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"Harimau sumatra merupakan salah satu spesies endemik Indonesia yang keberadaannya terancam punah (critically endangered) menurut IUCN sehingga diperlukan upaya konservasi. Konservasi harimau sumatra dilakukan Taman Margasatwa Ragunan (TMR) beserta IUCN melalui program GSMP (Global Species Management Plan) yang dilakukan secara collaborative breeding. Collaborative breeding dilakukan dengan memasangkan betina asal TMR dengan jantan hasil pertukaran dengan Medan Zoo untuk mencegah inbreeding. Pemasangan harimau harus melalui proses introduksi dan interaksi keduanya perlu diamati. Oleh karena itu, penelitian dilakukan terhadap pasangan harimau sumatra untuk menganalisis perilaku sosial yang terjadi antara harimau sumatra jantan dan betina yang mungkin mengarah ke perilaku reproduksi. Metode scan sampling dan ad libitum digunakan dalam penelitian selama tiga jam perhari dengan total pengulangan sebanyak 23 kali dari Januari hingga Maret 2024. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan mengamati perilaku sosial dan reproduksi harimau sumatra jantan dan betina di kandang dalam Zona Harimau 1 Taman Margasatwa Ragunan. Hasil dari penelitian ini didominasi oleh perilaku sosial berupa perilaku saling mendekati (♀ 26,29%; ♂ 21,58%). Perilaku chuffing, head rubbing dan sniffing lebih sering dilakukan kedua harimau sumatra dibandingkan dengan perilaku growl dan aggression. Jantan dan betina juga melakukan perilaku reproduksi, yaitu flehmen, sedangkan mating call dan sniffing genitalia hanya dilakukan oleh jantan. Penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya perilaku sosial harimau sumatra yang mengarah pada perilaku reproduksi, yaitu perilaku chuffing, head rubbing, body rubbing, flehmen dan sniffing genitalia.

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The sumatran tiger is one of Indonesia's endemic species that is critically endangered according to the IUCN so that conservation efforts are needed. Sumatran tiger conservation is carried out by Ragunan Zoo (TMR) and IUCN through the GSMP (Global Species Management Plan) by doing collaborative breeding. Collaborative breeding is done by pairing female from TMR with male from Medan Zoo to prevent inbreeding. The pairing of tigers must go through an introduction process and their interactions need to be observed. Therefore, research was conducted on pairs of sumatran tigers to analyze the social behaviors that occurs between male and female sumatran tigers that may lead to reproductive behavior. Scan sampling and ad libitum methods were used in the study for three hours per day with a total of 23 repetitions from January to March 2024. Data were collected by observing the social and reproductive behavior of male and female sumatran tigers in sleeping cages, Tiger Zone 1 of Ragunan Zoo. The results of this study were dominated by social behavior in the form of approaching behavior (♀ 26,29%; ♂ 21,58%). Chuffing, head rubbing and sniffing behaviors were more often performed by both sumatran tigers compared to growl and aggression behaviors. Male and female sumatran tigers also perform reproductive behaviors, such as flehmen, while mating calls and genitalia sniffing are only done by male. This study shows the existence of social behavior of sumatran tigers that lead to reproductive behavior, such as chuffing, head rubbing, body rubbing, flehmen and sniffing genitalia."

"Badak sumatera (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) adalah spesies endemik Indonesia yang terancam kritis (critically endangered) yang tersebar di Taman Nasional Way Kambas, Taman Nasional Bukit Barisan Selatan, dan Taman Nasional Gunung Leuser. Perilaku badak sumatera yang soliter dan elusif menyebabkan pemantauan populasi sulit dilakukan. Environmental DNA (eDNA) dapat digunakan untuk melakukan monitoring spesies langka dan elusif dikarenakan kemampuannya untuk mendeteksi keberadaan spesies tanpa melihat spesies tersebut secara langsung. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menganalisis eDNA badak sumatera dari sampel air pada kubangan aktif dan nonaktif di Kawasan Taman Nasional Way Kambas menggunakan primer yang didesain spesifik spesies dan qPCR serta melihat pengaruh faktor lingkungan dan waktu terhadap eDNA sampel air. Hasil menunjukkan primer yang didesain dapat mendeteksi DNA badak sumatera secara spesies spesifik. Analisis qPCR menunjukkan DNA badak sumatera dapat dideteksi di 83,78% sampel air, yaitu pada 11 titik kubangan aktif dan 20 titik kubangan nonaktif. Faktor lingkungan dan waktu juga teramati tidak berpengaruh kepada konsentrasi DNA. Akan tetapi, sampel air kubangan dapat digunakan untuk mendeteksi keberadaan eDNA badak sumatera dengan primer spesies spesifik yang didesain dan analisis qPCR.

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The Sumatran rhino (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) is a critically endangered species endemic to Indonesia. The sumatran rhinoceros can only be found on the island of Sumatra spread across Way Kambas National Park, Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, and Gunung Leuser National Park. The solitary and elusive nature of the sumatran rhino makes monitoring this species difficult. Environmental DNA (eDNA) is considered a tool that can be used to monitor rare and elusive species because of its ability to detect the presence of species without the need to encounter the species directly. This study analyzes sumatran rhino eDNA from water samples in active and inactive wallows in the Way Kambas National Park using qPCR with species specific primer and to see the effect of environmental factors and time on the eDNA of water samples. The results obtained showed that the designed primers are species-specific to sumatran rhinoceros DNA. qPCR analysis showed that sumatran rhino DNA could be detected in 83.78% of the water samples, namely at 11 active wallow points and 20 inactive wallow points. Environmental factors and time were aso observed to have no effect on DNA concentration. Nevertheless, water from wallow can be use to detect sumatran rhino’s eDNA with species specific primer and using qPCR."

"Harimau sumatra menurut IUCN merupakan hewan dengan status terancam punah (Critically endangered), sehingga untuk mencegah dari kepunahan, dibutuhkan peningkatan populasi. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengamati dan menganalisis perilaku sosial dari harimau sumatra jantan dan betina yang mengarah pada perilaku reproduksi. Pengambilan data diambil menggunakan metode focal sampling dan ad libitum. Dilakukan selama tiga jam per hari dan interval lima menit dengan ulangan 18 hari, mulai dari April hingga Mei 2023. Subjek penelitan adalah harimau sumatra jantan dan betina di Taman Margasatwa Ragunan. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan melihat perilaku sosial yang mengarah ke perilaku reproduksi pada harimau sumatra. Pengamatan dilakukan pada kandang tidur dengan adanya pemisah antara harimau sumatra jantan dan betina. Hasil yang di dapat dari penelitian ini adalah adanya perbedaan perilaku sosial pada kedua harimau sumatra. Perbedaan perilaku meliputi interaksi jantan mendekati betina (11,61±7,32), betina mendekati jantan (1±0), vokalisasi (102,6±35,59), menggeram (136,72±84,16), dan sifat agresif (27,08±20,78). Terdapat korelasi suhu dan kelembaban terhadap salah satu perilaku sosial harimau sumatra betina (Sig. (2-tailed) < 0,05) yaitu perilaku interaksi betina terhadap jantan (Sig. (2-tailed) = 0,044). Harimau sumatra jantan dan betina menunjukkan perilaku sosial seperti, adanya interaksi, vokalisasi, dan agresivitas, namun tidak di dapat perilaku sosial yang mengarah kepada perilaku reproduksi.

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IUCN has declared that Sumatran tiger has a status of critically endanger species and so to prevent it from extinction the raise of population is needed. This study aims to observed and analyze the social behavior of male and female sumatran tiger. This study also aims to observe if the social behavior will lead to reproductive behavior. The observation method use in this study is focal sampling, with addition of adlibitum. Data was collected by observing the social behavior that lead to reproductive behavior of sumatran tiger for 3 hours and five minute interval per day with 18 repetitions, starting from April to May 2023. The research subject were male sumatran tiger and female sumatran tiger in Taman Margasatwa Ragunan. Observation were carried out in sleeping cages with a separation between male and female tiger. The result of this study were that there are differences of social behavior between male and female tiger including, male approach it’s conspecies (11,61±7,32), female approach it’s conspecies (1±0), vocalization (102,6±35,59, growling (136,72±84,16), and aggressive behavior (27,08±20,78). There is a correlation between temperature and humidity on one of the female sumatran tiger’s social behavior (Sig. (2-tailed) < 0,05) on female approach it’s conspecies (Sig. (2- tailed) = 0,044). Both male and female sumatran tiger shown social behavior including, interaction between each other, vocalization, and aggressive behavior but no social behavior that lead to reproductive behavior."

"Indonesia dikenal sebagai salah satu negara yang memiliki keanekaragaman hayati terbesar di dunia. Namun Indonesia juga merupakan salah satu negara yang mempunyai laju kepunahan satwa yang cukup tinggi. Skripsi ini membahas mengenai pelaksanaan pelestarian dan perlindungan Harimau Sumatera yang sudah dalam kondisi kritis menurut IUCN. Dalam melakukan penelitian, penulis menggunakan metode penelitian kepustakaan yang bersifat yuridis-normatif dan tipologi bersifat deskriptif. Permasalahan dalam skripsi ini adalah tingginya tingkat perburuan dan perdagangan Sumatera sebagai satwa yang dilindungi. Kesimpulan atas permasalahan tersebut adalah masih kurangnya kesadaran masyarakat dan penegak hukum akan pentingnya perlindungan terhadap satwa dan lemahnya penegakan hukum.

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Indonesia is known as one of many countries which has the biggest biodiversity in the world, but also have quite high species extinction rate. This thesis discusses the implementation of conservation and protection of Sumatran Tiger which included in Critically Endangered according to IUCN.

In conducting this thesis, the writer uses juridicial-normative library research methods and descriptive typology. The problem of this thesis is high level of poaching and trade of Sumatran Tiger as a protected animal. And conclusion of this thesis is a lack of public awareness and law enforcement."

"Badak sumatera (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) merupakan salah satu mamalia yang terancam kritis menurut IUCN. Upaya pelestarian spesies langka tersebut dapat dilakukan dengan kegiatan pemantauan populasi. Akan tetapi, perilaku yang elusif dan soliter menyebabkan pemantauan konvensional menjadi kurang efektif. Metode pemantauan menggunakan environmental DNA dari sampel sedimen kubangan memungkinkan untuk digunakan sebagai metode noninvasif. Penelitian bertujuan untuk merancang primer yang spesifik bagi cytochrome b (cytb) badak sumatera, menganalisis eDNA dari sedimen kubangan badak menggunakan teknik qPCR, serta menganalisis pengaruh waktu dan faktor lingkungan (suhu, pH, sinar UV, dan turbiditas) terhadap konsentrasi DNA pada kubangan aktif dan nonaktif. Pengujian primer spesifik dilakukan dengan mengamplifikasi eDNA dari 44 sampel sedimen pada kubangan aktif dan nonaktif di Taman Nasional Way Kambas (TNWK). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan primer eDS mampu mengamplifikasi 150 pb cytb secara spesifik. Hasil qPCR juga mampu mendeteksi 54,54% sampel eDNA dari kubangan aktif dan nonaktif. Faktor waktu dan lingkungan juga tidak berhubungan atau berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap variasi konsentrasi DNA badak sumatera. Akan tetapi, sedimen kubangan dapat digunakan sebagai sampel noninvasif dalam pemantauan populasi badak di alam meskipun perlu dilakukan optimasi lebih lanjut.

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Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) is a critically endangered mammal according to IUCN. Efforts to preserve this endangered species could be conducted by monitoring the population. However, its elusive and solitary behaviour makes conventional monitoring less effective. The monitoring effort using environmental DNA from sedimentary wallow samples should be considered as noninvasive method. Aims of this study were to design specific primers for sumatran rhino’s cytochrome b (cytb), analyze eDNA from sumatran rhino’s sedimentary wallows using qPCR technique, and analyze time and environmental factors’ (temperature, pH, UV light, and turbidity) effect on DNA concentrations in both active and inactive wallows. The specificity of primers was applied by amplifying eDNA from 44 sediment samples in active and inactive wallows in WKNP. The results showed that eDS primers were able to specifically amplify 150 bp of cytb. The qPCR results were also able to detect 54.54% of eDNA samples from active and inactive wallows. External factors (time and environmental factors) were also not related or had significant effects on DNA concentrations. However, wallow sediment can be used as a noninvasive sample in monitoring rhino populations in the wild, although further optimization is needed."

"In Medan, the shop-house (ruko) buildings are generally not engineered-designed property andconstructed in bad supervision; hence it has big risk to dynamic loads like earthquake. The low frequencyand long duration of earthquake vibrations were felt frequently in Medan due to earthquakes in Sumatrasubduction zones. Moreover, some houses and hotels have been cracked caused the tremor from Niasearthquake in 2005. Therefore, a number of samples of fresh concrete, either ready-mix or mixedmanually, and the stick of steel reinforcement are taken from ruko construction site and tested in the tab.The results of the material compression and tensile testing are used as material properties of ruko model.The ruko model consists of 2, 3, and 4 stories and l, 2, and 3 bays. The inelastic analysis of reinforcedconcrete structures are then applied by using IDARC2D program and employed synthetic ground motionforces from Nias subduction earthquake scenarios. The result shows that mast of ruko buildingsexperiencing cracks extensively even some of them show a high damage level with very low performanceand beyond repair."