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"Telah dilakukan pemeriksaan hormon kortikosteron pada tikus betina (Rattus norvegicus) menggunakan FTIR. Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui bilangan gelombang dan nilai absorbansi gugus fungsi spesifik kortikosteron dalam urine selama siklus estrus, dan mengetahui keabsahan FTIR dalam mengukur konsentrasi hormon kortikosteron. Sampel urine dari sepuluh ekor tikus pada saat estrus dan diestrus yang ditentukan melalui ulas vagina dianalisis melalui FTIR. Diperoleh hasil 3 gugus fungsi spesifik dari kortikosteron pada masing-masing bilangan gelombangnya berturut-turut sebagai berikut alkohol (CH2OH) pada 3552 cm-1, hidroksil (OH) pada 3201 cm-1 dan metil (CH3) pada 1375 cm-1. Nilai absorbansi gugus fungsi spesifik kortikosteron diperoleh dan dibandingkan dengan nilai absorbansi keton (C=O), gugus fungsi spesifik dari kreatinin pada bilangan gelombang 1730 cm-1 yaitu 0,24 %. FTIR mampu mendeteksi konsentrasi kortikosteron saat estrus pada 2,00 % ± 0,50 % / % Cr dan saat non estrus pada 1,94 % ± 0,54 % / % Cr. Tidak terdapat perbedaan antara kortikosteron pada kondisi estrus dan non estrus.

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Research in determining corticosterone concentration on female rat (Rattus norvegicus) using FTIR has been conducted. The aim of this research was to determine the wavenumbers and absorbance values of corticosterone's functional groups in urine during estrous cycles, and to verify the FTIR's capability in measuring corticosterone concentration in urine. Urine samples from ten females which were taken at estrus and non estrus determined by vaginal smear, analyzed by FTIR. The results indicated three specific functional groups of corticosterone in each successive wave numbers as follows: alcohol (CH2OH) at 3552 cm-1, hydroxyl (OH) at 3201 cm-1 and methyl (CH3) at 1375 cm-1. Absorbance value of specific functional groups of corticosterone are obtained and compared with absorbance values of ketone group (C = O), specific functional groups of creatinine in the wave number 1730 cm-1 which is 0.24%. FTIR can detection corticosterone concentration at estrus was 2.00 % ± 0.50 % /% Cr and in non-estrus was 1.94 % ± 0.54 % /% Cr. There was no difference between corticosterone in estrus and non-estrus condition."

"Telah dilakukan pemeriksaan hormon progesteron pada tikus betina (Rattus norvegicus, Berkenhout 1769) menggunakan FTIR. Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui bilangan gelombang dan nilai absorbansi gugus fungsi spesifik progesteron dalam darah selama siklus estrus, dan mengetahui keabsahan FTIR dalam mengukur konsentrasi hormon progesteron. Sampel darah dari sepuluh ekor tikus pada fase estrus dan diestrus yang ditentukan melalui ulas vagina dianalisis melalui FTIR dan radioimmunoassay (RIA). Nilai absorbansi dari gugus fungsi spesifik progesteron, yaitu keton (1724 cm-1), metil (1375 cm-1), dan metil-keton (1354 cm-1), dibandingkan dengan nilai absorbansi asam karboksilat (1425 cm-1) pada hemoglobin. Konsentrasi progesteron saat estrus melalui RIA dan FTIR berturut-turut adalah 17,593 ± 4,246 ng/ml dan 0,853 ± 0,310 %; saat diestrus adalah 76.218 ± 4.687 ng/ml dan 1,024 ± 0.268 %.

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Research in determining progesterone concentration on female rat (Rattus norvegicus, Berkenhout 1769) using FTIR has been conducted. The aim of this research was to determine the wavenumbers and absorbance values of progesterone?s functional groups in blood during estrous cycles, and to verify the FTIR?s capability in measuring progesterone concentration in blood. Blood samples from ten females which were taken at estrus and diestrus phases determined by vaginal smear, analyzed by FTIR and Radioimmunoassay (RIA).

Absorbance values of progesterone's functional groups, such as ketone (1724 cm¬1), methyl (1375 cm-1), and methyl-ketone (1354 cm-1), were measured relatively to absorbance values of hemoglobin?s carboxylic acid (1425 cm-1). Progesterone concentration at estrus by RIA and FTIR are 17,593 ± 4,246 ng/ml and 0,853 ± 0,310 % respectively; at diestrus are 76.218 ng/ml and 1,024 ± 0.268 % respectively."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai aplikasi teknologi FTIR untuk mendeteksi masa subur lutung jawa (Trachypithecus auratus) betina. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bilangan gelombang yang merepresentasikan gugus fungsi dari hormon metabolit estrone conjugate (E1C) maupun pregnanediol-3-glucuronide (PdG) pada sampel urine lutung jawa dan dikaitkan dengan pengamatan perilaku dan pembengkakan, data yang didapat digunakan untuk mengetahui apakah hasil FTIR bersifat universal atau spesifik.antar spesies. Penelitian dilakukan dengan mengambil sampel urine dari dua lutung jawa betina dan dianalisis menggunakan FTIR. Penelitian ini juga mengambil data penunjang yaitu, data perilaku dan data foto genital. Data perilaku yang didapat tidak menunjukkan adanya interaksi seksual antara kedua betina yang menunjukkan sedang estrus. Hasil foto genital yang didapat menunjukkan pembengkakan yang terjadi hanya sampai pada pembengkakan sebagian. Analisis sampel urine menunjukkan E1C teridentifikasi melalui gugus fungsi alkil, aromatik dan hidroksil pada bilangan gelombang 596 cm-1, 698 cm-1, dan 3599 cm-1. PdG teridentifikasi pada gugus fungsi alkil dan aldehid pada bilangan gelombang 1450 cm-1 dan 1699 cm-1.

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Research on technological application of FTIR to detect the fertility period of female javan lutung (Trachypithecus auratus) has been conducted. The aims of this research was to determine the wavenumbers that represented the functional groups of hormone metabolites estrone conjugate (E1C) and pregnanediol-3- glucuronide (PdG) on urine sampels of javan lutung and tied the data with behavioral and swelling observation, the attained data were used to determine whether FTIR results are universal or specific interspecies.

Research was carried out by taking urine samples from two females of javan lutung and measured by using FTIR. This study also use supporting data, which is behavioral data and genital photos. The behavioral data obtained indicate a lack of sexual interactions between the two females, which needed to show that they were estrus.

Resulting genital images obtained, showed that the only swelling that occurs was partial swelling. Analysis of urine samples showed that estrone conjugate (E1C) was identified on functional group of alkyl, aromatic, and hydroxyl at wave numbers 596 cm-1, 698 cm-1, and 3599 cm-1. Pregnanediol-3-glucuronide (PdG) was identified on functional group of alkyl and aldehyde at wave numbers 1450 cm-1 and 1699 cm-1."

"Telah dilakukan pemeriksaan profil hormon ovari pada tikus betina (Rattus norvegicus) menggunakan FTIR. Penelitian bertujuan memperoleh gambaran atau profil fluktuasi kadar hormon ovari sepanjang siklus estrus. Sampel darah dari sepuluh ekor tikus pada sepanjang siklus estrus yang ditentukan melalui ulas vagina dianalisis melalui FTIR. Diperoleh hasil 3 gugus fungsi spesifik dari progesteron pada masing-masing bilangan gelombangnya berturut-turut sebagai berikut keton (CO) pada 1726 cm-1, metil (CH3)1375 cm-1, dan metil keton (COCH3) 1350 cm-1. Nilai absorbansi gugus fungsi spesifik progesteron diperoleh dan dikonversi dengan nilai absorbansi asam karboksilat (COOH), gugus fungsi spesifik dari hemoglobin pada bilangan gelombang 1425 cm-1 yaitu 0,258 %. Selanjutnya, nilai absorbansinya dikonversi ke dalam konsentrasi (ng/ml) sehingga menghasilkan kadar yang berfluktuasi sepanjang siklus estrus berkisar antara berkisar antara 12,135?39,387 ng/ ml untuk keton; 7,995?35,702 ng/ml untuk metil; dan 7,542?39,249 ng/ml untuk metil keton.

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Research in determining progesterone concentration on female rat (Rattus norvegicus) using FTIR has been conducted. The aim of this research was to describe ovarian hormone profile is through rat?s estrous cycle. Blood samples from ten females which were taken as long as estrus cycle determined by vaginal smear, analyzed by FTIR . The results indicated three specific functional groups of progesterone in each successive wave numbers as follows: ketone (CO) at 1726 cm-1, methyl (CH3) at 1375 cm-1, dan methyl ketone (COCH3) at 1350 cm-1. Absorbance value of specific functional groups of progesterone are obtained and compared with absorbance values of carboksilate acid group (COOH), specific functional groups of hemoglobin in the wave number 1425 cm-1 which is 0.258%. Furthemore, converted into concentration (ng/ml) to generated levels of fluctuating group specifically ketones throughout the cycle ranged from 12,135 to 39,387 ng/ ml, whereas methyl ranged from 7,995 to 35,702 ng/ml and methyl ketones ranged from 7,542 to 39,249 ng/ml."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui profil hormon progesteron pada kerbau lumpur (Bubalus bubalis) betina sepanjang siklus estrus. Sampel serum darah yang diambil selama 10 minggu dari empat ekor kerbau lumpur betina dianalisis menggunakan Fourier Transform Infared (FTIR). Hasil yang diperoleh yaitu bilangan gelombang dari gugus fungsi yang merepresentasikan progesteron berada di sekitar angka 1360 cm-1 untuk metil keton, 1380 cm-1 untuk metil dan 1717 cm-1 untuk keton. Nilai absorbansi yang berada pada bilangan gelombang tersebut dikonversi ke dalam nilai ekuivalensi yang mengacu pada penelitian terdahulu sehingga diperoleh perkiraan konsentrasi hormon progesteron sepanjang siklus estrus yaitu sekitar 5,96 ng/ml pada fase estrus dan 8,86 ng/ml pada fase non estrus.

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Research in determining progesterone hormone profile throughout estrous cycle on female swamp buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) has been conducted. Blood serum samples were taken from four female swamp buffaloes for ten weeks, and then analyzed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). Results showed that the wavenumbers of functional groups representing progesterone were along 1360 cm-1 for methyl ketone, 1380 cm-1 for methyl and 1717 cm-1 for ketone. The absorbance values were generated within those wavenumbers, furthermore converted using an equivalency value based from similar previous studies, so then the concentration range of progesterone throughout estrous cycle could be obtained, which were approximately 5.96 ng/ml on estrous phase and 8.86 ng/ml on non estrous phase."

"The book will discuss the published experimental techniques, data-processing algorithms, and approaches used in FT-IR spectroscopy to assist in the characterization and identification of microorganisms, to assess the mechanisms of bacterial inactivation by food processing technologies and antimicrobial compounds, to monitor the spore and membrane properties of foodborne pathogens in changing environments, to detect stress-injured microorganisms in food-related environments, to assess dynamic changes in bacterial populations, and to study bacterial tolerance responses."

"Perkembangan industri polimer di dunia terus meningkat. Yang menjadi persoalan pelik bagi dunia plastik adalah sulitnya untuk didaur ulang dan sangat mudahnya terdegradasi. Industri polimer sering menghasilkan sisa raw material yang akan didaur ulang. Tetapi, recycling memiliki dampak degradasi yang cukup signifikan bagi material daur ulang, terutama ketahanannya terhadap thermal degradation. Oleh sebab itu, studi mengenai kemampuan plastik bertahan dari degradasi terus dilakukan. Dengan harapan ditemukan sebuah batasan dan definisi yang dinamis dari pengolahan berulang (recycled) plastik dan dampak degradasinya. Resin PP Trilene Homopolymer BOPP (Biaxially Oriented) Film grade HF 2.9 BO yang biasa digunakan untuk flexible packaging makanan, snack, adhesive tape, dan pearlized film dicampur kering dengan beberapa jenis antioksidan (diberi kode A, B, dan C) sebanyak 2000 ppm dan calcium stearate Palmstar 300 ppm. Dilakukan multiple extrusion sebanyak lima kali. Parameter pengujian ini adalah ekstrusi 1, 3, dan 5. Kemudian dilakukan pengujian MFR (Melt Flow Rate), YI (Yellowness Index), mechanical properties (tensile, fleksural, impak izod, dan kekerasan), dan FTIR (Fourier Transform Infra Red) untuk mengukur indeks karbonil. Dari hasil pengujian didapat kenaikan MFR dan YI; stabilitas nilai sifat mekanik PP; dan kenaikan indeks karbonil. Kenaikan nilai MFR dan YI menunjukkan terjadinya degradasi. Stabilitas nilai sifat mekanik disebabkan performa antioksidan ditambah degradasi masih berada pada tahap induksi, di mana oksidasi PP masih belum optimal. Mechanical properties akan menurun akibat PP terdegradasi, tetapi baru akan terlihat signifikan apabila memasuki fase degradasi pada waktu tertentu. Kenaikan indeks karbonil menunjukkan terjadi degradasi, ini dapat dipelajari dengan FTIR spektroskopi. PP sisa raw material dapat didaur ulang dengan sifat mekanik yang masih baik.

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Polymer industry around the world is increasing over the year. The problem is plastics are hard to recycle and easily degrades by UV, thermal degradation, etc. polymer industry also always produced raw material residue that will be recylcled. However, recycling polymer have major impacts to recycled material, particularly its endurance from thermal degradation. Therefore, study about plastics resistance ability become necessary and need to be developed. With expectation that limitation and dynamic definition to recycled plastics processing and its degradation impacts, will be found. PP resin Trilene Homopolymer BOPP (Biaxially Oriented) Film grade HF 2.9 BO which usually used for food flexible packaging, snack, adhesive tape, and pearlized film dry mixed with amount of anti-oxidants (code A, B, and C) as much as 2000 ppm and 300 ppm calcium stearate Palmstar. The specimens has been treated with multiple extrusion about five times. This testing parameters is the 1st, 3rd, and 5th extrusion. Next, is the testing for MFR (Melt Flow Rate), YI (Yellowness Index), mechanical properties (tensile, flexural, impact izod, and hardness), and FTIR (Fourier Transform Infra Red) to measure carbonyl index. Among the results of the experiments are increasing value of MFR and YI during multiple extrusion; stability in mechanical properties; and increasing of carbonyl index. The rising of MFR and YI values showed a degradation. The stability in mechanical properties is caused by anti-oxidants performance and the degradation which is still at induction period. Mechanical properties will decrease while PP is degraded, but will be clearly obviously when it comes the degradation stage for a specific time. The increasing of carbonyl index shows that the degradation occur, it could be studied with FTIR spectroscopy. PP raw material residue can be recycled by the next extrusion and still have quite good mechanical properties."

"Dengan meningkatnya populasi di dunia maka kebutuhan energi akan meningkat pula. Energi yang digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari biasanya akan menyangkut dengan bahan bakar fosil. Jika hal ini dibiarkan secara terus menerus maka akan berdampak pada keberadaan bahan bakar tersebut. Diperlukan bahan bakar alternatif sebagai solusi dari masalah tersebut. Pemerintah telah mengeluarkan Peraturan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral No. 12/2015 untuk mendorong penggunaan biodiesel sebagai bahan bakar alternatif. Kebijakan ini dapat mengatur untuk penggunaan biofuel (bioetanol dan biodiesel) di Indonesia. Pada tahun 2020 telah ditetapkan bahwa penggunaan Biodiesel 30% (B30) menjadi mandat dari konsumsi energi nasional pada semua sektor. Namun, penggunaan Biodiesel tersebut masih memeiliki masalah pada ketahanannya terhadap degredasi oksidatif selama penyimpanan. Ikatan rangkap dalam molekul Biodiesel menghasilkan tingkat reaktivitas yang tinggi dengan oksigen, terutama pada saat ditempatkan dalam kontak dengan udara. Akibat dari penyimpanan tersebut dalam waktu lama dapat menyebabkan degradasi sifat bahan bakar yang mempengaruhi kualitas Biodiesel itu sendiri. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan selama 12 minggu dengan kondisi penyimpanan dalam tangki berbahan stainless steel seperti pada tangki penyimpanan bahan bakar yang umum digunakan. Variasi untuk kondisi penyimpanan adalah: (1) penyimpanan di dalam ruangan pada temperatur lingkungan (ambient), (2) tangki disimpan di kapal dengan kondisi udara pantai/laut dengan sirkulasi udara langsung ke dalam tangki, (3) tangki disimpan di kapal dengan kondisi udara pantai/laut dengan filter udara pada tangki. Parameter kritikal yang diamati adalah angka asam (TAN), viskositas kinematis, stabilitas oksidasi metode Rancimat, Densitas, FTIR, kadar air, serta kelembaban. Lalu, dilakukan pengujian deposit dengan menggunakan Hot Chamber Deposition Test Rig dengan Variasi suhu plat dan ruang chamber yang digunakan mendekati dengan kondisi aktual pada mesin untuk mengamati karakteristik pembentukan deposit bahan bakar Biodiesel B30 pada setiap komponen di ruang bakar. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa dalam periode 3 bulan terdapat peningkatan jumlah senyawa pendukung pertumbuhan deposit. Pada kondisi RH Rendah dan RH Sedang tren grafik cukup mirip dengan penurunan dari awal bulan sampai bulan ke 3 penyimpanan. Pada kondisi awal bulan terdapat peak di daerah gugus fungsi senyawa asam karboksilat dan asam aldehid dengan delta transmitansi 9,48% di awal bulan lalu menurun hingga ke 9,4% di bulan ketiga untuk RH Rendah, sedangkan untuk RH Tinggi terdapat peak dengan delta transmitansi 10,91% di awal bulan lalu menurun hingga ke 9,48% di bulan ketiga. Namun, pada kondisi RH Tinggi terdapat kenaikan delta transmitansi yang cukup signifikan. Terdapat peak pada gugus fungsi senyawa asam karboksilat dengan delta transmitansi sebesar 17,57% di awal bulan lalu meningkat hingga 31,3% di bulan ketiga. Begitu juga dengan pertumbuhan senyawa asam aldehid dimana pada awal bulan penyimpanan memiliki peak dengan delta transmitansi sebesar 9,37% dan meningkat pada bulan ketiga sebesar 17,48%.

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With increasing population in the world, energy needs will also increase. The energy used in everyday life will usually be related to fossil fuels. If this is allowed to continue it will have an impact on the existence of these fuels. Alternative fuels are needed as a solution to the problem. The government has issued Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Regulation No. 12/2015 to encourage the use of biodiesel as an alternative fuel. This policy can regulate the use of biofuels (bioethanol and biodiesel) in Indonesia. In 2020 it was determined that the use of Biodiesel 30% (B30) became the mandate of national energy consumption in all sectors. However, the use of Biodiesel still has problems in its resistance to oxidative degredation during storage. The double bonds in the Biodiesel molecule produce a high level of reactivity with oxygen, especially when placed in contact with air. As a result of long-term storage can cause degradation of fuel properties that affect the quality of Biodiesel itself. This research was carried out for 12 weeks with storage conditions in stainless steel tanks such as in fuel storage tanks that are commonly used. Variations for storage conditions are: (1) storage indoors at ambient temperature, (2) tanks stored in ships with coastal / marine air conditions with direct air circulation into the tank, (3) tanks stored on ships with conditions beach / sea air with air filters on the tank. Critical parameters observed were acid number (TAN), kinematic viscosity, oxidation stability of the Rancimat method, Density, FTIR, moisture content, and humidity. Then, a deposit test is carried out using a Hot Chamber Deposition Test Rig with variations in plate temperature and chamber chamber that are used close to the actual conditions on the engine to observe the characteristics of the formation of Biodiesel B30 fuel deposits on each component in the combustion chamber. The results obtained indicate that within a period of 3 months there was an increase in the number of deposit growth supporting compounds. In the Low RH and Medium RH conditions the graph trend is quite similar to the decline from the beginning of the month to the 3rd month of storage. At the beginning of the month there was a peak in the functional groups of carboxylic acid compounds and aldehyde acids with a delta transmittance of 9.48% at the beginning of last month, down to 9.4% in the third month for Low RH, whereas for High RH there was a peak with a delta transmittance 10.91% at the beginning of last month decreased to 9.48% in the third month. However, in the High RH condition there is a significant increase in the transmittance delta. There was a peak in the functional group of carboxylic acid compounds with a delta transmittance of 17.57% at the beginning of last month, increasing to 31.3% in the third month. Likewise with the growth of aldehyde acid compounds where at the beginning of the month of storage has a peak with a transmittance delta of 9.37% and an increase in the third month of 17.48%."