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"Dalam tesis ini, penulis melakukan analisis penggunaan instrument keuangan dan transaksi hybrid sebagai bagian dari strategi pembiayaan lintas negara dan perlakuan perpajakan yang mempengaruhinya. Dengan semakin meningkatnya globalisasi arus modal perkembangan produk-produk keuangan dan pilihan lokasi sebagai sumber pembiayaan, perusahaan dapat melakukan serangkaian transaksi dan penerbitan instrument hybrid lintas negara yang menimbulkan perlakuan perpajakan yang berbeda antar negara tetkait karakter, saat dan sumber penghasilan yang pada akhimya memunculkan timbulnya pengenaan pajak berganda dan tidak adanya pemajakan di kedua negara. Kondisi tersebut juga memberikan kesempatan bagi Wajib Pajak untuk melakukan cross-border tax arbitrage sebagai bentuk perencanaan pajak intenasional untuk memanfaatkan perbedaan perlakuan perpajakan antara negara. Kami menyimpulkan bahwa dengan tidak adanya General Anti Avoidance Rules (GAAR) dan fukus puda Specific Anti Avoidance Rules (SAAR) di Indonesia, Wajib Pajak dapat menyusun struktur instrumen keuangan dan transaksi hybrid dengan pihak-pihak yang memiliki hubungan istimewa ataupun tidak untuk tujuan semata-mata meminimalkan pembayaran pajak di lndonesia. Thin capitalization rule dan Controlled Foreign Corporation Rule tidak akan mencapai tujuan yang diharapkan terlcait dengan fleksibilitas transaksi dan instrumen keuangan hybrid. Akhirnya, kami menyarankan kepada Pemerintah Indonesia untuk mernmusbn definisi hutang dan ekuitas untuk tujuan pajak dan menerapkan GAAR baik secam eksplisit dalam rumusan undang-undang perpajakan domestik maupun dikembangkan olen pengadilan pajak dengan pendekatan perposlve interpretation dan tidak hanya mendasarkan pada SAAR untuk mencegah abusive tax planning.

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In this study, we analyze the use of hybrid financial instrument and hybrid transaction as part of cross border financing strategy and the taxation treatment which influences on such instruments or transactions. With regard to the increasing globalization the capitaJ flow. the development or financing products and the choice of location as the financing center, companies can conduct series of transaction and issue financial instruments that pose different tax treatment among countries due to the type or character, time and source of income. The differences can create double taxation and double non taxation fur hybrid cross border financing and transaction. Such conditions also enable the tax payers to have opportunity in conducting cross-border tax arbitrage as international tax planning to take the advantage of differences in income tax rules between countries. We conclude that the absence of General Anti Avoidance Rules (GAAR) and focus on Specific Anti Avoidance Rules (SAAR) in Indonesia, taxpayers can structure their transactions whether with related parties or not solely to minimize tax liability through hybrid cross border financing. Thin capitalization rule and Controlled Foreign Corporation Rule may not achieve their intended objectives due to flexibility of hybrid financial instrument and hybrid transactions. To counter tax planning that leads to unacceptable loss of tax revenue or abusive tax planning through cross border hybrid financing, we propose to Government of Indonesia to develop the debt and equity provision and to implement GAAR whether in statutory rule under Income Tax Acts or Tax Court to implement Judicial Anti Avoidance Doctrine with purposive interpretation and not only rely on SAAR to prevent the abusive tax planning."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah penggunaan instrumen keuangan hybrid dapat dianggap sebagai bentuk penghindaran pajak di Indonesia, apakah ketentuan perpajakan Indonesia telah mengatur, mengetahui apakah tax treaty Indonesia dengan Belanda dan India telah mampu digunakan untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan dari penggunaan transaksi hybrid dalam cross border financing serta untuk mengetahui ketentuan penghindaran pajak yang saat ini dirumuskan oleh DJP apakah secara efektif mampu mencegah penggunaan transaksi hybrid sebagai abusive tax planning. Berdasarkan analisis yang dilakukan disimpulkan bahwa Indonesia belum memiliki ketentuan pencegahan penghindaran pajak baik secara khusus maupun umum yang dapat menangkal praktik penghindaran pajak atas instrumen keuangan hybrid. Ketentuan perpajakan Indonesia juga tidak secara spesifik mengatur perbedaan utang dan modal. Dengan tidak adanya peraturan yang dapat digunakan sebagai batasan antara utang dan modal menjadi kendala bagi kepastian hukum untuk menjustifikasi kewenangan otoritas pajak untuk merekarakterisasi instrumen hybrid. Rumusan dalam tax treaty Indonesia dengan India dan Belanda terkait definisi dividen dan bunga tidak dapat mengatasi masalah reklasifikasi karena masih memungkinkan terjadinya perbedaan interpretasi atas pengklasifikasian instrumen hybrid. Pencegahan penghindaran pajak atas instrumen hybrid membutuhkan harmonisasi kebijakan antarnegara sehingga jika ketentuan penghindaran Indonesia hanya diformulasikan dalam skala domestik maka efek negatif penggunaan instrumen keuangan hybrid masih tetap muncul.

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ABSTRACTThis study aims to determine whether the use of hybrid financial instruments can be regarded as a form of tax avoidance in Indonesia, whether Indonesian tax regulations have regulate, determine whether Indonesian tax treaty with the Netherlands and India have been able to be used to solve the problems of the usage of hybrid transactions in cross-border financing and to determine the tax avoidance provisions that are currently defined by the DJP is effectively able to prevent the use of hybrid transactions as an abusive tax planning. Based on the analysis, it is concluded that Indonesia does not have a provision of tax avoidance prevention either specifically or generally to counteract tax avoidance practices on hybrid financial instruments. Indonesian tax regulations do not specifically regulate the differences in debt and equity. The absence of rules that can be used as the boundary between debt and equity becomes an obstacle for the rule of law to justify the authority of tax authorities to re-characterise the hybrid instruments. Formulation in Indonesian tax treaty with India and the Netherlands in the definition of dividends and interest can not solve the problem because it still allows the reclassification of the different interpretations of the hybrid instruments classification. Prevention of tax avoidance on hybrid instruments requires a state of harmonisation on policies between countries so that if Indonesia simply formulated tax avoidance provisions in the domestic scale, the negative effects of the usage of hybrid financial instrument will still persist."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui adanya value relevance atas pengakuan pajak tangguhan serta menghubungkannya dengan kualitas audit dan perubahan ketentuan tarif pajak. Pengujian dilakukan pada perusahaan sektor manufaktur dan menggunakan metode data panel. Model yang digunakan berasal dari model Feltham dan Ohlson (1995). Hasil menunjukkan bahwa aset pajak tangguhan memiliki value relevance dan kualitas audit yang diukur dengan ukuran KAP dan auditor tenure meningkatkan value relevance atas aset pajak tangguhan. Adapun value relevance atas aset pajak tangguhan berbeda antara sebelum dan sesudah perubahan ketentuan tarif pajak. Sementara liabilitas pajak tangguhan tidak memiliki value relevance.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the value relevance of recognition of deferred tax and relate it with audit quality and changes in tax rates. The tests conducted to the manufacturing sector company and using panel data methods. The model is derived from the model of Feltham and Ohlson (1995).

Results indicate that the deferred tax assets have value relevance and audit quality as measured by auditor size and auditor tenure increases the value relevance of deferred tax assets. As for the value relevance of deferred tax assets is different between before and after the changes in tax rates. While deferred tax liabilities are not have value relevance."

"The role of taxpayers permitted to maintain their book keeping in US $ currency to government's revenue are increasing therefore such discriminatory policy needs a serious study to ensure the fairness and certainty in implementation. Minister of Finance Decree Number 533 Year 2000 specifying five types of business which are allowed to maintain the book keeping in US $ without a criterion as standardized in financial accounting standard (FAS), as a result arising issue in the effort of taxing foreign exchange difference. Accounting standard sees the non functional currency as a foreign currency. All monetary items and all transactions are denominated in foreign currency generate the foreign exchange difference. Prevailing implementation rules designed to rule the Rupiah book keeping which will become inequitable judicially if applied to the US $ books taxpayer. This thesis is addressed to analyze the foreign exchange difference treatment to the company permitted to maintain their bookkeeping in US $, base on license's granting criteria, exchange rate and foreign exchange rate difference, foreign exchange treatment in prevailing regulations, exchange rates and financial report items translation, and the improvement proposal to make the foreign exchange taxing will be in line with the basic law principles.

US $ bookkeeping is designed to respond the globalization demand and to provide the conducive climate of investments. Accountancy is an element of tax administration in providing information about tax object. Accounting information is expressed in monetary unit is so-called as an accounting currency. Accounting currency is functional currency, currency considered as non-functional be foreign currency. Exchange rates fluctuation is generating foreign exchange difference. Restatement of foreign currencies balance and transactions denominated in foreign currency within two different points of time will generate foreign exchange losses/gains which ultimately affecting the tax liability. S-H-S income concept assumes the foreign exchange rate difference as a part of capital gains or capital losses, which should be taxed or deducted at the realization date.

Type of research for this thesis has the character of analytical-descriptive. Data collecting conducted with research of documents and research of field. Research of documents conducted with research of bibliography and research of field. Research of bibliography cover research of literatures, expert's opinions, relevant taxation rules and financial data of PT X. Field research conducted by holding an interview with interested parties to the foreign exchange difference taxation case which studied-in is PT X case as according to Code of Foreign Capital.

The principle of book keeping rule in the law of General Provision and Taxation Procedure (referred as "KUP Law") mention that unless otherwise stipulated by tax laws, the book keeping must be executed by means or systems normally uses in Indonesia, like on the basis of Financial Accountancy Standards (FAS). The KUP Law gives authority to Minister of Finance to define the taxpayer which may allow to maintain book keeping in US $ without accompanied by criterion, therefore MOF has his own discretion to issue further book keeping rules which might possibly oppose the basic principles of basic rules. Every transaction carries out in the non US S currency will yield the foreign exchange difference. A foreign exchange gain is subject to tax and a foreign exchange loss will be deductible from the gross income. Prevailing implementation rules related to the foreign exchange difference do not itemize particular financial report post able to be translated by historical exchange rate and balance, which translated with current exchange rate. The tax authority's treatment and tax court's decision on the PT X case was derived from Gunadi's opinion in his book that there is no foreign exchange loss from the tax payables or receivables accounts since the taxes receivables/ payables account should be translated by historical exchange rate. From accounting point of view, the Gunadi's method of translation is a temporal method with dual transactions perspective which nor FAS neither prevailing tax laws does not adopted. FAS adopts the monetary and non monetary translation method as an accepted standard to report all foreign currency transactions.

It is recommended that the licensed taxpayer to apply the US $ book keeping has to rely on certain criteria in line with the other article within the same provision. The implementation provisions of forcij exchange difference need to update by inserting the detail of foreign exchange loss derived from which items allow as deduction and the detail of foreign exchange gain derived from which items treats as the income tax object."