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"Usia dini merupakan masa emas tumbuh kembang anak yang sangat perlu diperhatikan, terutama oleh ibu sebagai orang tua. Salah satu aspek perkembangan yang dimaksud adalah perkembangan bicara dan bahasa anak. Oleh karena itu penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh gambaran tentang tingkat pengetahuan ibu tentang perkembangan bicara dan bahasa anak usia dini. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Responden penelitian ini berjumlah 106 orang dari wilayah RW 09 Kelurahan Tugu. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan adalah purposive sampling. Insrumen yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah kuesioner yang terdiri dari 43 pertanyaan seputar perkembangan bicara dan bahasa anak. Hasil analisis univariat menunjukkan bahwa sebanyak 67% responden (71 orang) memiliki tingkat pengetahuan yang tinggi tentang perkembangan bicara dan bahasa anak usia dini. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi masukan untuk penyusunan materi dalam pendidikan kesehatan tentang perkembangan bicara dan bahasa anak sehingga diharapkan kejadian gangguan bicara pada anak dapat diminimalkan dan dideteksi lebih dini.

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Early childhood is golden period for child development which need full attention, especially from mother as parents. One aspect of child development mentioned here is speak and language development. Because of that, this research is doing exploration mother?s knowledge about speak and language development of early childhood. There were 106 respondents participate this research from RW 09 Kelurahan Tugu. Sampling technique used was purposive sampling. Questionare with 43 questions about speak and language development of early childhood was used as instrument of this research. Result of univariat analys showed that 67% respondent has gained high level of knowledge about speak and language development of early childhood. The result of this research can be used as reference to arrange curriculum for health education programm about speak and language development of early childhood, so parents especially mother can detect the problem earlier and decrease amount of speak and language disorder."

"Latar Belakang: Gangguan kesehatan jiwa pada anak dan remaja dapat berdampak negatif pada perkembangan anak. Kesehatan mental pada bayi, sebagai masa awal kehidupan, sangat penting karena masa ini merupakan periode kritis untuk perkembangan otak dan perilaku. Salah satu yang dapat mempengaruhi perkembangan tersebut adalah depresi antenatal, namun penelitian mengenai topik ini di Indonesia masih terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengamati dampak dari gejala depresi antenatal terhadap perkembangan kognitif dan bahasa pada bayi.Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi kohort prospektif yang mengobservasi perkembangan kognitif dan bahasa bayi yang lahir dari ibu dengan gejala depresi antenatal. Data dikumpulkan dari ibu hamil dengan gejala depresi antenatal yang diskrining menggunakan instrumen Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), dan perkembangan bayi dipantau selama enam bulan pada tiga waktu pemantauan, yaitu 1 bulan, 3 bulan, dan 6 bulan setelah kelahiran menggunakan instrumen Capute Scales. Penelitian dilakukan di puskesmas wilayah Jakarta.Hasil: Pemantauan dilakukan pada 13 bayi yang lahir dari ibu dengan gejala depresi antenatal. Hasil pengukuran menunjukkan kecenderungan penurunan pada rerata skor Cognitive Adaptive Test (CAT), Clinical Linguistic and Auditory Milestone Scale (CLAMS), dan Frequently Seen Developmental Questionnaire (FSDQ). Analisis repeated measures menunjukkan penurunan tersebut signifikan pada rerata skor CLAMS (p=0,006). Perbandingan antar waktu pengukuran juga menunjukkan adanya beda rerata yang signifikan antara bulan ke-1 dan bulan ke-6 pada skor CLAMS (p=0,011).Simpulan: Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa depresi antenatal pada ibu dapat berdampak pada perkembangan kognitif dan bahasa bayi dalam 6 bulan pertama kehidupan, terutama pada perkembangan bahasa. Temuan ini menekankan pentingnya deteksi dini dan intervensi pada ibu hamil dengan gejala depresi untuk mencegah dampak negatif pada perkembangan otak bayi. Hasil penelitian ini juga diharapkan dapat berkontribusi untuk pengembangan program kesehatan mental perinatal dan bayi di Indonesia.

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Background: Mental health disorders in children and adolescents could negatively impact their development. Infant mental health is crucial as it represents a critical period for brain and behavioral development. One factor that can influence this development is antenatal depression, yet research on this topic in Indonesia is still limited. This study aims to observe the impact of antenatal depressive symptoms on the cognitive and language development of infants.

Methods: This study employed a prospective cohort design to observe the cognitive and language development of infants born to mothers with antenatal depressive symptoms. Data were collected from pregnant mothers screened for antenatal depressive symptoms using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Infant development was monitored over six months at three time points: 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after birth using the Capute Scales. The study was conducted at community health centers in Jakarta.

Results: The study monitored 13 infants born to mothers with antenatal depressive symptoms. The results indicated a decreasing trend in the mean scores of the Cognitive Adaptive Test (CAT), Clinical Linguistic and Auditory Milestone Scale (CLAMS), and Frequently Seen Developmental Questionnaire (FSDQ). Repeated measures analysis showed a significant decrease in the mean CLAMS score (p=0,006). Comparison between measurement times also showed a significant difference in mean CLAMS scores between the 1st and 6th month (p=0,011).

Conclusion: This study indicates that antenatal depression in mothers can impact the cognitive and language development of infants within the first six months of life, particularly in language development. These findings highlight the importance of early detection and intervention for pregnant mothers with depressive symptoms to prevent negative impacts on infant brain development. The results of this study are also expected to contribute to the development of perinatal and infant mental health programs in Indonesia."

"Perkembangan bahasa anak dipengaruhi oleh banyak faktor. Sekitar 5-8 anak usia prasekolah di Indonesia mengalami keterlambatan bicara. Anak pada usia yang sangat muda butuh stimulasi yang cukup agar dapat berkembang dengan optimal. Oleh sebab itu, jika anak dibiarkan lama menonton TV, kesempatan untuk mendapatkan stimulasi yang baik menjadi terhambat. Kurangnya stimulasi yang disebabkan oleh anak yang terlalu lama menonton TV, dapat berpengaruh terhadap perkembangan bahasa anak. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui hubungan lama menonton TV dan perkembangan bahasa anak pada anak usia 18 bulan sampai 3 tahun. Metode: Studi potong lintang digunakan pada studi ini dengan menggunakan data primer yang didapat melalui kuesoner. Adanya gangguan perkembangan bahasa anak ditentukan dengan menggunakan KPSP dan ELM Scale 2 Test. Hasil: Durasi lama menonton TV pada anak dengan perkembangan bahasa normal dan keterlambatan perkembangan bahasa dibandingkan dan didapat p value senilai 0,002 dan OR = 4,4 95 CI . Bahasa yang digunakan pada tayangan TV Indonesia atau Indonesia dan Inggris berpengaruh secara signifikan p = 0,004 . Tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan pada umur pertama anak menonton TV, pemakaian gadget, dan kepemilikan TV di dalam kamar. Kesimpulan: Studi ini menunjukkan terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara lama menonton TV dan perkembangan bahasa. Anak yang menonton TV lebih dari 4 jam sehari memiliki risiko 4 kali lebih tinggi mengalami keterlambatan bicara.

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Background: There are many factors that contribute to child language development. About 5 8 children in Indonesia experience delayed language. Children at young age are still learning to develop and need stimulation so that they can process it and learn from it. When children watch TV for a long time they get less stimulation. Less stimulation in this case may contribute to child language development.

Aim: To know if there is an association of intensity of watching TV and child language development.

Methods: This was a cross sectional study using primary data collected from questionnaires. The child language development was tested using KPSP and ELM Scale 2 Test.

Results: Duration of watching TV from both children with normal and delayed language development was measured. Result showed in p value of 0.002 and OR 4.4 95 CI . The language used in TV program Indonesian or both Indonesian and English also showed a significant data p 0.004 . Other variables such as gender, first age exposed to TV, the use of gadget and TV in bedroom had no significant association with child language development.

Conclusion: This study demonstrates that there is an association between intensity of watching TV and child language development. Children who watch TV exceeding 4 hours a day had four times higher risk to develop language delay."

"There is a high correlation between language impairment and a range of psychological disorders in children and adolescents. This book describes and discusses this relationship, its etiology and consequences for the child, and its treatment."

"Latar belakang: Identifikasi dan deteksi dini keterlambatan perkembangan anak sampai usia 3 tahun membutuhkan alat uji penapisan yang sahih dan andal serta mudah diaplikasikan orangtua. Kesahihan dan keandalan ASQ-3 belum teruji di Indonesia sehingga ASQ-3 belum digunakan secara luas sebagai alat uji penapisan perkembangan anak. Tujuan: Mengetahui kesahihan dan keandalan ASQ-3 bahasa Indonesia sebagai alat uji penapisan keterlambatan perkembangan anak usia 24-36 bulan. Metode: Penelitian potong lintang ini dibagi menjadi 2 tahap. Tahap pertama yaitu adaptasi transkultural, modifikasi dan tranlasi kuesioner ASQ-3 versi orginal ke bahasa Indonesia. Tahap kedua, kuesioner bahasa Indonesia yang sudah final, diuji ke 30 subyek dari 5 kelompok umur (24,27,30,33,36 bulan). Uji kesahihan dengan menggunakan koefisien korelasi, uji keandalan dengan konsistensi internal dan keandalan inter-rater. Hasil: Uji kesahihan dengan koefisien korelasi kuat di domain komunikasi usia 24 bulan (0,908), domain motor kasar usia 24 bulan (0,860), domain motor kasar usia 36 bulan (0,865). Uji keandalan dengan Alpha Cronbach ialah baik (0,673-0,825) dengan keandalan inter-rater yang sangat baik (0,916). Kesimpulan: ASQ-3 bahasa Indonesia sahih dan andal sebagai alat uji penapisan keterlambatan perkembangan anak usia 24-36 bulan.

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Background: Identification of children with developmental disabilities is critical step in providing early intervention services. Ages and Stages Questionnaires third edition (ASQ-3), a parent-report questionnaires has been proven to be a valid and reliable screening test and good psychometric properties. This test has not been validated and standardized before in Indonesia.

Aim: To provide the validated and reliability form of the Indonesian version of the Ages and Stages Questionnaires as an appropriate developmental screening tool for evaluation of 24-36 months Indonesian children's development.

Method: Cross sectional study divided into two parts. First part included the adaptation, transcultural, and translation ASQ-3 original version to Indonesian version. Second part, final form of Indonesian ASQ-3 was performed for 30 children from 5 age groups (24,27,30,33,36 months). In order to determine validity of the questionnaires using correlation coefficient, and reliability was measured using internal consistency and intraclass correlation coefficient.

Results: The validity determined by correlation coefficient was very good in communication area at 24 months age (0.908), gross motor at 24 months age (0.860), and gross motor at 36 months age (0.865). The reliability, determined by cronbach's alpha ranged from 0.673-0.825 and the inter-rater reliability was 0.916.

Conclusion: The Indonesian version of the ASQ has appropriate validity and reliability for screening developmental disorders in 24 -36 months children in Indonesia."

"Gangguan Perkembangan Pervasif (GPP) adalah gangguan perkembangan neuron atau saraf dengan tanda-tanda gangguan pada interaksi sosial, komunikasi, dan melakukan kegiatan dan ketertarikan dengan streotipe tertentu yang berulang-ulang. Prevalensi GPP yang semakin meningkat menjadi penyebab dilakukannya penelitian pada berbagai faktor yang diduga berhubungan dengan GPP. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara faktor karakter sosiodemografi orangtua dan riwayat keluarga dengan GPP. Faktor karakter sosiodemografi orangtua meliputi usia Ayah saat kelahiran anak, usia Ibu saat kelahiran anak, dan sosial ekonomi keluarga. Faktor riwayat kesehatan keluarga meliputi diabetes, epilepsi, gangguan perkembangan pervasif, dan gangguan mental lainnya. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain kasus kontrol dengan melibatkan 52 anak dengan GPP (44 laki-laki, 8 perempuan, umur rata-rata 7,3 tahun) dan 156 anak tanpa GPP sebagai kontrol (132 laki-laki, 24 perempuan, umur rata-rata 7,3 tahun) untuk menganalisis sembilan faktor kelahiran bayi yang diduga berperan pada kejadian GPP. Data diperoleh melalui wawancara ibu kandung dan catatan rekam medik. Hasil penelitian mengemukakan usia Ayah saat kelahiran anak berhubungan secara bermakna dengan GPP (OR = 0,47; 95% CI 0.240-0.912; p = 0,024). Usia Ibu saat kelahiran anak, sosial ekonomi keluarga, riwayat kesehatan keluarga seperti diabetes, epilepsi, gangguan perkembangan pervasif, dan gangguan mental lainnya tidak terbukti berhubungan secara bermakna dengan gangguan perkembangan pervasif pada penelitian ini. Disimpulkan bahwa usia Ayah saat kelahiran anak adalah faktor risiko Gangguan Perkembangan Pervasif.

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Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD) is a neuronal development disorder manifested as impairment of social interaction and communication,with certain repetitive and stereotyped behaviors. Studies to discover potential factors of PDD have been made as the consequence of increasing Prevalence of PDD.

The purpose of this study is to discover the correlation between parental demographic factors and family history with PDD. The parental demographic includes that paternal age at birth, maternal age at birth, and socioeconomic of family. The family history includes diabetes, epilepsy, PDD, and other mental disorder.

This case-control study involves the parents of 52 children diagnosed with PDD (44 males, 8 females, mean age 7.3 years) and the parents of 156 normal developing children as control group (132 males, 24 females, mean age 7.3 years) to analyze the correlation between parental demographic factors and family history with PDD. The data was obtained from biological mothers and medical records.

The results show that paternal age at birth was significantly correlate with PDD (OR = 0.47; 95% CI 0.240-0.912; p = 0.024). Meanwhile maternal age at birth, socioeconomic of family, family history of diabetes, epilepsy, PDD, and other mental disorder were not significantly correlate with PDD.

In conclusion, paternal age at birth is the risk factors of Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD)."

"The focus of this study is application DIR Model from Greenspan and Wieder for autistic child to develop his functional emotional developmental capacities. When we want to intervention with autistic child, we consider 3 aspects are Developmental (focus on functional developmental level), Individual (sensory proiile and individual differences), and Relationship (means interact between children and parents). The rationale of this study is autism which pervasive developmental disorder so he has dysfunction in two main areas are sensory processing and social engagement. DIR Model can help autistic child to overcome sensory processing ditiiculties and communication and relating in social context. The purpose of this study is autistic child be able to share attention, engage with, and interact purpeselirl way which are basic skills from functional emotional developmental capacities.This research is descriptive study case. Subject is 6,5 years old boy who has low functioning autistic disorder. Research duration for 3 months started from September tmtil December on 2006. Intervention was divided with 3 program were Sensory Integration Therapy, Diet Therapy and Floortime Tlierapy. Subject followed 8 sessions sensory integration therapy and joined with diet program to control his behavior. Sensory integration therapy was conducted by therapist and dict program was controlled by pediatrician. Third intervention started from December 14th until 20th. Researcher had two roles, first as a therapist playing with tloortime methods with subject and the second as an observer when subject and his mother were playing together. Recording data by audiovisual data taking and interviewing method as the process was taken place.The main result from this research is l) sensory integration therapy help subject to start shared attention and regulate any kind of sensory information; 2) dict therapy also has positive effect to his digestive system and help the mother to manage feeding habit; 3). Floortime therapy can develop functional emotional capacities in 3 areas: shared attention, engagement, and purposeful emotional interaction; 4) Sensory integration therapy can improve subject?s sensory reactivity so he more is alert with environment and help him manage his behavior calmly; 5) to develop functional communication capacities, jlooriime session is useful strategy. The reason is Ileortime can enrich the subject behavior when relating with therapist. The sensitivity to the subject sensory preferences made the engagement come easily. Play activities still focused on sensory-motor play. This findings means sensory integration therapy and dict therapy both are important to make basic skill for subject. Floortime is a basic tool to make the subject want to relate intentionaly with others in fun context."