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"ABSTRACTThe effects of dietary food fortified with orotic acid (1.0%)on liver function were studied in rats. The rats fed with orotic acid promoted liver triglyceride content markedly, that was 5-fold higher than that of the control. The liver malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased by 10%, but the gluthation peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity decreased by 50%. The serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities increased by 25% and 30%,respectively. Therefore, the decreased GSH-Px activity was associated with the promotions of AST, ALT, and the liver MDA levels. In conclusion: dietary orotic acid promotes lipid peroxidation but reduces the rate of the antioxidant enzyme. Therefore, dietary food fortified with orotic acid attenuates the liver function. "

"The effects of dietary food fortified with vitamin B4 on lipid profiles in serum and liver tissue were studied. Rats were paired-fed a 0.25% vitamin B4 diet or a diet without vitamin B4 for 10 days. Serum lipid levels were measured using enzyme assay kits. Lipids of liver tissues were extracted and the lipid contents were determined. A piece of liver was prepared to determine the activities of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and fatty acid β-oxidation. The results showed that animals fed a food fortified with vitamin B4 had higher level of serum TG, PL, total cholesterol, and high density lipoprotein. Their increases were approximately by 74%, 20%, 27%, and 27%, respectively. The significant changes in liver lipid were only found in PL component. This treatment promoted FAS activity, but impaired the fatty acid β-oxidation. In conclusion: Dietary food fortified with vitamin B4 induces hypertriglyceridemia and liver PL level."

"ABSTRAKLatar belakang.Masa pemberian makanan pendamping air susu ibu (MPASI), yaitu usia 6 sampai 24 bulan, merupakan salah satu periode kritis untuk mencegah malnutrisi. Growth faltering banyak terjadi pada fase ini, disebabkan kandungan nutrisi MPASI yang tidak lengkap dan tidak seimbang serta tingginya angka infeksi.Prevalensi defisiensi seng pada usia 6-24 bulan tinggi, baik di negara berkembang maupun negara maju. Mayoritas MPASI pertama yang diberikan di Indonesia berupa produk nabati, yaitu beras, beras merah, kacang-kacangan, buah, dan sayur yang memiliki kandungan seng yang rendah dan fitat yang tinggi sehingga merupakan faktor risiko defisiensi seng. Hati ayam merupakan sumber seng, protein, dan zat besi yang baik. Perlu dilakukan evaluasi pemberian hati ayam sebagai MPASI pertamadalam hal akseptabilitas, toleransi, serta efektivitas terhadap status seng.Tujuan. Mengevaluasi MPASI buatan rumah berbahan dasar hati ayam dalam hal akseptabilitas, toleransi, dan efektivitas terhadap status seng.Metode. Uji klinis acak dengan pembanding MPASI tepung beras fortifikasi dilakukan di Puskesmas Kecamatan Jatinegara, Koja, dan Kramat selama Februari sampai Juni 2014. Terdapat tiga kelompok intervensi, yaitu kelompok MPASI hati ayam, MPASI bubur susu (tepung beras fortifikasi, mengandung susu), dan MPASI single grain (tepung beras fortifikasi tanpa susu). Intervensi dilakukan selama 30 hari. Sebelum dan sesudah intervensi dilakukan pengukuran antropometri dan pemeriksaan seng plasma. Setiap hari dilakukan pencatatan volume MPASI yang dihabiskan dan efek samping. Analisis Anova dan Bonferroni dilakukan untuk menilai perbedaan antar kelompok. Korelasi Pearson dan regresi linear digunakan untuk menilai faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi status seng plasma.Hasil. Sebanyak 90 bayi diikutsertakan dalam penelitian, namun terdapat 7 subjek drop-out dan 17 sampel darah lisis sehingga data yang dapat dianalisis adalah 66 bayi. Akseptabilitas ketiga jenis MPASI setara. Tidak didapatkan efek simpang pada semua kelompok. Ketiga jenis MPASI dapat memenuhi kebutuhan harian seng sebesar 3 mg/hari. Efektivitas terhadap status seng ditunjukkan dari selisih seng plasma pra-intervensi dan pasca-intervensi. Perbedaan selisih sengplasma (μg/dL) hati ayam dan bubur susu adalah 12,0 (IK 95% 0,6;23,4), hati ayam dan single grain adalah 12,0 (-23,4;-0,6), serta bubur susu dan single grain 8,5 (-2,3;19,3). Pertambahan berat badan dan panjang badan berbeda bermakna antara ketiga kelompok.Simpulan. Akseptabilitas MPASI hati ayam setara dengan tepung beras fortifikasi. Tidak didapatkan efek samping selama pemberian MPASI hati ayam dan tepung beras fortifikasi. Efektivitas MPASI hati ayam terhadap status seng plasma lebih baik dibandingkan tepung beras fortifikasi. Faktor yang memengaruhi efektivitas MPASI terhadap status seng plasma adalah jenis MPASI, yang mungkin berkaitan dengan rasio molar fitat/seng, dan asupan kalsium.

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ABSTRACTBackground.High prevalence of zinc deficiency and growth faltering were observed during the complementary feeding perioddue to low quality complementary food and high prevalence of infection. Most of first complementary food given to Indonesian infants were plants sources which contain low zinc and high phytate, thus put Indonesian babies into high risk of zinc deficiency. Chicken liver is a good source of zinc, protein, and iron, making it a good option for complementary food.Objective. To evaluate chicken liver based complementary food in terms of acceptability and effectivity on zinc status.Method. Randomized clinical trial comparing three groups of complementary food:chicken liver, fortified rice cereal containing milk, and fortified rice cereal without milk given to predominantly breastfed infant aged around 6 month old. This study took place in primary health care of Jatinegara, Koja, and Kramat District during February to June 2014. Intervention was given for 30 days. Anthropometric measurement and plasma zinc investigation were performed before and after intervention. Amount of consumed complementary food was recorded daily. Anova and Bonferroni test were used to evaluate difference between groups. Factors influencing plasma zinc status were evaluated with Pearson correlation and linear regression.Results. Ninety babies were enrolled, 7 subjects refused to continue study and 17 blood samples were hemolyzed thus only 66 subjects were analyzed. The three groups shown similar acceptability and were able to met daily requirement of zinc of 3 mg/day. No adverse effect was observed during study period. The increment of pra-intervention and pasca-intervention plasma zinc was used as an indicator of effectivity on zinc status. Mean difference of zinc increment (μg/dL) between two groups were 12,0 (95% CI 0,6;23,4) for chicken liver and rice cereal containing milk, 12,0 (-23,4;-0,6) for chicken liver and rice cereal without milk, and 8,5 (-2,3;19,3) for rice cereal containing milk and without milk. Weight and length increment showed significant difference between three groups.Conclusions. The three groups showed no difference in acceptability and were able to met daily requirement of zinc of 3 mg/day. Chicken liver group demonstrated better effectivity on zinc status compared to fortified rice cereal groups. Dietary factors influencing plasma zinc status were type of complementary food, which probably correlated with molar ratio of phytate/zinc, and calcium intake."

"Vitamin A deficiency, iron deficiency anemia and growth retardation have long been three of the main health problems in Vietnam. The National vitamin A distribution program for preschool children started since 1988. However, some studies outside Vietnam showed that this method does not maintain the retinal status until the next vitamin A capsule distribution. (Bloem et al 1989). Iron intervention and fortified supplementary feeding have not been done in preschool children. The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of vitamin A and iron fortified soybean milk (SBM) supplementary feeding on nutritional status of Vietnamese preschool children. The study consisted of 5 parts: The relative bioavailability test of iron in SBM fortified with 300 EtgRE and 5 mg of iron pyrophosphate, the acceptability test of fortified SBM by preschool children, the study in the per/-urban area, the study in the rural area and the intervention study in the rural area. The fortified SBM with a relative bioavailability of 45% was very well accepted by the rural preschool children attending day-care centers. The studies in the peri-urban and rural areas were done at day-care centers on boys and girls aged respectively 15-72 and 8-62 months, 438 and 417 children. Inadequate dietary intake, high infectious diseases and high worm infestation were detected in both areas. The rural children had significantly worse nutritional status in terms of serum retinol (SR) and physical growth status. However, the prevalence of anemia was about 20% in both areas. Considering this condition, the 5 months intervention study was carried out in the same rural area with the same subjects and number. Before randomly allocated into three groups, the stool of all subjects was examined and Mebendazole was given to those parasite egg positive subjects. The groups received respectively fortified SBM (FSBM), unfortified SBM (UFSBM), and cassava cookies (CC). The FSBM, UFSBM, CC contained respectively 150, 150, 45 kcal; 300, 50, 0 pgRE and 6.8, 1.8, 0.7mg of iron. These supplementary foods were given daily, 6 days a week, at the DCC and provided an additional in percentage of RDA the following: FSBM 12% of energy, 70% of vitamin A, 30% of iron; UFSBM 12% of energy, 12% of vitamin A, 8% of iron; CC about 3% of energy, o% of vitamin A and iron. The daily food of the subjects provided 88.8% energy, 104% iron, 78.5% vitamin A in percentage of (FAO/WHO/UNU 1985, FAO/WHO 1988) 's RDA. Five months of intervention significantly increased serum retinol (SR), hemoglobin (Hb), and physical growth status of all three groups. The best effect was found in the FSBM group. The difference in effect between groups was marginal for SR (p=0.07) and significantly different for Hb (p-0.02). The serum ferritin (SF) significantly increased in the FSBM group only. The mean values of the FSBM group for weight, height, WAZ-score, HAZ-score were significantly higher than the CC group. The best effect found in the FSBM group could be the effect of vitamin A and iron fortification but also of the protein and fat of SBM. The last also explains the improvement found in the UFSBM group. The increase of SR in all the three groups could be the effect of the "intervention" (Hawthorn) but also of deworming which was also shown by other studies. The increase in Hb and SF of the three groups could be related to age increase considering the length (5 months) of the intervention. The increase in Fib concentration could be related to the improvement of vitamin A status. The supplementary feeding using FSBM, preceded with deworming had an excellent effect on the improvement of SR and Hb concentration of preschoolers. Both fortified and UFSBM led to improved physical growth status of preschool children. As bioavailability of iron was low and the serum ferritin did not increase significantly, further research is needed: to identify iron compound suitable for fortification and higher level of iron (3 mg of elemental iron/30 g soybean milk powder), in combination of vitamin C for better effects of supplementation."

"Tujuan: Menyelidiki perbedaan respons metabolik terhadap asupan diet mengandung orotat dan diet mengandung adenin pada profi l lipid dalam serum dan jaringan hati.Metode: Tikus-tikus percobaan diberi diet yang mengandung orotat 1.0% (kelompok orotat) dan adenin 0.25%(kelompok adenin) atau diet yang tak disuplementasi (kelompok kontrol) selama 10 hari. Kadar lipid dalam serumdiukur menggunakan enzyme assay kits. Lipid jaringan hati diekstraksi dan konsentrasinya ditentukan.Hasil: Kadar serum lipid kelompok adenin cendrung meningkat, sebaliknya kelompok orotat cendrung menurundibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol. Kadar serum trigliserida (mg/dL) pada kelompok kontrol, orotat, dan adeninmasing-masing (78,1±14,9), (69,0±23,6), dan (136,1±21,6); Kadar fosfolipid (PL): (109,2±11,5), (93,3±10,5), dan(131,3±11,0); Total kolesterol: (53,7±4,6), (42,9±6,5), dan (68,1±5,8); dan high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-kolesterol:(35,4±2,7), (33,0±3,0), dan (44,7±2,7). Kandungan TG hati pada kelompok orotat meningkat tajam mendekati 10-kalilipat dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol (P<0,05), sebaliknya kandungan TG kedua kelompok lainnya hampirsama. Kandungan lipid jaringan hati (mg/g jaringan) pada ketiga kelompok dimaksud masing-masing untuk TGadalah: (11,4±1,3), (123,5±15,2), dan (11,9±1,2); PL: (27,1±0,8), (25,4±1,3), dan (30,7±0,6); dan total kolesterol:(2,73±0,09), (2,34±0,12), dan (2,91±0,08). Kandungan PL dan kolesterol hati pada kelompok adenin masing-masingmeningkat sebesar 21% dan 25% dibandingkan dengan kelompok orotat, tetapi kandungan kedua jenis lipid tersebutpada kelompok terakhir ini menurun masing-masing sebesar 7% dan 15% dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol.Kesimpulan: Dietary adenin menginduksi sekresi lipid ke dalam aliran darah dan transport balik kolesterol menujusel-sel hati. Sebaliknya dietary orotat cendrung mempertahankan lipid-lipid yang telah disintesis di sel-sel hati,terutama TG, dan mengurangi sekresi.

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AbstractAim: Objectives To evalate the differences in metabolic responses between dietary orotic acid and adenine in lipidprofi les of serum and liver tissues.Methods: Rats were paired-fed 1.0 % orotic acid (orotic acid group) and 0.25 % adenine (adenine group) diets or anon-supplemented diet (control group) for 10 days. Serum lipid concentrations were measured using enzyme assaykits. Lipids of liver tissues were extracted and the lipid contents were determined.Results: Serum lipid concentrations (in mg/dL) of adenine group tended to increase whereas those levels decreased inorotic acid group compared to control group. The serum triglyceride (TG) concentrations of control, orotic acid, andadenine groups were (78.1±14.9), (69.0±23.6), and (136.1±21.6); phospholipids (PL): (109.2±11.5), (93.3±10.5), and(131.3±11.0); total cholesterol: (53.7±4.6), (42.9±6.5), and (68.1±5.8); and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol:(35.4±2.7), (33.0±3.0), and (44.7±2.7), respectively. Furthermore, liver TG content of orotic acid group markedlyincreased. The increase was approximately by 10-fold in comparison to other groups (P<0.05). The lipid contents ofliver tissues (in mg/g tissue) in ordinarily of those three groups for TG were (11.4±1.3), (123.5±15.2), and (11.9±1.2); PL:(27.1±0.8), (25.4±1.3), and (30.7±0.6); and the total cholesterol: (2.73±0.09), (2.34±0.12), and (2.91±0.08), respectively.The liver PL and cholesterol content of adenine group increased by 21% and 25% than that of orotic acid group, but bothlipid levels of the latter group increased by 7% and 15%, respectively, than that of the control group.Conclusion: Dietary adenine enhances the serum TG, PL, cholesterol, and HDL-cholesterol and the liver PL andcholesterol but without alters the liver TG levels. Dietary orotic acid, however, attenuates these serum lipid levels butretains those lipids synthesized in liver cells, mainly TG."

"Heart abnormalities in cirrhotic patients have been known for five decades, with atria and ventricular dilatation. Pozzi et al reported that in cirrhotic patients with or without ascites, the diastolic function was lower than control. Ascitic paracentesis improved diastolic function. The diameter of both atria was larger in cirrhotic patients with or without ascites. The diastolic diameter of left ventricle did not differ significantly in cirrhotic patients with or without ascites compared to control, but there was an increase after paracentesis. Eection fraction was lower in cirrhotic and increased after ascitic parancentesis although the increase was not significant.

The aim of the Study: To compare the function and structure o fthe heart before and afler ascitic paracentesis in cirrhotic patients.

Methods: This study tool: place from February 2000 to April 2001 in dr. Pringadi Hospital/H.Adam Malik Hospital. There were 18 samples (12 men and 6 women), 15 of which were cirrhotic patients with tense ascites and 3 cirrhotic patients with refractory ascites. The mean age was 51,8 + 8,28 years, the youngest being 29 years and the oldest 65 years. The mean ascitic fluid removed by paracentesis was 7,20 liters with a range of 5 to 9 liters. Immediately following paracentesis, Dextran 40 % was administered at a dose of 8g lL ascilic fluid aspirated.

Results: The diameter of the four heart chambers decreased after paracentesis, but the decrease was not statistically significant. There was increase in E/A ratio after ascitic paracentesis, from 0,93 + 0,3 70 to 1,06 + 0,383 (significant, p<0, 05), meaning that there was an improvement in diastolic function after ascitic paracentesis. There was also an increase in ejection fraction from 68,99 + 13,26 % to 72,10 + 11,10 %, bitt this was not significant (p>0,05).

Conclusion: after paracentesis, there was a significant inmprovement in diastolic function while diameter of the four heart chambers decreased and the ejection fraction increased insignificantly"

"Perubahan iklim merupakan salah satu permasalahan yang dihadapi dewasa ini. Salah satu dampak yang ditimbulkan dari perubahan iklim adalah turunnya daya tahan tubuh. Turunnya daya tahan tubuh disebabkan karena abnormalitas pada sel darah putih yang menandakan adanya respons infeksi dan perubahan pola infeksi penyakit. Propolis merupakan salah satu senyawa resin yang dikumpulkan dari tanaman oleh lebah dan memiliki berbagai manfaat. Salah satu pengaruhnya adalah propolis memiliki efek imunomodulator terhadap tubuh. Dalam pemanfaatannya, propolis memiliki rasa dan bau yang kuat. Salah satu metode yang dapat digunakan untuk menyamarkan sifat fisik propolis adalah dengan mengubahnya menjadi mikrokapsul dengan spray drying. Pemanfaatan mikrokapsul ini dapat dilakukan dengan berbagai cara, salah satunya adalah pemanfaatan dengan cara fortifikasi pangan. Salah satu sediaan pangan yang telah difortifikasi dengan produk turunan lebah adalah biskuit. Pada penelitian ini, akan diketahui kadar senyawa bioaktif dari propolis, mengetahui senyawa penanda aktivitas imunomodulator, toksisitas dan pengaruh mikrokapsul propolis terhadap daya tahan tubuh in vivo, membuat sediaan pangan berupa biskuit yang difortifikasi propolis dan nilai gizinya, serta memodelkan scale up produksi biskuit dan mengetahui parameter ekonominya. Penelitian ini diawali dengan pengukuran senyawa fenol, flavonoid, dan antioksidan dari propolis mikrokapsul. Selanjutnya dilakukan pengujian toksisitas dan imunomodulator secara in vivo. Selain itu akan dilakukan pembacaan senyawa dengan alat LC/MS-MS. Setelah didapatkan dosis optimal, maka akan dilakukan produksi biskuit yang difortifikasi dengan propolis mikrokapsul dan dilakukan pengujian nilai gizinya. Tahapan terakhir adalah simulasi scale up produksi biskuit dan mengetahui parameter keekonomiannya dengan SuperPro Designer. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah kandungan senyawa bioaktif propolis mikrokapsul fenol sebesar 3137,1±40,964 mg/kg, flavonoid sebesar 2714,103±38,728 mg/kg, dan antioksidan memiliki nilai IC50 sebesar 1209,89 ±20,2985 mg/kg. Berikutnya, terdapat empat senyawa pembacaan LC/MS-MS yang menjadi potensi penanda imunomodulator. Hasil berikutnya adalah propolis mikrokapsul mampu mempertahankan parameter hematologi dan differensial leukosit dan tidak ada pengaruh terhadap jumlah sel darah yang ada. Dalam scale up produksi didapatkan nilai modal adalah USD297.000,000/year, NPV memiliki nilai USD96.000, IRR adalah 17,89%, dam waktu payback selama 6,04 tahun.

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ABSTRACTClimate change is one of the problems faced today. One of the impacts arising from climate change is a decrease in endurance. The decreased immune system caused by abnormalities in white blood cells that indicate an infection response and changes in the pattern of infectious disease. Propolis is one of the resin compounds collected from plants by bees and has various benefits. One effect is propolis has an immunomodulatory effect on the body. In its use, propolis has a strong taste and smell. One method that can be used to disguise the physical properties of propolis is to convert it into microcapsules by spray drying. Utilization of microcapsules can be done in various ways, one of which is utilization by food fortification. One of the food preparations that have been fortified with bee-derived products is biscuits. In this study, it will be known levels of bioactive compounds from propolis, knowing the markers of immunomodulatory activity, toxicity and the effect of propolis microcapsules on immunity in vivo, making food preparations in the form of biscuits fortified with propolis and its nutritional value, and modelling the scale-up of biscuit production and knowing economic parameters. This research begins with the measurement of phenol compounds, flavonoids, and antioxidants from propolis microcapsules. Furthermore, in vivo toxicity and immunomodulatory testing is performed. Also, the compound will be read by utilizing of LC / MS-MS. After obtaining the optimal dose, biscuits fortified with propolis microcapsules will be produced and the nutritional value tested. The final stage is simulating the scale-up of biscuit production and knowing the economic parameters with SuperPro Designer. The results of this study are the content of the phenol microcapsules propolis bioactive compound amounted to 3,137.1 ± 40.964 mg/kg, flavonoids amounted to 2,714.103 ± 38.728 mg/kg, and antioxidants had an IC50 value of 1,209.89 ± 20.2985 mg/kg. Next, there are four LC / MS-MS reading compounds that are potential markers for immunomodulators. The next result is that the microcapsule propolis can maintain the haematological and differential parameters of leukocytes and there is no effect on the number of existing blood cells. In the scale-up of production, the capital value is USD297,000,000 / year, NPV has a value of USD96,000, IRR is 17.89%, and the payback time is 6.04 years."

"Program jangka panjang dengan "Pendekatan berbasis pangan" untuk penanggulangan kekurangan vitamin A (KVA) semakin penting peranannya."