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"Wartawan yang berada di wilayah konflik bersenjata internasional memegang peranan penting, yaitu untuk menyampaikan informasi kepada dunia mengenai peristiwa yang terjadi dalam konflik langsung dari tempat kejadian. Namun dalam melaksanakan pekerjaan mereka tersebut, wartawan dan pekerja media yang melakukan liputan di wilayah konflik bersenjata internasional seringkali menghadapi berbagai resiko berbahaya. Mereka dapat menjadi korban dalam serangan militer ataupun tindakan kekerasan lainnya. Skripsi ini akan membahas mengenai perlindungan yang diberikan terhadap wartawan dalam konflik bersenjata internasional berdasarkan hukum humaniter internasional serta penerapannya. Wartawan yang berada dalam wilayah konflik bersenjata internasional memperoleh perlindungan sebagai warga sipil. Hukum humaniter internasional memberikan perlindungan bagi wartawan dalam konflik bersenjata internasional ke dalam dua konsepsi. Pertama, perlindungan terhadap wartawan perang (war correspondents) dalam Pasal 4A ayat (4) Geneva Convention III 1949, relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, yang kedua, perlindungan terhadap wartawan yang melaksanakan misi-misi profesional yang berbahaya dalam Pasal 79 Additional Protocol I 1977. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian yuridis normatif dimana sumber data diperoleh dari data sekunder dan dianalisis secara kualitatif.

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Journalists covering an international armed conflict play an important role, as they are the one who can be on the spot to look for information and communicate it to the public.Journalists covering armed conflicts have always had to face dangerous situations, they are exposed to the phyisical danger of war, they can be the victims of the direct effects of hostilities and arbitrary acts. The aim of this thesis to elucidate the legal protection granted to journalists in international armed conflict according to international humanitarian law. International humanitarian law gives protection to journalists in two different ways. First, the Third Geneva Conventions relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of Wars covers war correspondents. Secondly, th 1977 Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions delas specifically with journalists engaged in dangerous professionaal missions in areas of armed conflict. Both treaties apply to international armed conflicts. A journalist covering an international armed conflict is considered a civilian, therefore an attack toward journalist in armed conflict is a grave breach."

"Konflik bersenjata adalah salah satu titik perubahan terpenting yang dapat ditemukan sepanjang sejarah umat manusia. Berbeda dengan konflik bersenjata di masa lalu yang bersifat simetris antar-negara, konflik bersenjata modern kini memiliki karakter yang lebih asimetris, mengikutsertakan aktor internasional non-negara, dan condong terhadap isu identitas. Terlepas dari transisi bentuk konflik tersebut, properti budaya selalu hadir dalam perang besar sehingga menandakan bahwa benda-benda bersejarah ini memiliki peran penting dalam konflik. Publikasi Konvensi Den Haag UNESCO 1954 juga mengkatalisasi rezim perlindungan properti budaya internasional yang kini terus menjadi bagian dari wacana perang modern. Dengan menganalisis 77 dokumen yang diakui Scopus menggunakan software VosViewer, paparan ini mengelompokkan empat tema inti yang ditemukan dalam perkembangan kajian Properti Budaya dalam Konflik Bersenjata menggunakan metode taksonomi. Tema-tema inti tersebut adalah (1) definisi properti budaya lintas budaya; (2) peran dan makna properti budaya dalam konflik bersenjata; (3) norma properti budaya dan etika perang lintas zaman, dan (4) tanggapan aktor internasional. Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa properti budaya sungguh memiliki nilai dan peran berlapis dalam konflik bersenjata, dan bahwa perlindungannya sangat penting di hadapan hak asasi manusia. Sayangnya, perbincangan tentang properti budaya dari masa kolonial, serta tulisan-tulisan dari negara jajahan dan source countries, masih tertutup oleh akademisi Barat. Terlepas dari semua terobosan signifikan dalam hukum properti budaya internasional, masih terdapat banyak hal yang dapat dikembangkan oleh rezim ini dalam menanggapi konflik bersenjata modern dan aktor-aktornya yang relevan. Penting bagi wacana ini untuk berkembang secara mandiri di luar kasus-kasus konflik bersenjata empiris.

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Armed conflicts are one of society’s most defining points that can be found throughout history. Different with conflicts in the past that were more symmetric in nature and fought between nations, modern armed conflicts are now more asymmetric manner with the addition of non-state international actors and issues regarding identity. Despite this change, cultural property seems to always be present in big wars, hence signalling that these historical objects play an essential role in conflicts. The publication of UNESCO's 1954 Convention of Den Haag also catalysed the international cultural property protection regime that is now constantly part of the modern warfare discourse. By analysing 77 documents acknowledged by Scopus using a software called VosViewer, this exposé taxonomically identifies the four core themes found in the development of the Cultural Property in Armed Conflict study, namely: (1) the definition of cultural property crossculture; (2) the role and value of cultural property in armed conflicts; (3) cultural property norms and warfare ethics cross-periods, and (4) responses from international actors. This study shows that cultural property truly has multi-layered values and roles in armed conflicts, and that its protection is essential in the eyes of human rights. Unfortunately, conversations regarding cultural properties from the colonial eras, as well as writings from colonies and source countries, are still overshadowed by Western academicians. Despite all the significant breakthroughs in international cultural property law, there are still many ways that this regime can be further developed in responding to modern armed conflicts and their relevant actors. It is vital for this discourse to develop independently outside of the empirical armed conflict cases."

"Penelitian mengenai kekerasan seksual terkait konflik bersenjata (SVAC) telah berkembang pesat selama dekade terakhir. Tinjauan literatur ini menyoroti minimnya perhatian yang diberikan terhadap isu kekerasan seksual dalam konflik bersenjata secara politis pada tahun-tahun formatif disiplin HI. Melibatkan sintesis penelitian dari Ilmu Hubungan Internasional dan ilmu sosial lainnya, baik dalam pendekatan teoritis maupun empiris, penelitian ini menggunakan metode tinjauan kritis terhadap 63 literatur yang terdistribusi di berbagai basis data akademik yang terakreditasi. Dari analisis tersebut, tinjauan ini mengemukakan tiga tema besar yang mendominasi literatur terkait SVAC, yaitu konseptualisasi kekerasan seksual, tinjauan multidimensional, dan tata kelola global. Dengan memetakan konsensus dan perdebatan dari perspektif feminisme HI dan teori kritis HI, temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa fokus pembahasan masih sebagian besar masih berkutat pada konseptualisasi dan kontekstualisasi SVAC. Oleh karena itu, penulis merekomendasikan perlunya penelitian empiris lebih lanjut, terutama dalam hal diversifikasi pembahasan dan evaluasi kebijakan normatif yang telah diterapkan, seiring dengan penegasan pengisian kesenjangan terkait dampak teknologi, peran aktor non-negara, dan studi khusus terhadap korban laki-laki serta pelaku perempuan dalam SVAC. Kekurangan dalam desain empiris, khususnya terkait representasi identitas, menunjukkan perlunya penerapan metode campuran dan pendekatan studi interdisipliner guna mendapatkan hasil penelitian yang lebih relevan bagi pembuat kebijakan dan praktisi.

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Research on Sexual Violence in Armed Conflict (SVAC) has witnessed significant growth over the past decade. This literature review highlights the limited political attention given to the issue of sexual violence in armed conflict during the formative years of the International Relations (IR) discipline. Involving a synthesis of research from International Relations and other social sciences, encompassing both theoretical and empirical approaches, this study employs a critical review method on 63 literature pieces distributed across various accredited academic databases. From this analysis, the review articulates three major themes dominating the SVAC literature, namely the conceptualization of sexual violence, a multidimensional examination, and global governance. By mapping consensus and debates from the perspectives of feminist IR and critical IR theories, research findings indicate that the focus of discussions still predominantly revolves around the conceptualization and contextualization of SVAC. Therefore, the author recommends the need for further empirical research, particularly in diversifying discussions and evaluating applied normative policies. This aligns with the emphasis on filling gaps related to the impact of technology, the role of non-state actors, and specialized studies on male victims and female perpetrators within the SVAC context. Shortcomings in empirical design, particularly concerning identity representation, underscore the necessity for employing mixed methods and interdisciplinary study approaches to yield research outcomes more relevant for policymakers and practitioners."

"Penelitian ini mengangkat peran organisasi perempuan Aceh di tengah konflik Aceh yang didominasi oleh kelompok laki-laki. Peran mereka adalah pemberdayaan perempuan, advokasi dan investigasi perempuan korban konflik. Selain itu, dilakukan pemberdayaan ekonomi, advokasi kebijakan, dan penanganan perempuan di pengungsian. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori Ethics of care dengan pendekatan kualitatif yang menggunakan metode wawancara mendalam dan analisis data sekunder.Narasumber penelitian sebanyak 15 organisasi yaitu Flower Aceh, KKTGA, YPW. MiSPI, RPuK, Daulat Remaja, Matahari, Balai Syura Inong Aceh, Data Lajuna. ORPAD, Srikandi Aceh, SpuRA, Lampuan Aceh, PIIA dan Perempuan Merdeka.Temuan lapangan menunjukkan bahwa peran mereka yang lebih dominan adalah menangani dampak konflik. Implikasinya adalah tercipta koalisi perempuan yang kuat di tingkat pusat dan akar rumput; pelibatan perempuan dalam kehidupan sosial dan politik mulai menjadi wacana, munculnya data perempuan sebagai korban konflik; lahirnya revisi kebijakan yang berperspektif perempuan, dan menawarkan alternatif lain dalam penyelesaian konflik Aceh, yaitu pendekatan kepedulian yang tidak melahirkan kekerasan.

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The Role Of Acehnese Women Organizations in Armed-Conflict Resolution in AcehThis research investigates the roles of non-governmental Acehnese women's organizations in handling the impacts of armed-conflicts in Aceh. Employing qualitative approach, data are gathered through in-depth interviews and secondary sources and are analyzed against Ethics of Care. Fifteen (I5) women's organizations are selected as subjects: Flower Aceh, KKTGA, YPW, MiSPI, RPuK, Daulat Remaja, Matahari, Balai Syura inong Aceh, Dara Lajuna, ORPAD, Srikandi Aceh, Spurs, Lampuan Aceh, PHIA, and Perempuan Merdeka.

The roles taken by these women's organizations among others are empowering women especially in terms of economics, investigating and advocating women victims of conflicts, taking parts in public policy making process, and tackling women's problems in refugee's (IDPs) camps. Study concludes that they are more intensely involved in addressing the various impacts of the armed-conflicts. This leads to a stronger coalition between women's organizations both in upper and grass root levels; emerging discourse on women's participation in social and political arena; availability of data of women as victims; more women's perspective policy-makings, and most important, the possibility of using Care approach instead of repressive and violent one to resolve the existing conflicts."

"War and armed conflicts have been the major problems in international law especially for their defected impacts such as physical, psychological, and material loss for the victims. Wars and armed conflicts are subject to international humanitarian law so that people are protected from the soldiers violence where they kill each other in defending their national interests. Humanitarian law also has a purpose to protect wounded soldiers and prisoners of war from inhuman treatments. However, these wars and armed conflicts should be prevented because they have more disadvantages than advantages to human beings."

"Ketentuan-ketentuan mengenai perlindungan benda budaya pada masa konflik bersenjata dapat ditemukan dalam Convention IV respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land, Convention IV relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War dan kedua protokol tambahannya, serta Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict dan kedua protokolnya. Ketiga perangkat instrumen hukum humaniter internasional di atas memuat kewajiban negara untuk menghormati benda budaya pada masa konflik bersenjata. Beberapa prinsip dasar di dalamnya diakui sebagai hukum kebiasaan internasional. Penerapan dari ketentuanketentuan hukum internasional terkait benda budaya dapat dilihat dengan menelaah praktik International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. Dua kasusnya, yakni Prosecutor v. Miodrag Jokic dan Prosecutor v. Pavle Strugar, menunjukkan pelaksanaan proses peradilan terhadap pelaku dalam penghancuran Kota Tua Dubrovnik.

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The rules on the protection of cultural property during armed conflicts can be found in Convention IV respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land, Convention IV relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War and its two additional protocols, as well as Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict and its two protocols. These three sets of international treaties govern a state?s obligations concerning respect towards cultural property in times of armed conflict. Several provisions contained therein are acknowledged as customary international law. The implementation of the rules in international humanitarian law concerning cultural property can be seen by inspecting the practice of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. Its two cases, namely Prosecutor v. Miodrag Jokic and Prosecutor v. Pavle Strugar, illustrates the judicial process involved in convicting perpetrators responsible for the destruction of the Old City of Dubrovnik."