konvensional. Penelitian ini berfokus pada proses absorpsi gas buang mesin diesel (CO) menggunakan modul membran serat berongga polysulfone sebagai perangkat perpindahan massa dengan bantuan pelarut Tembaga (II) Klorida (CuCl2) dan Trietilamina (TEA) sebagai absorben. Gas buang mesin diesel akan dialirkan pada bagian tube membran, sedangkan pelarut berada di bagian shell dan bersifat statis. Variabel bebas yang diuji pada penelitian ini adalah laju alir gas umpan dan konsentrasi pelarut CuCl2. Berdasarkan data hasil penelitian dengan laju alir gas umpan yang konstan sebesar 100 mL/menit dan konsentrasi perlarut CuCl2 tertinggi 1 M diperoleh efisiensi penyisihan gas CO dan fluks tertinggi berturut-turut senilai 70,09 % dan 2,628x10-6 mmol/cm2.s, sementara pada konsentrasi CuCl2 terendah 0,01 M diperoleh CO loading tertinggi sebesar 1,031 mmolCO/molCuCl2.s. Kemudian, dengan konsentrasi pelarut CuCl2 yang konstan 0,1 M, didapatkan efisiensi senilai 61,41% pada laju alir gas umpan terendah 100 mL/menit, sementara fluks dan CO loading tertinggi yang dapat dicapai berturut-turut sebesar 1,978x10-6 mmol/cm2.s dan 7,767x10-2 mmolCO/molCuCl2.s pada laju alir gas umpan tertinggi 200 mL/menit.

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Until now, most energy sources still come from non-renewable energy which can lead an increase in harmful exhaust emissions, one of which is carbon monoxide (CO). The gas removal technology such as membrane contactor can be an alternative solution because of its advantages in having a large contact area with a relatively small contactor size, as well as relatively low energy consumption and low cost compared to conventional technologies. This research focuses on the absorption of diesel engine exhaust gases (CO) using polysulfone hollow fiber membrane modules as a mass transfer device and with the support of solvents Copper (II) Chloride and Triethylamine (TEA) as absorbents. Diesel engine exhaust gas will flow through the membrane tube, while the solvent is static in the shell section. The independent variables tested in this study are feed gas flow rate and CuCl2 solvent concentration. Based on research data with a constant feed gas flow rate of 100 mL/minute and the highest CuCl2 concentration of 1 M, the highest CO removal efficiency and flux were obtained respectively at 70.09% and 2.628x10-6 mmol/cm2.s, while at the lowest CuCl2 concentration of 0.01 M, the highest CO loading was obtained at 1.031 mmolCO/molCuCl2.s. In addition, with a constant CuCl2 concentration of 0.1 M, gas removal efficiency of 61.41% was obtained at the lowest feed gas flow rate of 100 mL/minute, while the highest flux and CO loading that could be achieved were respectively 1.978x10-6 mmol /cm2.s and 7.767x102 mmolCO/molCuCl2.s at the highest feed gas flow rate of 200 mL/minute."

"ABSTRAKKapal laut merupakan moda transportasi yang digunakan untuk memfasilitasi 90% perdagangan internasional. Hal tersebut membuat kapal laut berpartisipasi dalam membuang sekitar 120 juta ton gas CO2 ke atmosfer setiap tahunnya (Hydros Foundation). Dalam rangka menanggulangi dan mencegah dampak yang lebih buruk dari terperangkapnya gas CO2 di udara, International Maritime Organization menetapkan peraturan yang menuntut indutri perkapalan untuk mengurangi emisi CO2 di masing-masing kapalnya sebesar 40% di tahun 2030 mendatang. Dalam memenuhi tuntutan ini industri dapat menerapkan teknologi post-combustion adsorption. Teknologi adsorpsi tentunya membutuhkan adsorben yang cocok sesuai dengan fungsi yang diharapkan. Pada penelitian ini fungsi yang diharapkan yaitu menangkap gas CO2 pada gas buang kapal, dengan pengaruh adanya gas N2, mengingat gas N2 mempunyai presentase besar pada gas buang kapal. Salah satu adsorben yang memiliki potensi untuk adsorpsi gas CO2 di gas buang kapal adalah MIL-101 (Cr). Material ini memiliki luas permukaan yang besar, dan diiringi dengan kestabilan kimia dan kestabilan termal yang baik. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan sintesis material MIL-101 (Cr) secara hydrothermal, diikuti dengan proses karakterisasi luas permukaan melalui adsorpsi/desorpsi N2, fourier transform infrared sprectoscopy (FTIR), x-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dan scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Setelah sintesis dan karakterisasi, dilakukan pengujian kapasitas adsorpsi secara volumetrik, kemudian perhitungan selektivitas menggunakan metode ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST). Berdasarkan penelitian ini didapatkan hasil selektivitas CO2/N2 sebesar 30,1 untuk suhu 27C dan 9,9 untuk suhu 25C.

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ABSTRACTShipping, or sea freight, is still the most crucial mode of transportation, facilitating 90% of the International trade. With that high percentage, shipping also contributes in accumulating more than 120 million tons of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere each year (Hydros Foundation, 2015). In order to prevent and overcome any worse impact from the heat-trapping gas, International Maritime Organization (IMO) set new rules that require the shipping industry to reduce their ships CO2 emission by 40% in the upcoming 2030. To meet this requirement, post-combustion adsorption technology is an interesting option since this method does not force owner to replace their whole ship system but instead just add some additional equipment. Adsorption method required a suitable adsorbent for each specific purpose. In this research the adsorbent is expected to be able to capture CO2 gasses from a ship exhaust, while considering the effect of N2 gasses that mainly dominate the flue gasses. MIL-101 Cr, a type of metal-organic framework, is one potential adsorbent for the required function. This material has a large surface area, along with a great chemical and thermal stability. In this research writer conducted a hydrothermal synthesize of MIL-101 Cr, followed by material characterization: surface area analysis using N2 adsorption/desorption, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), x-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). After the synthesize and characterization, adsorption measurement is conducted using volumetric method and then the selectivity is calculated using ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST) method. In this research the CO2/N2 selectivity using MIL-101 Cr reached up to 30,1 in 27C and 9,9 in 25C."

"ABSTRAKPerkembangan teknologi sekarang ini banyak membuat inovasi sistem yang baru, termasuk di bidang perindustrian. Selain di perindustrian biasanya teknologi terbaru juga berperan aktif dalam pengembangan alat transportasi baik di darat maupun lautan. Indonesia merupakan negara kemaritiman yang luas keseluruhan wilayahnya hampir berisi lautan, oleh karena itu perkembangan teknologi di dunia kemaritiman harus dikembangkan secara baik termasuk teknologi yang digunakan di dalam sistem yang ada pada kapal laut.Sumber daya alam yang banyak diperairan Indonesia membuat para pembuat kapal berlomba-lomba guna mengembangkan teknologi sistem kapal yang bisa menghemat bahan bakar dan efisien. Anjungan-anjungan lepas pantai yang berjamuran di perairan Indonesia tidak lepas dari penggunaan transportasi laut, secara umum kapal tugboat biasa digunakan sebagai media transportasi serta kebutuhan yang berhubungan dengan pengoperasian suatu pekerjaan.Tugboat secara umum mempunyai sistem yang sama dengan kapal lainya, namun memiliki daya mesin yang cenderung lebih besar dari kapal lainya, karena sesuai fungsinya juga yaitu menarik kapal besar di pelabuhan maupun menarik bangunan lepas pantai yang baru dibangun. Sistem pelumas diantaranya merupakan salah satu sistem yang ada di mesin tugboat, fungsinya buat melumasi agar kerja mesin tetap baik dan menjaga suhu mesin agar tetap berada pada suhu operasinya. Selain itu dengan pelumasan ini juga membuat material pada mesin tidak cepat mengalami keausan, karena dengan adanya kerusakan material pasti efisiensi mesin akan menurun. Di dalam sistem pelumasan tentunya banyak berbagai katup yang digunakan, diantaranya adalah termostatik valve. Termostatik valve berfungsi mengalirkan minyak pelumas menuju mesin, namun jika temperatur minyak pelumas tersebut terlalu tinggi termostatik valve tersebut mengalirkan fluida ke sisi lainya yaitu menuju heat exchanger. Sistem kontrol pada termostatik valve ini di rancang agar menjaga suhu minyak pelumas, karena pengaruh temperatur terhadap kekentalan minyak pelumas sangat erat kaitanya. Sebuah sistem pelumas tidak baik jika viskositasnya terlalu rendah karena temperatur yang tinggi. Dengan sistem kontrol valve ini diharapkan dapat meningkatkan kerja dari mesin itu sendiri dan menjaga keawetan material yang ada di dalam mesin.

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ABSTRACTTechnological development is now widely create new systems of innovation, including in the field of industry. In addition to the latest technology in the industry usually also play an active role in the development of transportation on land or sea. Indonesia is a vast maritime territory nearly the entire ocean contains, therefore, the development of technology in the world of maritime must be well developed, including technology used in existing systems on ships.Natural resources that many Indonesian waters make the shipbuilders vying to develop technologies that can save the ship's systems and fuel efficient. -Offshore rig which shot up in the waters of Indonesia can not be separated from the use of sea transport, generally tugboat used as a transport medium and needs associated with the operation of a job.Tugboat in general have the same system with other ships, but has a machine which tend to be larger than other ships, as well as its function is attractive large ships in the harbor and offshore interesting new buildings are built. Lubrication system is one such system in the engine tugboat, functions for lubricating the engine in order to work well and keep the temperature of the engine to remain at operating temperature. In addition to lubrication also makes the material on the machine does not quickly wear out, because of the existence of material damage certainly will decrease the efficiency of the engine. In the lubrication system is certainly a lot of various valves are used, such as thermostatic valve. Thermostatic valve serves the lubricating oil to the engine, but if the lubricating oil temperature is too high the thermostatic valve to drain fluid that is towards the other side of the heat exchanger. The thermostatic valve control system is designed to maintain the temperature of the lubricating oil, because of the influence of temperature on the viscosity of lubricating oil is very close relation. A lubrication system is not good if the viscosity is too low due to high temperatures. With the valve control system is expected to improve the working of the machine itself and maintain the durability of the material that is in the machine."