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"This exceptional book introduces the reader to the principles, theory and applications of physical layer wireless/mobile communications. In the area of wireless, the antennas, propagation and the radio channel used are interrelated; this book offers an explanation of that relationship which is fundamental to the development of systems with high spectral efficiency.The book emphasises the basic principles needed to establish an understanding of this technology. However, the tools required - such as the mathematics and statistics - are treated in the manner of a practical handbook, avoiding detailed derivations. The reader will develop a clear insight into the physics and effects of multipath and the use of multipath channels for communications. Propagation modelling, simulation and measurement, scattering, antenna principles, array antennas, adaptive antennas and smart antennas are also covered."

"Skripsi ini membahas rancang bangun antena reconfigurable untuk aplikasi cognitive radio pada alokasi spektrum 1,8 GHz, 2,1 GHz uplink, 2,1 GHz downlink, dan 2,35 GHz. Rancang bangun antena terdiri dari dua antena yaitu antena sensing dan antena communicating yang digabungkan dalam satu divais. Antena sensing memiliki karakteristik ultrawideband dari 1,65 GHz - 3,75 GHz (bandwidth = 2,1 GHz) dan antena communicating memiliki karakteristik narrowband pada frekuensi 1.8 GHz, 2.1 GHz uplink, 2.1 GHz downlink, dan 2.35 GHz. Hasil validasi dengan pengukuran diperoleh hasil yang sesuai dengan rancangan simulasi, terutama meliputi parameter return loss, pola radiasi, dan gain.

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This bachelor thesis discusses a design and fabrication of reconfigurable antenna for cognitive radio applications, especially for allocation of spectrum 1.8 GHz, 2.1 GHz Uplink, 2.1 GHz Downlink, and 2.35 GHz. The antenna design consists of two antennas which sensing antenna and communicating antenna. The sensing antenna has ultrawideband characteristics from 1.65 GHz - 3.75 GHz (the bandwidth about 2.1 GHz) and the communicating antenna has narrowband characteristics at the center frequency 1.8 GHz, 2.1 GHz uplink, 2.1 GHz downlink, and 2.35 GHz. The validation has been conducted by the measurement, where it agrees with the simulation result, in particular for the parameter of return loss, radiation pattern and gain of the antenna."

"Penelitian ini mengajukan rancang bangun antena slot microstrip multiband pada frekuensi 924 MHz, 1800 MHz, 2450 MHz dan 5800 MHz untuk Aplikasi RFID dan komunikasi pita lebar. Antena dirancang menggunakan perangkat lunak berbasis Finite Integration Technique (FIT), dengan teknik pencatuan saluran mikrostrip 50 Ω. Antena dibuat pada substrate FR4 dengan ukuran 95 x 85 x 1.6 mm3. Pada perancangan ini antena dibentuk dari slot persegi panjang dikombinasikan dengan strip bentuk U dan L pada sebuah patch persegi panjang agar dapat menghasilkan empat pita frekuensi. Prototipe antena ini telah difabrikasi untuk dilakukan validasi melalui pengukuran. Hasil pengukuran menunjukkan karakteristik multiband pada pita frekuensi 924 MHz, 1800 MHz, 2450 MHz dan 5800 MHz. Pada standar bandwidth di S11 = -10 dB, antena menghasilkan bandwidth antara 923 s.d. 925 MHz pada frekuensi resonansi 924 MHz, antara 1700 s.d. 1900 MHz pada frekuensi resonansi 1800 MHz, antara 2400 s.d 2485 MHz pada frekuensi resonansi 2450 Mhz dan antara 5725 s.d 5875 MHz pada frekuensi resonansi 5800 Mhz. Hasil pengukuran antena menunjukkan karakteristik pola radiasi menyerupai hasil simulasi pada empat pita frekuensi yang diajukan pada perancangan antena ini.

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This research proposes design of multiband microstrip slot antenna at the frequency of 924 MHz, 1800 MHz, 2450 MHz and 5800 MHz aiming at RFID applications and broadband communications. The antenna is designed by using a commercial software based on the Finite Integration Tecnique (FIT), with 50 Ω microstrip line feeding technique. The antenna is designed on FR4 substrate with the size of 95 x 85 x 1.6 mm3. In this design, the slot antenna is formed by rectangular slots combined with U and L shape strip combination on a rectangular patch in order to obtain four frequency bands. The prototype antenna has been fabricated for basic validation by conducting measurement.

The measurement results show that the multiband characteristics occur at the frequency bands 924 MHz, 1800 MHz, 2450 MHz and 5800 MHz. As for the standard -10 dB impedance bandwidth, the antenna provides bandwidth between 923 to 925 MHz at 924 MHz resonant frequency, between 1700 to 1900 MHz at 1800 MHz resonant frequency, between 2400 to 2485 MHz at 2450 MHz resonant frequency and between 5725 up to 5875 MHz at 5800 MHz resonant frequency. The measurement results show that the antenna radiation patterns agree with the simulation results at each frequency band as it has been proposed."

"ABSTRAKKonfigurasi sparse array antena merupakan suatu konfigurasi elemen antena yang dijarangkan satu sama lainnya untuk mengurangi jumlah elemen pada suatu dimensi antena array dengan tetap mempertahankan performansi radiasi antena. Karakteristik antena array klasik mengisyaratkan jarak antar elemen adalah setengah panjang gelombang ?/2 sampai dengan maksimum satu kali panjang gelombang ? untuk mendapatkan performansi radiasi yang ideal, sehingga merancang konfigurasi sparse dengan jarak antar elemen melebihi panjang gelombang merupakan suatu tantangan dalam pengembangan konfigurasi antena array. Konfigurasi sparse array dibutuhkan untuk disain antena pada berbagai sistem komunikasi seperti Radar, sistem navigasi, komunikasi satelit dan radio astronomi yang membutuhkan jumlah elemen antena yang sangat banyak, sehingga pengurangan jumlah elemen yang signifikan dapat meningkatkan efisiensi biaya pengembangan sistem tersebut.Disain antena sparse array saat ini telah dikembangkan dalam beberapa penelitian dengan berbagai metode, seperti metode diterministik dan algoritma genetik, metode stokastik, metode faktorisasi, metode kombinatorial dan pemanfaatan efek mutual coupling. Dari berbagai metode yang telah berkembang tersebut, masih terdapat beberapa tantangan dan kebutuhan aplikasi untuk diselesaikan dan dicarikan solusi yang lebih baik, seperti tingginya degradasi performansi radiasi, tingkat efisiensi elemen dan proses disain yang relatif kompleks. Untuk itu dalam disertasi ini dikembangkan dan diusulkan beberapa gagasan dan hasil riset tentang metode disain antena sparse array untuk meningkatkan performansi radiasi dan efisiensi jumlah elemen. Metode yang dikembangkan adalah metode non-uniform stretching-cyclic different sets CDS , metode hybrid, metode stretching berdasarkan polinomial Chebyshev dan metode koefisien jarak menggunakan distribusi line-source Taylor.Metode non-uniform stretching-CDS merupakan metode disain sparse array yang dikembangkan dari metode disain sparse array CDS melalui suatu pendekatan formulasi non-uniform stretching sehingga dapat meningkatkan performansi Gain dan Beamwidth dengan pengurangan jumlah elemen yang signifikan.Metode hybrid merupakan metode disain sparse array yang dikembangkan melalui modifikasi prosedur disain CDS dan teknik eksitasi amplitudo menggunakan deret binomial sehingga dihasilkan perbaikan performansi SLL dibandingkan dengan metode disain CDS.Metode stretching berdasarkan polinomial Chebyshev merupakan pengembangan metode diterministik disain sparse array dengan proses komputasi sederhana untuk menentukan jarak antar elemen berdasarkan polinomial Chebyshev sehingga pengurangan jumlah elemen dapat tetap mempertahankan performansi radiasi.Metode koefisien jarak menggunakan distribusi line-source Taylor merupakan pengembangan metode diterministik disain sparse array untuk menentukan koefisien jarak antar elemen berdasarkan distibusi line sourse Taylor sehingga dihasilkan perbaikan performansi radiasi jika dibandingkan metode CDS dan proses komputasi yang lebih sederhana dibandingkan metode diterministik yang sudah ada.Hasil-hasil simulasi dan pengujian metode disain antena sparse array yang diajukan dalam disertasi ini memiliki keunggulan masing-masing dan dapat digunakan sesuai target dan prioritas disain antena sparse array. Metode stretching-CDS memiliki keunggulan dari sisi efisiensi elemen, performansi Gain dan Beamwidth. Metode hybrid memiliki kelebihan dari sisi efisiensi elemen dan performansi SLL. Sedangkan metode berbasis polynomial baik Chebyshev dan Taylor memiliki keunggulan performansi radiasi yang lebih baik dibandingkan metode berbasis kombinatorial CDS.

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ABSTRACT The sparse array antenna configuration is sparsely configuration of antenna elements to reduce the number of elements in an array antenna dimension while maintaining the antenna radiation performance. The classical antenna array characteristic implies the distance between elements is half wavelength 2 to a maximum of a wavelength to obtain the ideal radiation performance. Therefore, design of sparse configurations with distances between elements beyond the wavelength is a challenge in development Array antenna configuration. The sparse array configurations are required for antenna design on various communications systems such as Radar, navigation systems, satellite communications and radio astronomy that require a massive of antenna elements, resulting in significant reductions in the number of elements that can increase the cost efficiency of developing the system.The design of antenna sparse arrays has been developed in several studies with various methods, such as deterministic methods and genetic algorithms, stochastic methods, factorization methods, combinatorial methods and mutual coupling effect utilization. The various methods that have evolved, there are still some challenges and application needs to be solved and found a better solution, such as the high radiation performance degradation, the level of elements efficiency and the design process is relatively complex. Therefore, in this dissertation, some ideas and research result are developed about sparse array antenna design method to improve radiation performance and elements efficiency. The method developed is non uniform stretching cyclic different sets CDS method, hybrid method, stretching Chebyshev method and distance coefficient method using Taylor 39 s line source distribution.The non uniform stretching method CDS is a sparse array design method developed from the CDS sparse array design method through a non uniform stretching formulation approach that can improve Gain and Beamwidth performance by significantly reducing the number of elements.The hybrid method is a sparse array design method developed through the modification of the CDS design procedure and the amplitude excitation technique using the binomial series to improved SLL performance compared to the CDS design method.The stretching method based on Chebyshev polynomial is the development of the deterministic method with simple computation process to determine the distance between elements based on Chebyshev polynomial to reduce number of elements and maintain the radiation performance.The distance coefficient method using Taylor 39 s line source distribution is the development of the deterministic method to determine the spacing coefficient of elements based on Taylor 39 s line source distribution to improved radiation performance compared to the CDS method and computation process is simpler than the existing deterministic method.The simulation and measurement result of the sparse array antenna design methods presented in this dissertation have their own advantages and can be used according to the target and priority of sparse array antenna design. The stretching CDS method has advantages in terms of element efficiency, Gain and Beamwidth performance. The hybrid method has advantages in terms of element efficiency and SLL performance. The polynomial based methods both Chebyshev and Taylor have better radiation performance advantages over CDS based methods"