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"Kegiatan industri pertambangan minyak bumi di Indonesia telah menimbulkan banyak kasus pencemaran limbah berbahaya dan beracun (B3). Kasus tersebut dapat menimbulkan dampak buruk bagi kualitas lingkungan. Pada KepMenLH No. 128 Tahun 2003, disebutkan bahwa pemulihan lahan tercemar oleh minyak bumi dapat dilakukan secara biologis, dengan menggunakan kapasitas kemampuan mikroorganisme. Salah satu teknik penerapan pemulihan tersebut adalah dengan menggunakan teknik Bioventing. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh injeksi udara dan mikroorganisme yang berperan dalam proses remediasi dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kinerjanya bioventing. Minyak bumi yang digunakan merupakan crude oil yang berasal dari PPPTMGB Lemigas. Selama 5 minggu penelitian, didapatkan penyisihan konsentrasi TPH terbesar yaitu sebesar 82% yang terdapat pada sampel dengan konsentrasi bakteri Bacillus Subtilis 10% v/v. Sedangkan pada sampel dengan konsentrasi bakteri Bacillus Subtilis 15% v/v, dan tanpa penambahan bakteri (bakteri indigenous) 1 dan 2 secara berurut adalah 67,1%, 54,24%, dan 68,12%. Penyisihan konsentrasi BTEX terbesar, yaitu sebesar 66,65% pada kontrol 2. Sedangkan sampel dengan kontrol 1, konsentrasi bakteri Bacillus Subtilis 10% v/v, dan bakteri Bacillus Subtilis 15% v/v secara berurut adalah 23,39%, 34,41%, dan 37,69%. Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa sampel dengan konsentrasi bakteri Bacillus Subtilis 10% v/v dan Kontrol 2 yang paling baik dalam mendukung efektivitas proses degradasi minyak bumi.

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Oil mining industry in Indonesia has generated many cases of very hazardous waste pollution. Those cases could adversely affect the quality of environment. Ministry of Environment through the Ministry of Environment Decree No. 128/2003, stated that the recovery of oil contaminated area can be purified by using microbial activity, called bioremediation. On of the most preferred methods for the remediation process of oil contaminated soil is bioventing.

The main objective of this study was to determine the effect of air injection and microorganisms that play a role in the remediation process and the factors that affect performance bioventing. Oil used in this study was crude oil which was derived from PPTMGB Lemigas. The purpose of this study. During the 5 weeks of the study, obtained the largest TPH concentrations allowance that is equal to 82% were found in the sample with the concentration of the bacteria Bacillus Subtilis 10% v/v. While the sample with the concentration of bacteria Bacillus Subtilis 15% v/v, and without the addition of bacteria (indigenous) 1 and 2 in sequence is 67.1%, 54.24%, and 68.12%. Provision largest concentration of BTEX, amounting to 66.65% in the control 2. Whereas the control 1, the concentration of the bacteria Bacillus Subtilis 10% v / v, and the bacteria Bacillus Subtilis 15% v / v in the order are 23.39%, 34.41%, and 37.69%.

From this study it can be concluded that the sample with the concentration of the bacteria Bacillus Subtilis 10% v / v and Control 2 is best in support of the effectiveness of oil degradation process."

"ABSTRAKKegiatan eksplorasi dan produksi minyak bumi berpotensi menimbulkan kontaminasi minyak pada tanah, misalnya dari kegiatan operasional, kebocoran pipa, maupun akumulasi timbulan limbah minyak di masa lalu. Keputusan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup no 128 tahun 2003 menyatakan bahwa tanah yang terkontaminasi minyak dikategorikan sebagai limbah bahan berbahaya dan beracun (B3) yang berpotensi menimbulkan kerusakan lingkungan. Pemulihan tanah tercemar oleh minyak bumi dapat dilakukan secara biologis, dengan menggunakan kapasitas kemampuan mikroorganisme. TPH atau Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons dalam hal ini merupakan jumlah hidrokarbon minyak bumi yang terukur dari media tanah. Dalam Keputusan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup No.128 tahun 2003 dijelaskan bahwa target konsentrasi TPH yang aman bagi lingkungan ialah dibawah 1%. Landfarming merupakan salah satu teknik yang dapat diterapkan dalam pemulihan tanah tercemar minyak bumi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui jenis bulking agent yang paling efektif dalam pelaksanaan proses bioremediasi. Sampel tanah terkontaminasi minyak bumi yang diolah diambil dari tanah terkontaminasi minyak mentah (Crude Oil Contaminated Soil) di Pre-treatment pit dalam (SBF) Soil Bioremediation Facility PT. Chevron Pacific Indonesia di Minas, Riau. Bulking agent yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah serbuk kayu dan cacahan serabut tandan kosong kelapa sawit. Selama 6 minggu penelitian, penyisihan konsentrasi TPH terbesar yaitu 41,04% pada sampel dengan penambahan bulking agent serbuk kayu 4% (w/w). Sedangkan pada sampel dengan penambahan bulking agent serabut tandan kosong kelapa sawit 4% (w/w) dan tanpa penambahan bulking agent berturut-turut adalah 40,45% dan 35,04%. Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa sampel dengan penambahan bulking agent serbuk kayu 4% (w/w) yang paling efektif dalam proses degradasi minyak bumi.

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ABSTRACTExploration and production of oil has potential to contaminate soil, such as from operations, pipeline leak, and accumulation of oil waste. Ministry of Environment through the Ministry of Environment Decree No. 128/2003, stated that oil contaminated soil is classified as hazardous and toxic waste (B3) that could potentially cause damage to the environment. The remediation of oil contaminated soil can be purified by using microbial activity. TPH or Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons is the amount of petroleum hydrocarbons measured from the soil media. In MOE Decree No. 128/2003 stated that TPH concentrations target that are safe for the environment is below 1%. Landfarming is one of the most preferred technique that can be applied in the remediation of oil contaminated soil. The main purpose of this study was to determine which type of bulking agent is the most effective on bioremediation process. Crude Oil Contaminated Soil sample were taken from pre-treatment pit in Soil Bioremediation Facility PT. Chevron Pacific Indonesia in Minas, Riau. Bulking agents used in the study were wood chip and oil palm shell fiber. During 6 weeks of the study, the largest TPH removal was 41.04% which is a sample with the addition of 4% wood chip (w/w). While the sample with the addition of 4% oil palm shell fiber (w/w) and the sample without the addition of bulking agent were respectively 40.45% and 35.04%. From this study, it can be concluded that the sample with the addition of 4% wood chip (w/w) was the most effective in the crude oil biodegradation process."

"Bioremediation, involving biostimulation and/or bioaugmentation, is a promising method to overcome oil spills in Cilacap coastal waters. Cilacap coastal area has high risk on oil pollution. This study investigated the stimulatory effect of nitrogen concentration, bacterial density and the composition of bacterial culture in enhancing oil degradation in this area. The applications of 4 different concentrations of Slow Release Fertilizer (SRF) and 2 different densities of bacterial cells in the form of single (RCO/B/08_008) and mixed culture were employed in microcosm experiments for 28 days. The efficacy of combining bacterial culture and fertilizer application in various concentrations was also tested. Oil degradation, bacterial growth and environmental parameters were monitored periodically during the experiments. The results showed that oil degradation rate was more influenced by nutrient concentration (biostimulation) than bacterial number or culture composition (bioaugmentation) added. The efficacy of biostimulation in degrading oil was better than that of bioaugmentation. Biostimulation increased oil degradation up to 6.4 times higher than the control. The optimum of fertilizer concentration added was 7.5 mg N/g (C:N ratio of 1,000:75), which increased depletion rate both in biostimulation-only and the combination of biostimulation with bioaugmentation up to 6.4 and 7.5 times higher than the control, respectively. It is suggested that bioremediation of oil-contaminated sandy beach in Cilacap would be optimal by employing a combination of Slow Release Fertilizer at concentration having C/N ratio = 1,000 : 75 and RCO/B/08_008 culture at density of 0.5 x 108 cells/mL (100% homology with Alcanivorax sp. TE-9)."

"Konsorsium bakteri lokal (gabungan Salipiger bermudensis DQ 178660, Alterierythrobacter evoxidivorans DQ 304436, Alteromonas macleodii Y 18228 dan Vibrio harveyi DQ 146936) pendegradasi senyawa hidrokarbon kontaminan yang diisolasi dari kawasan eksplorasi minyak Cepu Jawa Tengah diuji kemampuannya dalam merombak senyawa hidrokarbon minyak bumi yang mencemari tanah di kawasan industri Krakatau Steel Cilegon. Dalam penelitian ini, karakterisasi produksi biosurfaktan yang dihasilkan konsorsium bakteri dilakukan dengan mengevaluasi pola pertumbuhan, analisis tegangan permukaan, analisis tegangan antarmuka, analisis komposisi kimia dan uji aktivitas emulsifikasi. Pengujian selama 30 hari pengamatan meliputi pH, suhu, tekstur tanah empat fraksi (berpasir, liat kasar, liat halus, berdebu), karbon organik, nitrogen organik, rasio karbon/nitrogen organik, fosfor dan kalium serta analisis sampel tanah tercemar hidrokarbon menggunakan Gas Chromatography-Mass Sphectroscopy (GC-MS). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa biosurfaktan yang dihasilkan konsorsium bakteri memiliki kemampuan menurunkan tegangan permukaan air lebih tinggi dibanding dengan bakteri tunggal (51 dynes/cm dari 72 dyns/cm), reduksi nilai tegangan antarmuka air dengan minyak paling tinggi dihasilkan konsorsium bakteri (10 dynes/cm), nilai indeks emulsifikasi (93,75%) paling tinggi dihasilkan oleh konsorsium bakteri. Analisis komposisi kimia biosurfaktan yang dihasilkan konsorsium bakteri menunjukkan bahwa biosurfaktan merupakan senyawa kompleks terdiri dari karbohidrat, protein dan lipid. Setelah 30 hari massa inkubasi, hasil analisis GC-MS menunjukkan bahwa bakteri dan konsorsium bakteri mampu merombak senyawa hidrokarbon tersisa yang mencemari tanah di kawasan PT Krakatau Steel Cilegon Banten.;

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Local bacterial consortium (combined of Salipiger bermudensis DQ 178 660, Alterierythrobacter evoxidivorans DQ 304 436, Alteromonas macleodii Y 146 936 and Vibrio harveyi DQ 18228) hydrocarbons degrading contaminants that isolated from oil exploration areas in Cepu Central Java was analyzed for its ability to degrade petroleum hydrocarbons that polluted the soil in industrial area of PT. Krakatau Steel Cilegon.

In this study, characterization of biosurfactant produced by bacterial consortium conducted to evaluate growth patterns, analysis of surface tension, interfacial tension, chemical composition and emulsification activity assay. Analysis for 30 days of observation include pH, temperature, soil texture four fractions (sandy, dusty, rough clayey, smooth clayey), organic carbon, organic nitrogen, the ratio of carbon/nitrogen organic, phosphorus and potassium as well as analysis of hydrocarbon contaminated soil samples using Gas Chromatography -Mass Sphectroscopy (GC-MS).

The results showed that the biosurfactants produced by bacterial consortium have the ability to lower the surface tension of water is higher than with a single bacterium (51 dynes/cm from 72 dyns/cm), the reduction of the highest values ​​of water interfacial tension with oil produced by bacterial consortium (10 dynes/cm ), the highest value of emulsification index (93.75%) produced by bacterial consortium. Analysis of the chemical composition of biosurfactants produced by bacterial consortium showed that biosurfactants are complex compounds composed of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. After 30 days of incubation time, the results of GC-MS analysis showed that bacteria and bacterial consortium are capable of overhauling the remaining hydrocarbon compounds that polluted the soil in the area of PT Krakatau Steel Cilegon Banten."

"Chromium sulphate Cr(III) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) widely used as tanning and biocide respectively in leather preparation are highly toxic and recalcitrant. Biosorption of chromium by Aspergillus niger FIST1 was evaluated, and process parameters were optimized in presence of carbon, nitrogen, carbon:nitrogen, pH, temperature, different concentration of chromium. The potency of Acinetobacter sp.IST3 for degradation of pentachlorophenol was determined by HPLC after formation of tetrachlrohydroquinone and chlrorohydroquinone. Bioremediation of chromium and PCP were tested in bioreactors in sequential way where bacterium treated effluent subsequently treated by fungus showed reduction of chromium (82%) and PCP (85%) after 120 hrs. Biosorption of chromium was determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Recovery of chromium in tannery effluent was initially obtained by CaO:MgO (2:1) and pH adjusted to 7.0-7.6, and chromium absorbed by fungus and bacteria, was further used for tanning of the leather. Results of the study indicated that quality of the leather prepared by absorbed chromium of fungus and bacteria was better than chromium recovered by CaO:MgO determined by SEM. In view of above results ‘tanning cake’ was prepared which is better substitute of raw chromium used for tanning in leather mills."

"There is an information how to identify hydrocarbon degrading bacteria for bioremediation of marine oil spill. We have Bioremediation treatment for degradation of oil spill on Pari island and need two kind of experiment there are tanks experiment (sampling 0 to 90 days) and semi enclosed system (sampling 0 to 150 days). Biostimulation with nutrients (N and P) was done to analyze biodegradation of hydrocarbon compounds. Experiment design using fertilizer Super IB and Linstar will stimulate bacteria can degrade oil, n-alkane, and alkane as poly aromatic hydrocarbon. The bacteria communities were monitored and analyzed by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) and Clone Library; oil chemistry was analyzed by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS). DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) was extracted from colonies of bacteria and sequence determination of the 16S rDNA was amplified by primers U515f and U1492r. Strains had been sequence and had similarity about 90-99% to their closest taxa by homology Blast search and few of them suspected as new species. The results showed that fertilizers gave a significant effect on alkane, PAH and oil degradation in tanks experiment but not in the field test. Dominant of the specific bacteria on this experiment were Alcanivorax, Marinobacter and Prosthecochloris."

"Bioremediasi merupakan upaya untuk menghilangkan zat kontaminan dari lingkungan menggunakan bantuan makhluk hidup. Azolla sp. merupakan tumbuhan paku air yang memiliki kemampuan bioremediasi karena memiliki kemampuan produksi biomassa yang cepat dan ketahanan terhadap zat kontaminan. Air limbah laundry adalah air yang dibuang setelah digunakan untuk mencuci pakaian. Penelitian uji kemampuan Azolla sp. sebagai agen bioremediasi air limbah laundry bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengurangan konsentrasi fosfat, nitrat, TSS, dan COD pada air limbah laundry. Penelitian dilakukan selama 21 hari dengan perlakuan air limbah laundry, yaitu 20% (P1), 40% (P2), 60% (P3), 80% (P4) dan 100% (P5) air limbah laundry. Masing-masing perlakuan dilakukan dalam empat kali ulangan. Analisis statistik menggunakan uji non-parametrik korelasi Spearman untuk mengetahui korrlasi antara biomassa basah Azolla sp. dengan perubahan konsentrasi fosfat, nitrat dan TSS pada air limbah laundry. Hasil yang diperoleh dari penelitian adalah biomassa tertinggi terdapat pada perlakuan P1 pada waktu tanam T14. Persen efisiensi pengurangan konsentrasi fosfat, nitrat dan TSS tertinggi pada waktu tanam T7—T14 terjadi pada perlakuan P3, P4 dan P1 sebanyak 72%, 77% dan 33% berturut-turut. Persen efisiensi pengurangan konsentrasi COD tertinggi pada perlakuan P5 waktu tanam T21 sebanyak 45%. Persen efisiensi pengurangan kadar fosfat, nitrat, dan TSS tertinggi terdapat pada minggu kedua (T7—T14) percobaan. Penelitian ini menunjukkan titik jenuh Azolla sp. dalam menolerir kontaminan fosfat dan TSS adalah 14 hari, sedangkan nitrat dan COD adalah 21 hari. Nilai korelasi antara biomassa basah Azolla sp. dengan perubahan konsentrasi kontaminan air limbah laundry beragam.

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Bioremediation is an effort to remove contaminants from the environment using the help of living things. Azolla sp. is a water fern that has bioremediation ability because it has the ability to produce fast biomass and is resistant to contaminants. Laundry wastewater is water that is discharged after being used to wash clothes. Research on the ability test of Azolla sp. as a laundry wastewater bioremediation agent aims to analyze the reduction in the concentration of phosphate, nitrate, TSS, and COD in laundry wastewater. The study was conducted for 21 days with laundry wastewater treatment, namely 20% (P1), 40% (P2), 60% (P3), 80% (P4) and 100% (P5) laundry wastewater. Each treatment was carried out in four replications. Statistical analysis using non-parametric Spearman correlation test to determine the correlation between wet biomass of Azolla sp. with changes in the concentration of phosphate, nitrate and TSS in laundry wastewater. The results obtained from the study were that the highest biomass was found in the P1 treatment at T14 planting time. The highest percentage reduction efficiency of phosphate, nitrate and TSS concentrations at planting time T7-T14 occurred in treatments P3, P4 and P1 as much as 72%, 77% and 33%, respectively. The highest percentage of COD concentration reduction efficiency in P5 treatment at T21 planting time was 45%. The highest percentage of phosphate, nitrate, and TSS reduction efficiency was found in the second week (T7-T14) of the experiment. This study shows the saturation point of Azolla sp. in tolerating phosphate and TSS contaminants is 14 days, while nitrate and COD are 21 days. The correlation value between the wet biomass of Azolla sp. with changes in the concentration of laundry wastewater contaminants varies."