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"Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengisolasi, mengidentifikasi, dan menguji kemampuan kapang selulolitik dari lima manuskrip daluang asal Perpustakaan FIB UI. Hasil isolasi pada medium PCA menghasilkan 19 isolat kapang, sedangkan isolasi pada medium DG18 menghasilkan 15 isolat kapang xerofilik. Sebanyak 15 isolat kapang memiliki kemampuan tumbuh pada kertas daluang, sedangkan 14 isolat dapat menggunakan CarboxyMethyl Cellulose (CMC) dan Congo red yang mengindikasikan dapat menghasilkan endoglukanase. Hasil identifikasi konvensional berdasarkan karakter morfologi menunjukkan 4 isolat merupakan genus Aspergillus, 8 isolat merupakan genus Penicillium, 1 isolat merupakan genus Fraseriella, dan 2 isolat merupakan mycelia sterilia.

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This research was to isolate fungi from old daluang manuscripts from Library of Faculty of Humanities University of Indonesia, to investigate cellulolytic isolates and to identify the isolates. Nineteen mould isolates were obtained on medium PCA, whilst fifteen xerophilic mould isolates were obtained on medium DG18 agar. Fifteen isolates were able to grow on daluang paper. Fourteen isolates were able to grow on Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) and Congo red indicating they have endoglucanase. Identification by conventional method showed that 4 isolates were Aspergillus, 8 isolates were Penicillium, 1 isolate were Fraseriella, and 2 isolates were mycelia sterilia."

"Penelitian bertujuan mengisolasi kapang manuskrip kuno kertas Eropa asal Perpustakaan Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya Universitas Indonesia, mengetahui kemampuan kapang-kapang tersebut tumbuh pada kertas Eropa dan kemampuan selulolitiknya, serta mengidentifikasinya. Hasil isolasi dan pemurnian pada medium DG 18 menghasilkan 11 isolat kapang. Penapisan isolatisolat menunjukkan 9 isolat memiliki kemampuan tumbuh pada substrat kertas Eropa. Penapisan menggunakan Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) dan Congo red memberikan indikasi delapan isolat memiliki enzim selulase berupa endoglukanase. Hasil identifikasi konvensional berdasarkan karakter morfologi menunjukkan kapang-kapang tersebut adalah Aspergillus E.FIB.UI.1.1.2, Aspergillus E.FIB.UI.1.2, Aspergillus E.FIB.UI.4.2, Aspergillus E.FIB.UI.5.3, Penicillium E.FIB.UI.2.1.1, Penicillium E.FIB.UI.2.1.2, Penicillium E.FIB.UI.2.8, mycelia sterilia E.FIB.UI.1.1.1, dan mycelia sterilia E.FIB.UI.3.3.

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This research was to isolate fungi from the Library of Faculty of Humanities of Universitas Indonesia, to screen cellulolytic isolates that grow on old manuscripts of European papers and to identify the isolates. Eleven mould isolates were obtained on medium DG 18 Agar. Nine isolates were able to grow on European papers. Eight isolates were able to grow on Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) and Congo red indicating they have endoglucanase.

Identification by conventional method showed that they were Aspergillus E.FIB.UI.1.1.2, Aspergillus E.FIB.UI.1.2, Aspergillus E.FIB.UI.4.2, Aspergillus E.FIB.UI.5.3, Penicillium E.FIB.UI.2.1.1, Penicillium E.FIB.UI.2.1.2, Penicillium E.FIB.UI.2.8, mycelia sterilia E.FIB.UI.1.1.1, and mycelia sterilia E.FIB.UI.3.3."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian untuk memperoleh, mengidentifikasi, dan menguji kemampuan kapang-kapang selulolitik dari empat manuskrip kuno kertas daluang asal Keraton Kasepuhan di Cirebon. Sebanyak 12 isolat kapang diperoleh dan dapat tumbuh pada potongan kertas daluang. Enam isolat kapang memiliki kemampuan selulolitik karena menghasilkan zona bening pada medium Czapek's Dox Agar (CDA) dengan penambahan Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC). Identifikasi secara konvensional menghasilkan genus Aspergillus (4 isolat), genus Eurotium (1 isolat), dan genus Penicillium (7 isolat). Jumlah isolat paling banyak diperoleh dari manuskrip kuno dengan kondisi paling buruk.

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This research was to obtain, identify, and investigate cellulolytic fungi from four old manuscripts of daluang papers from Keraton Kasepuhan Cirebon. Twelve mould isolates were obtained and were able to grow on daluang paper. Six mould isolates were able to use Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) as substrate which was indicated by clear zone formed on Czapek's Dox Agar (CDA) medium added with CMC. Conventional identification resulted in the genus Aspergillus (4 isolates), Eurotium (1 isolate), and Penicillium (7 isolates). Highest number of isolates was obtained from the old manuscript with the worst condition."

"Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengisolasi, mengidentifikasi, dan menguji kemampuan kapang selulolitik dari naskah kuno kertas Eropa asal Keraton Kasepuhan, Cirebon. Sebanyak 11 isolat kapang diisolasi dari lima naskah kuno pada medium DG18. Sebanyak 11 isolat dapat tumbuh pada kertas Eropa, sedangkan 7 isolat memiliki kemampuan selulolitik karena dapat menggunakan substrat Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (CMC). Tiga isolat kapang selulolitik dari naskah kuno Tafsir Al Quran. Tiga isolat kapang selulolitik dari naskah kuno Waosan Babad Galuh. Satu isolat kapang selulolitik dari naskah kuno Sajarah Cirebon. Kapang-kapang dari naskah kuno diidentifikasi sebagai genus Aspergillus (5 isolat), genus Penicillium (4 isolat), genus Eurotium (1 isolat), dan mycelia sterilia (1 isolat).

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The aim of this research is to isolate, identify, and investigate the cellulolytic fungi from old manuscripts of European papers from Keraton Kasepuhan Cirebon. Eleven isolates were isolated from five manuscripts on DG18 medium. Eleven isolates were able to grow on European paper and seven isolates were able to use Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (CMC) as substrate. Three cellulolytic isolates were isolated from manuscript Tafsir Al Quran. Three cellulolytic isolates from manuscript Waosan Babad Galuh. One cellulolytic isolate from manuscript Sajarah Cirebon. The moulds were identified as genus Aspergillus (5 isolates), genus Penicillium (4 isolates), genus Eurotium (1 isolate), and mycelia sterilia (1 isolate)."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi 15 strain kapang dari lima manuskrip kuno berbahan kertas daluang asal perpustakaan Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya Universitas Indonesia (FIB UI) dan melakukan deskripsi morfologi kapang-kapang tersebut. Identifikasi dilakukan berdasarkan analisis sekuens daerah Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS) rDNA dan pengamatan morfologi kapang dilakukan pada Czapek’s Dox Agar (CDA). Primer forward ITS1 dan primer reverse ITS4 digunakan untuk amplifikasi daerah ITS rDNA.Hasil elektroforesis produk PCR menunjukkan panjang daerah ITS dari 15 strain kapang tersebut bervariasi antara 500 pb--900 pb. Sebelas strain kapang memiliki homologi ITS rDNA dengan spesies terdekat Aspergillus clavatus Desm. (1 strain), Aspergillus flavus group (1 strain), Aspergillus niger van Tieghem (1 strain), Penicillium citrinum Thom (6 strain), Penicillium janthinellum Biourge (1 strain), dan Penicillium oxalicum Currie & Thom (1 strain) dan termasuk anggota ordo Eurotiales, kelas Plectomycetes, dari filum Ascomycota. Satu strain memiliki homologi ITS rDNA dengan spesies terdekat Pseudocercospora sp. (1 strain) dan termasuk anggota ordo Capnodiales, kelas Dotthideomycetes, dari filum Ascomycota. Tiga strain kapang (Penicillium sp. FIB.PRI.6.1, Fraseriella sp. FIB.PRI.6.2, dan mycelia sterilia FIB.PRII.3) belum berhasil diidentifikasi hingga tingkat spesies.

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The aims of this research were to identify 15 mould strains from five old manuscripts of daluang paper from the library of Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya Universitas Indonesia (FIB UI) and to describe their morphology. Identification was carried out based on analysis of Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS) region of rDNA sequence. Observation of the mould’s morphology was carried out on Czapek’s Dox Agar (CDA). Forward primer ITS1 and reverse primer ITS4 were used to amplify the ITS region of rDNA. Gel electrophoresis results showed that the lengths of ITS region from 15 mould strains were on the range of 500 bp--900 bp.

Eleven strains showed ITS rDNA sequence similarities to Aspergillus clavatus Desm. (1 strain), Aspergillus flavus group (1 strain), Aspergillus niger van Tieghem (1 strain), Penicillium citrinum Thom (6 strains), Penicillium janthinellum Biourge (1 strain), Penicillium oxalicum Currie & Thom (1 strain). The strains belong to order Eurotiales, Class Plectomycetes, phylum Ascomycota. One strain showed ITS rDNA sequence similarity to Pseudocercospora sp. (1 strain). The strain belongs to order Capnodiales, class Dotthideomycetes, phylum Ascomycota. Three strains (Penicillium sp. FIB.PRI.6.1, Fraseriella sp. FIB.PRI.6.2, and mycelia sterilia FIB.PRII.3) were unable to be identified to species level."

"Kapang memiliki kemampuan untuk menggunakan kertas sebagai substrat dan menyebabkan deteriorasi pada kertas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkarakterisasi isolat hingga tingkat genus secara morfologi dan mengetahui kemampuan kapang dari manuskrip Eropa lama asal Keraton Kasepuhan Cirebon menggunakan kertas Whatman sebagai substrat. Empat isolat kapang pada Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) dan Malt Extract Agar (MEA) dikarakterisasi secara morfologi, di suhu 26,5°C, umur 7 hari. Isolat-isolat kapang tersebut diinokulasikan pada PDA miring dengan teknik gores, diinkubasi di suhu 26,5°C selama 7 hari. Biakan disuspensikan dalam akuades steril 5 ml, kemudian 3 ml suspensi sel empat isolat kapang dan Aspergillus versicolor (Vuill.) Tiraboschi UICC 1037 masing-masing diinokulasikan pada 27 ml Czapek Dox Broth (CDB) tanpa sumber karbon dengan penambahan kertas Whatman (diameter 6,4 cm), dan pada CDB tanpa kertas Whatman sebagai kontrol. Inkubasi pada suhu 26,5°C selama 30 hari. Hasil karakterisasi menunjukkan dua isolat termasuk Aspergillus Micheli, satu isolat termasuk Penicillium Link dan satu isolat termasuk Cladosporium Link. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan semua isolat memiliki kemampuan untuk menggunakan kertas Whatman sebagai substrat dan nutrien yang ditunjukkan dengan adanya hifa dan sporulasi, penurunan pH medium (dari 8 menjadi 6), perubahan bentuk dan struktur kertas (bentuk kertas tidak utuh dan tidak bulat, sobek, terlipat, ukuran kertas mengecil), perubahan warna kertas menjadi kuning-kecokelatan, dan pengurangan berat kering kertas dengan kisaran persentase 1,828—75,025%.

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Fungi have the ability to utilize paper as a substrate and cause manuscript deterioration. This research aims were to characterize moulds to the genus level by morphology and to investigate moulds from old European manuscripts from Keraton Kasepuhan Cirebon to utilize Whatman paper as a substrate. Four mould isolates on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and Malt Extract Agar (MEA) were characterized by morphology at 26.5°C, for 7 days. The mould isolates were inoculated on PDA slants using streak technique, and incubated at 26.5°C, for 7 days. Cell suspensions in five ml of sterile water were prepared. Three ml cell suspension of each mould isolate and Aspergillus versicolor (Vuill.) Tiraboschi UICC 1037, were inoculated into 27 ml of Czapek Dox Broth (CDB) without a carbon source with addition of Whatman paper (6.4 cm in diameter) as a sole carbon source, and into 27 ml CDB without Whatman paper as control. The cultures were incubated at 26.5°C and observed for 30 days. The result showed two isolates belonged to Aspergillus Micheli, one isolate belonged to Penicillium Link, and one isolate belonged to Cladosporium Link. All isolates were able to utilize Whatman paper as a substrate and nutrient by the presence of hyphae and sporulation, a decrease in medium pH (from 8 to 6), changes in paper shape and structure (paper shape was not completely intact and round, folded, smaller in size), changes of paper colour to brownish-yellow, and the loss in dry weight of Whatman paper in the range of 1.828—75.025%."

"Skripsi ini membahas pengujian terhadap keasaman kertas daluang di dua tempat yakni Workshop daluang Pak Mufid Sururi dan ruang naskah FIB UI. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif bersifat deskriptif. Hasil uji keasaman dari penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa kertas daluang memiliki kualitas ketahanan yang baik. Hasil keluaran dari penelitian ini adalah rekomendasi penggunaan daluang sebagai media restorasi alternatif yang dapat menggantikan kertas washi sehingga dapat melestarikan budaya lokal dan membantu proses restorasi yang dilakukan di berbagai lembaga informasi yang bergerak di bidang restorasi. Selain itu, penelitian ini menyarankan agar lembaga informasi menggunakan kertas daluang karena selain mendapatkan bahan yang lebih murah dan siap pakai juga kualitasnya yang tidak kalah dengan tisu Jepang.;Daluang paper is one of the traditional Indonesian paper which must be preserved.

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This study discusses Daluang resistance against acid paper. The goal is to determine the acidity of the paper Daluang. This study is a descriptive qualitative research, data collection technique was performed under the literature review, interviews, and testing of the completed survey sheets. Test results suggested that this paper has a good resistance against acids that may be recommended as a restoration tool substitute alternative materials wahsi beside that may help to preserve local culture and institutions engaged in this case to get a paper patch is cheap and readily accessible. It can be concluded from these results that daluang has good resistance to acids, but it always need quality control of the outcome."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi kapang dari dua manuskrip Cina lama yang mengalami deteriorasi asal plot 1 Ruang Naskah PP-UI Depok berdasarkan data sekuens daerah internal transcribed spacers ribosomal DNA ITS rDNA . Pengambilan sampel kapang dari manuskrip dengan metode swab dan isolasi kapang dengan metode culture-dependent. Amplifikasi daerah ITS rDNA dan DNA sequencing menggunakan primer forward ITS5 dan primer reverse ITS4. Pencarian homologi sekuens daerah ITS rDNA menggunakan program basic local alignment search tool BLAST. Pembuatan pohon filogenetik menggunakan metode Neighbor Joining, model dua parameter Kimura dan bootstrap sebanyak 1.000 kali replikasi. Lima isolat kapang terpilih diperoleh berdasarkan tipe morfologi yang berbeda dengan kapang dari manuskrip Cina lama asal plot 2, 4, 5, dan 6. Hasil elektroforesis gel produk PCR daerah ITS rDNA menunjukkan lima strain memiliki ukuran fragmen ITS rDNA dengan kisaran 500--700 pb dan DNA sequencing menunjukkan panjang daerah ITS rDNA berkisar 579--610 pb. Lima strain UICC merupakan anggota dari dua kelas Class Eurotiomycetes dan Dothideomycetes , dua ordo Order Eurotiales dan Capnodiales serta tiga famili Family Aspergillaceae, Cladosporiaceae dan Trichocomaceae. Strain UICC 1099 dan UICC 1102 memiliki homologi 99,4 dan 99,8 dengan type strain Aspergillus pseudodeflectus NRRL 6135T. Strain UICC 1103 memiliki homologi 99,7 dengan type strain Cladosporium colocasiae ATCC 200944 T. Strain UICC 1101 memiliki homologi 99,8 dengan type strain Penicillium coffeae NRRL 35363T. Strain UICC 1100 memiliki homologi 99,4 dengan type strain Penicillium mallochii DAOM 239917T. Lima strain UICC merupakan fungi anamorf dan bersifat xerofilik.

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The objective of this study was to identify moulds isolated from two deteriorated old Chinese manuscripts from plot 1 Ruang Naskah Central Library Universitas Indonesia Depok based on sequence data of internal transcribed spacer regions of ribosomal DNA ITS rDNA . Sterile cotton swab was used to obtain samples and culture dependent method was used to isolate moulds. Forward primer ITS5 and reverse primer ITS4 were used to amplify ITS rDNA region and sequencing the DNA.

Basic Local Alignment Search Tool BLAST program was used to determine the sequence homology of ITS rDNA region. A phylogenetic tree was constructed by Neighbor Joining method with Kimura rsquo s two parameter model and bootstrap with 1,000 replicates. Five selected mould isolates were obtained based on the morphological type differences compared to moulds from old Chinese manuscripts from plot 2, 4, 5, and 6.

Gel electrophoresis showed that the fragment lengths of ITS rDNA region from five strains were on the range of 500 700 bp and DNA sequencing showed that the length variations of ITS DNA fragments were 579 to 610 bp. The five UICC strains belonged to two classes Class Eurotiomycetes and Dothideomycetes , two orders Order Eurotiales and Capnodiales and three families Family Aspergillaceae, Cladosporiaceae and Trichocomaceae.

UICC 1099 and UICC 1102 strains showed 99.4 and 99.8 homologies with their type strain Aspergillus pseudodeflectus NRRL 6135T. UICC 1103 strain has 99.7 homology with its type strain Cladosporium clocasiae ATCC 200944T. UICC 1101 strain has 99.8 homology with its type strain Penicillium coffeae NRRL 35363T. UICC 1100 strain has 99.4 homology with its type strain Penicillium mallochii DAOM 239917T. The five UICC strains are anamorphic and xerophilic fungi."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh identitas spesies kapang dari dua manuskrip Cina lama yang mengalami deteriorasi asal plot 5 Ruang Naskah Perpustakaan Pusat Universitas Indonesia PP-UI, Depok berdasarkan data sekuens daerah internal transcribed spacers ribosomal DNA ITS rDNA. Pengambilan sampel pada manuskrip menggunakan metode swab dengan cotton bud steril. Isolasi kapang menggunakan metode culture-dependent. Polymerase chain reaction PCR dan DNA sequencing menggunakan primer forward ITS5 dan primer reverse ITS4. Pencarian homologi sekuens daerah ITS rDNA menggunakan program basic local alignment search tool BLAST dan pembuatan pohon filogenetik menggunakan metode Neighbor Joining, model dua parameter Kimura, serta bootstrap sebanyak 1.000 kali replikasi. Penentuan spesies terdekat dan posisi taksonomi menggunakan analisis filogenetik dan didukung oleh data morfologi. Isolasi kapang menghasilkan enam isolat kapang terpilih berdasarkan tipe morfologi yang berbeda dengan kapang dari manuskrip Cina lama asal plot 1, 2, 4, dan 6 Ruang Naskah PP-UI, Depok. Berdasarkan elektroforesis gel, panjang fragmen daerah ITS rDNA dari enam isolat kapang bervariasi antara 600--700 pb. Hasil DNA sequencing lengkap menunjukkan panjang daerah ITS rDNA enam isolat berkisar 582--625 pb. Enam strain UICC merupakan anggota dari tiga kelas Dothideomycetes, Eurotiomycetes dan Sordariomycetes, tiga ordo Capnodiales, Eurotiales dan Hypocreales, dan empat famili Cladosporiaceae, Nectriaceae, Ophiocordycipitaceae, dan Pleosporaceae. Strain UICC 1107 memiliki homologi 99,32 dengan type strain Purpureocillium lilacinum sin. Paecilomyces lilacinus ATCC 10114T. Lima strain UICC tidak dapat ditentukan spesiesnya. Strain UICC 1106 adalah Cladosporium sp. dengan homologi 100 terhadap type strain Cladosporium oxysporum CBS 125991T dan Cla. tenuissimum CPC 14235T. Strain UICC 1105 adalah Curvularia sp.1 dengan homologi 93,80 dan strain UICC 1108 adalah Curvularia sp.2 dengan homologi 94,70 terhadap type strain Curvularia carica-papayae CBS 135941T. Strain UICC 1109 adalah Rectifusarium sp. dengan homologi 85,87 terhadap type strain Rectifusarium robinianum CBS 430.91T. Strain UICC 1104 adalah Sarocladium sp. dengan homologi 97,13 terhadap type strain Sarocladium bifurcatum UTHSC 05-3311T. Enam strain UICC merupakan fungi anamorf dan bersifat xerofilik.

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The aim of this study was to determine the species identity of moulds from two deteriorated old Chinese manuscripts from plot 5 Ruang Naskah Central Library Universitas Indonesia, Depok based on internal transcribed spacers region of ribosomal DNA ITS rDNA. Samples from the manuscripts were collected by using swab method with sterile cotton swabs. Mould isolates were obtained by culture dependent method. Polymerase chain reaction PCR and DNA sequencing were performed using forward primer ITS5 and reverse primer ITS4. Homology search of ITS rDNA sequences was carried out using basic local alignment search tool BLAST program and phylogenetic tree construction was performed using Neighbor Joining method, Kimura rsquo s two parameter model, and bootstrap 1,000 replicates. The closest species and taxonomic position were obtained by phylogenetic analysis and supported by morphological data. Six mould isolates were selected based on morphological type differences compared to mould isolates from old Chinese manuscripts from plot 1, 2, 4, and 6 Ruang Naskah Central Library UI, Depok. Based on gel electrophoresis, the lengths of ITS rDNA fragments of six mould isolates varied between 600 700 bp. Full sequence data of ITS rDNA of six isolates showed that the lengths of their ITS rDNA varied between 582 625 bp. Six UICC strains belonged to three classes Dothideomycetes, Eurotiomycetes and Sordariomycetes, three orders Capnodiales, Eurotiales and Hypocreales, and four families Cladosporiaceae, Nectriaceae, Ophiocordycipitaceae, and Pleosporaceae. UICC 1107 strain showed 99.32 homology to the type strain, Purpureocillium lilacinum syn. Paecilomyces lilacinus ATCC 10114T. Five UICC strains were not able to be determined to the species level. UICC 1106 strain was identified as Cladosporium sp., with 100 homology to the type strains, Cladosporium oxysporum CBS 125991T and Cla. tenuissimum CPC 14235T. UICC 1105 strain was identified as Curvularia sp.1, with 93.80 homology and UICC 1108 strain was identified as Curvularia sp.2, with 94.70 homology to the type strain, Curvularia carica papayae CBS 135941T. Strain UICC 1109 was identified as Rectifusarium sp., with 85.87 homology to the type strain, Rectifusarium robinianum CBS 430.91T. Strain UICC 1104 was identified as Sarocladium sp., with 97.13 homology to the type strain, Sarocladium bifurcatum UTHSC 05 3311T. Six UICC strains were anamorphic and xerophilic fungi."

"Fungi pada manuskrip lama dapat menyebabkan deteriorasi. Tujuan penelitian untuk memperoleh identitas genus kapang dari manuskrip cina lama koleksi Perpustakaan Universitas Indonesia berdasarkan karakter morfologi dan kemampuan kapang menggunakan kertas Cina sebagai substrat. Kapang berasal dari manuskrip cina lama yang mengalami deteriorasi asal plot 2, 4, dan 6 Ruang Naskah Perpustakaan UI, Depok. Empat isolat kapang pada Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) dan Malt Extract Agar (MEA) dikarakterisasi berdasarkan morfologi sampai genus. Biakan untuk suspensi sel dipersiapkan dengan teknik gores pada PDA miring, inkubasi di suhu 26,5 oC, selama 7 hari. Tiga mL suspensi sel isolat kapang, dan A. versicolor UICC 1037 masing-masing diinokulasikan pada 27 mL Czapek Dox Broth (CDB) tanpa sumber karbon dengan penambahan kertas cina (diameter 5,2 cm) sebagai substrat, dan pada CDB tanpa kertas cina sebagai kontrol. Inkubasi pada suhu 28 oC selama 30 hari. Hasil menunjukkan tiga isolat termasuk Aspergillus P. Micheli ex Haller dan satu isolat termasuk Penicillium Link. Semua isolat dapat menggunakan kertas cina sebagai substrat mengandung sumber karbon dan nutrien untuk pertumbuhan berdasarkan adanya hifa dan sporulasi, penurunan pH medium (dari 8 menjadi 6), perubahan kondisi kertas (bentuk menjadi terlipat atau remuk, struktur menjadi rapuh, warna menjadi kekuningan atau kecokelatan), dan persentase pengurangan berat kering kertas (1,57—6,66%).

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Fungi on old manuscripts cause deterioration. The aims of this study were to characterize moulds from old Chinese manuscripts, collection of Universitas Indonesia, by morphology to the genus and evaluate the mould ability to utilize chinese paper as a substrate. The moulds were obtained from deteriorated old Chinese manuscripts from plot 2, 4, and 6 Ruang Naskah UI Library. Four mould isolates on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and Malt Extract Agar (MEA) were characterized by morphology to the genus. Cultures were inoculated on PDA slants by streak method, incubated at 26,5 oC for seven days, and used for cell suspensions in 5 mL sterile water. Three mL cell suspensions of four isolates and A. versicolor UICC 1037, each, were inoculated to 27 mL Czapek Dox Broth (CDB) without a carbon source with the addition of chinese paper (5.2 cm in diameter) as a substrate, incubated at 28 oC for 30 days. Three isolates were characterized as Aspergillus P. Micheli ex Haller and one isolate was characterized as Penicillium Link. All isolates were able to utilize chinese paper as a substrate containing a carbon source dan nutrient for growth, based on the presence of hyphae and sporulation, a decrease in medium pH (from 8 to 6), changes of paper conditions (paper shape became folded or mashed, paper structure became fragile, paper color changed to yellowish or brown), and percentage of loss of paper dry weight (1.57—6.66%)

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