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"This paper presents mineral potential with the country's geological evolution where in many cases resulted in favorable conditions for the formation of mineral resources. It also describes the present set up and activities of mineral sector, the latest regulation to attract foreign capital and to create favorable investment climate are also discussed."

"Penelitian ini membahas mengenai kepastian hukum penanaman modal asing di Indonesia kemudian membandingkan Undang-Undang Penanaman Modal di Indonesia dan Vietnam. Pokok permasalahan yang diangkat dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana kepastian hukum penanaman modal asing di Indonesia serta bagaimana perbandingan undang-undang penanaman modal di Indonesia dan Vietnam. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui, memahami dan menganalisi masalah kepastian hukum Penanaman Modal Asing di Indonesia, dan perbandingan Undang-Undang Penanaman Modal antara Indonesia dan Vietnam. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum yang bersifat yuridis normatif dengan menggunakan data sekunder diantaranya peraturan perundang-undangan dan buku-buku.Penanaman Modal Asing memberi manfaat dan dampak yang positif untuk pertumbuhan ekonomi suatu negara, begitu juga untuk Indonesia dan Vietnam yang masih dianggap sebagai destinasi investasi Asia dan dunia. Banyak faktor yang menjadi bahan pertimbangan bagi penanam modal untuk menanamkan modalnya pada suatu negara, salah satunya adalah jaminan kepastian hukum. Masalah kepastian hukum seringkali menjadi penghambat masuknya investasi, khususnya di Indonesia karena ketidakpastian hukum menyebabkan iklim investasi menjadi tidak kondusif. Penelitian ini membandingkan Undang-Undang Penanaman Modal antara Indonesia dan Vietnam, kemudian menemukan beberapa persamaan dan perbedaan didalamnya. Undang-Undang Penanaman Modal harus bisa mengakomodir kepentingan penanam modal asing dengan memberi kepastian hukum, diikuti dengan penegakan hukum, tanpa mengurangi kepentingan nasion.

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This research examines the legal certainty of foreign investment in Indonesia and subsequently compares the investment laws between Indonesia and Vietnam. The principal issue raised in this research is about the legal certainty of foreign investment in Indonesia as well as how the Indonesian laws of investment are compared to the laws of investment in Vietnam. As for the purpose of this research is to discover, comprehend and analyze the legal certainty problem of Foreign Investment in Indonesia, and the comparison of Investment Laws between Indonesia and Vietnam. This research is a legal research which is juridical normative using secondary data such as legislation and books.

Foreign investment gives benefits and impact which are positive for economic growth of a country, as well as to Indonesia and Vietnam which are still regarded as the investment destination in Asia and in the world. There are many factors taken into consideration for investors to invest in a country, one of them is legal certainty assurance. Legal certainty problem often obstructs the entry of investment, especially in Indonesia because the legal uncertainty made it inconducive for investment. This research attempts to compare the laws of investment between Indonesia and Vietnam, and subsequently locate the similarities and differences between them. Investment laws should be able to accommodate the interests of foreign investors by providing legal certainty, followed by law enforcement, without jeopardizing national interest."

"Pembicaraan mengenai adaptasi terhadap perubahan iklim biasanya membicarakan mengenai teknologi saja atau kebijakan saja. Pembahasannya juga lebih banyak membahas mengenai sektor transportasi dan sektor industri. Ketika membicarakan sektor agrikultur juga lebih berfokus mengenai peternakan yang memang menghasilkan emisi gas rumah kaca yang banyak. Selain peternakan, aktivitas agrikultur yang menghasilkan emisi gas rumah kaca yang cukup besar adalah budidaya padi. Dalam kasus Vietnam, budidaya padi menghasilkan gas rumah kaca yang lebih besar dari sektor transportasi. Namun, budidaya padi juga sangat terganggu oleh perubahan iklim. Sementara budidaya padi banyak dilakukan di negara berkembang seperti Vietnam, Thailand, dan Indonesia yang belum tentu memiliki sumber daya yang memadai dalam menghadapi perubahan iklim. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini akan membandingkan bagaimana ketiga negara merespons isu perubahan iklim berdasarkan studi kasus kebijakan terkait tanaman padi. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori modernisasi ekologis yang melihat solusi dalam menghadapi isu perubahan iklim dengan inovasi teknologi yang lebih ramah lingkungan dan kebijakan pemerintah. Kebijakan yang mendorong agar masyarakat dan pihak swasta berpartisipasi dalam pencegahan perubahan iklim. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa setiap negara memiliki orientasi yang berbeda-beda sehingga menghasilkan pengimplementasian kebijakan dan teknologi yang berbeda-beda sesuai dengan konteks dan sejarah setiap negara. Sejarah yang dimaksud adalah sejarah budidaya padi di suatu negara. Sementara itu, konteks setiap negara yang dimaksud adalah konteks seperti permasalahan yang dihadapi, orientasi petani dalam budidaya padi di suatu negara, serta peran suatu negara di pasar internasional.

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The discussion about climate change adaptation usually focuses on technology or policies. It also predominantly addresses the transportation and industrial sectors. When discussing the agricultural sector, the emphasis is often on livestock farming, which indeed generates significant greenhouse gas emissions. Apart from livestock, another significant emitter in agricultural activities is rice cultivation. In the case of Vietnam, rice cultivation produces a greater amount of greenhouse gases compared to the transportation sector. However, rice cultivation is highly vulnerable to climate change. While rice cultivation is prevalent in developing countries such as Vietnam, Thailand, and Indonesia, these countries may not necessarily have sufficient resources to cope with climate change. Therefore, this study will compare how these three countries respond to the issue of climate change based on case studies of policies related to rice cultivation. The research employs the theory of ecological modernization, which seeks solutions to climate change issues through environmentally friendly technological innovations and government policies. Policies that encourage public and private sector participation in climate change prevention are also considered. The study finds that each country has a different orientation, leading to the implementation of diverse policies and technologies according to the context and history of each nation. The mentioned history refers to the history of rice cultivation in a specific country. Meanwhile, the context of each country includes factors such as the challenges faced by a country, the orientation of farmers in rice cultivation, and the role of a country in the international market."

"Pembicaraan mengenai adaptasi terhadap perubahan iklim biasanya membicarakan mengenai teknologi saja atau kebijakan saja. Pembahasannya juga lebih banyak membahas mengenai sektor transportasi dan sektor industri. Ketika membicarakan sektor agrikultur juga lebih berfokus mengenai peternakan yang memang menghasilkan emisi gas rumah kaca yang banyak. Selain peternakan, aktivitas agrikultur yang menghasilkan emisi gas rumah kaca yang cukup besar adalah budidaya padi. Dalam kasus Vietnam, budidaya padi menghasilkan gas rumah kaca yang lebih besar dari sektor transportasi. Namun, budidaya padi juga sangat terganggu oleh perubahan iklim. Sementara budidaya padi banyak dilakukan di negara berkembang seperti Vietnam, Thailand, dan Indonesia yang belum tentu memiliki sumber daya yang memadai dalam menghadapi perubahan iklim. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini akan membandingkan bagaimana ketiga negara merespons isu perubahan iklim berdasarkan studi kasus kebijakan terkait tanaman padi. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori modernisasi ekologis yang melihat solusi dalam menghadapi isu perubahan iklim dengan inovasi teknologi yang lebih ramah lingkungan dan kebijakan pemerintah. Kebijakan yang mendorong agar masyarakat dan pihak swasta berpartisipasi dalam pencegahan perubahan iklim. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa setiap negara memiliki orientasi yang berbeda-beda sehingga menghasilkan pengimplementasian kebijakan dan teknologi yang berbeda-beda sesuai dengan konteks dan sejarah setiap negara. Sejarah yang dimaksud adalah sejarah budidaya padi di suatu negara. Sementara itu, konteks setiap negara yang dimaksud adalah konteks seperti permasalahan yang dihadapi, orientasi petani dalam budidaya padi di suatu negara, serta peran suatu negara di pasar internasional.

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The discussion about climate change adaptation usually focuses on technology or policies. It also predominantly addresses the transportation and industrial sectors. When discussing the agricultural sector, the emphasis is often on livestock farming, which indeed generates significant greenhouse gas emissions. Apart from livestock, another significant emitter in agricultural activities is rice cultivation. In the case of Vietnam, rice cultivation produces a greater amount of greenhouse gases compared to the transportation sector. However, rice cultivation is highly vulnerable to climate change. While rice cultivation is prevalent in developing countries such as Vietnam, Thailand, and Indonesia, these countries may not necessarily have sufficient resources to cope with climate change. Therefore, this study will compare how these three countries respond to the issue of climate change based on case studies of policies related to rice cultivation. The research employs the theory of ecological modernization, which seeks solutions to climate change issues through environmentally friendly technological innovations and government policies. Policies that encourage public and private sector participation in climate change prevention are also considered. The study finds that each country has a different orientation, leading to the implementation of diverse policies and technologies according to the context and history of each nation. The mentioned history refers to the history of rice cultivation in a specific country. Meanwhile, the context of each country includes factors such as the challenges faced by a country, the orientation of farmers in rice cultivation, and the role of a country in the international market."

"ABSTRAKForeign Investment is believed can accelerate economic growth especially Foreign DirectInvestment. FDI has benefit to host country among others in: - Improvement current balance due to capital inflow in foreign currency for initialactivities and export proceeds (if any). - Reduction of unemployment rate - Increasing economic activities due to more people has more income. - Bringing an international market access to local business. - Increasing demand for domestic sources when raw material for production is suppliedfrom local market. On the other hand it will cost host country in inter-alia: - Weakening current balance in the long run if profit repatriated is generated fromdomestic market. - Diminishing local business that similar to what FDI business activities.Survey of Foreign Direct Investment flow in 1998 states that Asia Pacific still a favorableplace. Growing areas such as Latin America, East Europe will become a thoughcompetitor to Asia Pacific. Most of them remain unchanged their investment value inAsia Pacific even some will expand their investment. It is believed could initiate a fastereconomic growth for Asia countries (see: UNCTAD & ICC survey 1998 & AsianDevelopment Outlook 1999 and ADO 2000). Indonesia is among Asia Pacific country, which currently needs FDI. Since 1980 thetrend shows a steadily increasing, but financial crisis started 1997 has totally change thetrend. Now everybody believed that FDI could help to restore and accelerate economicgrowth. From investor point of view, taxation in host country is part of their consideration beforearriving to invest or not decision. Tax is a direct deduction to cashflow generated andrepatriated to parent company. Return from their investment is partly depends on taxation. Suppose MNC can make thesanie level of profit from operation, a heavier tax burden in one country could alterinvestment place to another country, which offered a lesser tax burden. Tax burden in thiscase is consisting of Corporate or Enterprise Tax and Dividend Tax. Tax burden is heavily depends on tax rate applied and incentives offered related to thatrate. There are some criteria used before granting an incentive. Those criteria could bebecome an instrument to achieve fiscal policy target. 1f one country has a certain target ofunemployment rate, then labor-intensive FDI will get an incentive, because by attractingmore labor-intensive FDI then unemployment rate could be reduced. Another item in taxation considered, as the most important issue in cross-countryoperation is transfer pricing (see: Ernst & Young survey 1999). UnavailabilitY of transferpricing detail regulations and capable persons to implement those regulations could leadinvestment into a higher level uncertainty. There are opportunities to generate moreprofits from investment on one hand and threat to be treated unfairly -means additionalcharge to investment return-on the other hand. In brief, from investor point of view they need as low as possible tax rate or maximumtax incentives to minimize reduction to their return of investment, and a higher certaintyin transfer pricing regulations and practices due to their cross border operation.Indonesian taxation in said above points shows a condition that is not conducive to attractEDI. We only apply one rate for corporate and dividend tax. It makes tax burden sogeneral and applied to all kind of investment or business. There is no specific incentiveavailable to attract FD1. Indonesian tax rate is not the highest but having applied possibleincentive could be utilized, tax burden in Indonesia is the highest. It?s beóause there is noincentive to reduce tax burden. By doing this it seems that government of Indonesia willcollect as much as possible tax regardless multiplier effect of investment. Incentive givenwill reduce government revenue in the short-term, but in the long run along withincreasing economic activities, total revenue will be higher. China has estabLished a detail transfer pricing regulations and personnel. Thailand ispreparing those. Study says transfer pricing still occuffed in China. Indonesia has not yethad those and has a high tax rate. It will push investor to do transfer pricing due to a hightax rate that they try to avoid. Government will not collect an optimum tax becausetransfer pricing makes profit in host country minimum and corporate tax accordingly."