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"Oligopolistic market structures sugar causes the potential risk of high uncertainty and instability of the price of sugar. The goal of this research is to analyze the casual relationship and the direction of the effect of changes in the price ..."

"Gula sebagai Salah Satu komoditi pokok strategis saat ini menjadi pembicaraan berbagai pihak menyangkut berbagai isu-isu politik atau pun tentang penimbunan gula, baik gula produk dalam negeri maupun gula impor. lmpor saat ini jumlahnya cukup besar dengan harga yang lebih rendah dibandingkan gula dalam negeri. Permasalahan tersebut menimbulkan pertanyaan dibenak penulis sehingga tertarik untuk meneliti masalah gula dalam negeri.Tujuan penulisan tesis ini adalah untuk membuktikan apakah gula dalam negeri dapat bersaing dengnan gula impor. Hasil penelitian terhadap industri gula dalam negeri akan menjadi masukan yang berguna bagi pihak yang berkaitan dengan industri gula.Metode penelitian menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif dengan melakukan analisa kualitatif. Peranan teori yang dikembangkan oleh Porter akan merupakan alat analisis hasil penelitian. Sampel dalam perolehan data penelitian diperoleh melalui hasil tanya jawab, data statistik dan pengisian kuesioner.Hasil penelitian menunjukan keunggulan daya saing dengan perhitungan RCA, hasilnya sangat rendah sehingga disimpulkan industri gula tak memiliki keunggulan daya saing. PHA digunakan untuk menentukan alternatif strategi peningkatan daya saing dari pandangan responden guna mempertahankan keberadaan industri gula di Indonesia, dan jika mungkin sekaligus mengembangkannya.Teori Porter tentang competitive advantage suatu negara/bangsa, dalam hal ini Indonesia yang memiliki Iuas Iahan untuk tanaman tebu dan sumber daya manusia tak dapat dipungkiri. Namun, kenyataannya sampai saat ini belum dimanfaatkan secara optimal.Penelitian yang dilakukan dalam rangka menjawab pertanyaan tersebut di atas, terhadap beberapa masalah menyangkut peningkatan daya saing industri gula di Indonesia dilakukan dengan menggunakan analisis Diamond Porter dan beberapa teori lainnya. Oleh karena hasil analisis Porter menunjukan rendahnya daya saing industri gula, maka digunakan alat analisis RCA dan PHA untuk mencari jalan keluar keberadaan industri gula. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan suatu jalan keluar yang dapat ditempuh untuk mempertahankan industri gula Indonesia dan sisi kebijakan. Namun, kondisi gula pada umumnya tidak memiliki daya saing.Namun, akhirnya dapat dianalisis juga masalah-masalah yang ada serta saran yang mungkin dapat menjadi jalan keluar terbaik guna mengatasi masalah industri gula Indonesia agar tetap menjamin keberadaannya. Adapun jalan tengah yang diperoleh dari perhitungan hasil penelitian merupakan suatu kebijakan pemerintah. Kebijakan B merupakan pilihan responden, sehingga pemerintah diharapkan akan memperhatikan pemberlakuan tarif rendah, pengembangan industri gula, sistem tanam, pembebasan impor gula, dan tata niaga industri gula jika akan mengeluarkan kebijakan tata niaga gula. Akhirnya Penulis mengharapkan hasil penelitian ini dapat menjadi sumbangan pemikiran bagi pembuat kebljakan dimasa datang pada komoditi gula sebagai sembilan bahan pokok strategis."

"ABSTRAKPada masa Orde baru, muncul program- program agribisnis demi memenuhi kebutuhan pangan Indonesia. Program- program agribisnis ini terangkum dalam sebuah keputusan, yakni Program Tebu Rakyat Intensifikasi atau biasa disebut dengan TRI yang bercita memenuhi kebutuhan gula nasional serta mencapai swasembada gula. Beberapa daerah di seluruh Jawa terkena imbas akibat program ini. Kabupaten Cirebon, Jawa Barat merupakan salah satu daerah yang mendapat program ini. Selama pelaksanaan program TRI, banyak jalan yang harus ditempuh. Di satu sisi pemerintah sudah mempersiapkan programnya dengan baik, di satu sisi para petani merasa baik- baik saja selama pelaksanaan program. Namun hal ini menjadi pertanyaan besar mengapa pada akhirnya di tahun 1997, banyak para petani tebu memilih untuk beralih ke tanaman pangan yang lain dibandingkan dengan tebu.

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ABSTRACT<>br>During the New Order period, agribusiness programs emerged to meet the needs of Indonesian food. These agribusiness programs are summarized in a decision, namely the Intensification of Smallholder Sugar Cane Program or commonly referred to as TRI that fulfills the national sugar needs and achieves self sufficiency in sugar. Several areas throughout Java were affected by this program. District of Cirebon, West Java is one of the areas that got this program. During the implementation of the TRI program, there are many ways to go. On the one hand the government has prepared the program well, on the one hand the farmers feel fine during the program implementation. But this is a big question why in the end in 1997, many sugar cane farmers chose to switch to other food crops compared to sugarcane."

"As traded agricultural commodity, sugar represents a strategic commodity in economy. From the consumption side, the market potency of sugar for domestic is so great, because sugar, in addition to being consumed directly for daily needs in the form of food and drinking, is also needed by food and beverage processing industries whose one of the component is sugar. From the production side, the sugar production is resulted by the sugar cane farmers and sugar factories.

Sugar is the life source for small farmers where the contribution of people plantation to the total sugar cane production in 2001 reached 49% and opened the employment for 1.4 million people (Plantation Directorate General, 2000). In addition to the factory side, the sugar represents the significant investment for the processing machines because it is related with great investment fund. Besides, the domestic sugar production has not been able to fulfill the domestic consumption needs and the price of the foreign sugar is cheaper that cause the ample imported sugar into the domestic country. Therefore, the role of the government is necessary to make policies in the stipulating the tariff for incoming tax to protect the domestic sugar market.

This research is to see how much the impacts of the government's policies in the form of tariff stipulation of incoming taxes either in the form of ad valorem or specific incoming tax toward the consumer price forming in the domestic country. To determine the quantitative data that will become the sample, data is collected with purposive sampling method. The theoretical basis employed refers to some economic theories like the theory of demands and supplies of goods and theory of consumer surplus and producer surplus.

This research is explorative and descriptive using research instrument in the form of secondary data obtained from the published data of BPS and data of imported goods notification (PIB) within the period of stipulation policy of ad valorem and specific incoming tax tariff. Sample of PIB's data that are used in the research employed the data at the office of Customs and Taxes of Tanjung Priok and the price consumer used is the price consumer in the villages of West Java Province.

The conclusions drawn from the result of the research are as follows:

1. The policy of tariff stipulation of ad valorem by calculating the incoming taxes based on the incoming tax tariff x the import value when the world price of sugar was low is not effective. Importers conducted many error indication, such as, the import value notified is lower then the world price of sugar. There is deviation of facility license of BPKM and the stipulation of tariff during the period from 2000 - to the beginning of July 2002 -that was less protecting the sugar that were ready to consume. As the results, the society needs of daily sugar consumption were more met by the imported sugar.

2. In the condition that the world price of sugar is low, it is more appropriate that the charge of the incoming tax tariff is based on the specific tariff where the magnitude of the incoming tax is calculated with the designated specific tariff x the number of goods. The supervision to the correctness of the number of commodity is easier to monitor than the value of the commodity. It is caused by the transaction value of a commodity is different for each sales. There are many factors that determine the low value of transaction of a product."

"Skripsi ini membahas tentang keadaan persaingan usaha dalam perdagangan gula yang terkena dampak dari kegiatan impor raw sugar dan gula rafinasi. Meskipun kegiatan tersebut telah diatur dalam SK 527 yang dikeluarkan oleh Kementrian Perdagangan Republik Indonesia, namun sejalannya waktu mulai terjadi penyimpangan yang megakibatkan persaingan usaha tidak sehat. Karena iklim persaingan usaha mejadi monopolis dan oligopolis, mengakibatkan pengusaha kecil, khusunya petani gula mengalami kesulitan dalam bersaing. Meskipun Pemerintah dan KPPU telah melakukan berbagai cara untuk membantu pengusaha kecil melalui dana talangan dan sebagainya, namun ternyata hal tersebut dinilai tidak mampu menjawab permasalahan yang ada. Dengan peraturan yang masih memiliki lubang-lubang yang dapat dijadikan celah bagi pengusaha besar untuk melakukan perjanjian dan kegiatan yang dilarang dalam persaingan usaha, dan kurangnya aparat penegak hukum, menjadi masalah yang harus dipecahkan oleh KPPU dan pemerintah. Dalam hal ini peran Hukum Persaingan Usaha melalui Undang-Udang No.5 tahun 1999 harus mampu melindungi pengusaha kecil dan petani gula.

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This thesis discusses about the condition of business competiton on sugar, that get impact from the import activities of raw sugar and rafinated sugar. Although the activities have been ruled by Letter Of Decision No 527 from the Ministry of Trading, there still some unfair business activities detected. Because of the monopolistic and oligopolistic climate, the little capital enterpreneur, espescially sugar farmer have dificulties to enter the market. Goverment and KPPU had done many ways to help them, but still it didn't work well. Some grey areas in the regualtion, make the big company can do unfair competition activities and small numbers of law enforcer are some problem that Goverment and KPPU must solved. In this condition, Law of Business Competition by Law No. 5 Year 1999 must protect the small businessman and the sugar farmer."

"The Arenga pinnata palm trees do not only produce sap but also multipurpose products, such as edible fruits, building materials, fibers, and wax. Palm sugar agribusiness development copes with both technical and non technical constraint, e.g. low-skilled farmers, low yield, and less value added. To improve farmer's capacity there are some steps to take, namely: (a) Technical and management training, (b) provision of improved seed and processing unit equipments, (c) institutional and marketing empowerment, and (d) implementing better aren farming system. Furthermore, to increase farmer's bargaining position it is essential to strengthen farmers' groips through collective marketing system with farmer's groups association, as well as farmers' skill enhancement."