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"Cassava pulp, a low cost solid byproduct of cassava starch industry, has been proposed as a high potential ethanolicfermentation substrate due to its high residual starch level, low ash content and small particle size of the lignocellulosic fibers. As the economic feasibility depends on complete degradation of the polysaccharides to fermentable glucose, the comparative hydrolytic potential of cassava pulp by six commercial enzymes were studied. Raw cassava pulp (12%w/v, particle size <320 μm) hydrolyzed by both commercial pectinolytic (1) and amylolytic (2) enzymes cocktail, yielded 70.06% DE. Hydrothermal treatment of cassava pulp enhanced its susceptibility to enzymatic cleavageas compared to non-hydrothermal treatment raw cassava pulp. Hydrothermal pretreatment has shown that a glucoamylase (3) was the most effective enzyme for hydrolysis process of cassava pulp at temperature 65°C or 95°C for 10 min andyielded approximately 86.22% and 90.18% DE, respectively. Enzymatic pretreatment increased cassava pulp vulnerability to cellulase attacks. The optimum conditions for enzymatic pretreatment of30% (w/v) cassava pulp by a potent cellulolytic/ hemicellulolytic enzyme (4) was achieves at 50 °C for 3, meanwhile for liquefaction andsaccharification by a thermo-stable α-amylase (5) was achieved at 95°C for 1 and a glucoamylase (3) at 50°C for 24 hours, respectively, yielded a reducing sugar level up to 94,1% DE. The high yield of glucose indicates the potential use of enzymatic-hydrothermally treated cassava pulp as a cheap substrate for ethanol production."

"Tablet cepat hancur merupakan bentuk sediaan farmasi yang sedang berkembang saat ini karena karakteristik yang dimilikinya, yaitu dapat hancur di rongga mulut tanpa perlu dikunyah dan tanpa adanya bantuan air tambahan. Komponen penting dalam tablet cepat hancur adalah penghancur. Maltodekstrin dan pragelatinisasi pati singkong (PPS) merupakan eksipien yang dapat berfungsi sebagai penghancur. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memformulasikan tablet cepat hancur menggunakan maltodekstrin DE 10-15 dan pragelatinisasi pati singkong dalam berbagai konsentrasi sebagai eksipien. Pati singkong dipragelatinisasikan hingga didapat PPS. Selanjutnya PPS dicampurkan dengan maltodektrin DE 10-15 untuk dibuat menjadi tablet cepat hancur dengan metode granulasi basah. Evaluasi tablet menunjukkan bahwa formula F yang mengandung maltodekstrin DE 10-15 sebesar 40% dan PPS sebesar 10% memiliki kriteria yang baik sebagai tablet cepat hancur. Formula F memiliki kekerasan 3,39 kp, keregasan 0,74%, waktu pembasahan 7,87 detik dan waktu hancur 38,55 detik.

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This study developed a novel fast disintegrating tablets. Maltodextrin DE 10-15 and pregelatinized cassava starch (PCS) with various concentration were used as tablet disintegrant. The PCS was obtained from pregelatinized process. The resulting PCS was then mixed with maltodextrin DE 10-15. The resulting mixture was then formulated into fast disintegrating tablet using wet granulation method. The obtained tablets were then evaluated. The evaluation showed that formula F which contained 40% maltodextrin DE 10-15 and 10% PCS have the best characteristic as fast disintegrating tablet. Formula F exhibited 3,39 kp of hardness, 0,74% of friability, 7,87 seconds of wetting time and 38,55 seconds of disintegration time."

"Protein hydrolysate was prepared from Paddy (Volvariella volvaceae) mushroom. Hydrolysis uses commercially protease available Protamex ? with enzyme concentration of 0.1% (w/w). Hydrolysis was performed at three different temperatures (room temperature, 40 °C, and 50 °C) with different incubation periods (60, 90, and 120 minutes). Enzyme inactivation was done in 90 °C for 3 minutes. Yield and degree of hydrolysis ranged from 94.76% to 99.55% and19.06% to 24.59%. Protein solubility was about 89?11,8%. The longer time of hydrolysis, the darker the color of protein hydrolysate. Protein hydrolysate which has hydrolysis at 50 °C for 120 minutes has the highest protein yield and the best sensory properties: 4.76 (taste liking), 3.68 (aroma liking), and 4.56 (overall liking). However, this protein hydrolysate has the potential for application as an ingredient in formulated diets."

"ABSTRAKTujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk membandingkan efektivitas campuran enzim selulase kasar dari Trichoderma reeseidan Aspergillus niger dengan selulase A. nigerkomersial dari Fluka Biochemika serta mempelajari pengaruhratio enzim dengan substrat terhadap unjuk kerja hidrolisis. Enzim kasar dibuat dengan cara fermentasi padat denganmedia sederhana. Satu unit aktivitas selulase kasar dariA. niger dicampur dengan dua unit aktivitas selulase kasar dariT. reesei. Jerami padi yang akan dihidrolisis terlebih dahulu digiling dan diayak 120?140 mesh kemudian didelignifikasimenggunakan larutan NaOH 2% selama 6 jam pada temperatur 85oC. Hidrolisis dilakukan dalam beaker glass 300 mLyang dilengkapi dengan pengaduk bermotor. Sampel dianalisis menggunakan metoda dintrosalicylic acid. Hasilpercobaan menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan rasio enzim terhadap jerami padi dapat meningkatkan konsentrasi glukosayang dihasilkan baik untuk enzim komersial maupun campuran enzim kasar. Campuran enzim selulase kasar dari T.reesei dan A. nigeryang dihasilkan dari percobaan ini, dua kali lebih efektif menghidrolisis jerami padi menjadi glukosa dibandingkan dengan selulase komersial.

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AbstractThe objective of this work is to compare the effectiveness of mixed crude enzyme cellulase from T. reesei and A. niger with commercial enzyme from A. niger, and to investigate effect ofenzyme to substrate ratio to performance of enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw. The commercial enzyme from FlukaBiochemica was used, and crude enzyme were prepared by solid fermentation with simple media. Before hydrolized,the rice straw was grinded and sieved and then heated at 85oC with 2% sodium hydroxide for six hours. Hydrolysis wasconducted in 300 mL beaker flask equipped with mechanical stirrer. Samples were analyzed by dinitrosalicylic acidmethod and measured by spectrophotometer. Both of commercial and mixed crude enzyme show that, the higherenzyme to substrate ratio washigher the glucose concentration obtained. However, ratio of glucose obtained to enzymeused become smaller. The mixture of crude enzyme from T. reesesidan A. niger that produced in this work was two fold more effective to hydrolyze rice straw than using cellulase enzyme of A. nigerfrom Fluka Biochemika. "

"[ABSTRAKDengan potensi ekonomi yang besar dari ubi kayu dalam perdagangandunia dan meningkatnya kebutuhan dunia akan ubi kayu serta denganketerbatasan-keterbatasan Indonesia dalam meningkatkan produksi ubi kayu,perlu dikaji faktor-faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi produksi, konsumsi maupunharga ubi kayu di Indonesia. Produksi ubi kayu dipengaruhi secara signifikan olehvariabel harga ubi kayu, luas areal panen ubi kayu dan harga pupuk urea.Konsumsi ubi kayu di Indonesia dipengaruhi secara signifikan oleh variabeljumlah penduduk Indonesia. Harga ubi kayu di Indonesia dipengaruhi secarasignifikan oleh variabel luas panen ubi kayu, konsumsi ubi kayu dan panjang jalanberaspal. Berdasarkan proyeksi, produksi ubi kayu akan mengalami peningkatanjika harga ubi kayu, produktivitas lahan ubi kayu maupun luas panennyaditingkatkan. Konsumsi ubi kayu Indonesia diproyeksikan akan mengalamipenurunan jika secara bersamaan ada peningkatan harga ubi kayu, peningkatanpendapatan perkapita dan adanya peningkatan jumlah penduduk Indonesia. Hargaubi kayu diproyeksikan akan mengalami peningkatan jika konsumsi ubi kayumengalami penurunan dibarengi dengan penurunan luas areal panen ubi kayu.

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ABSTRACTWith great economic potential of cassava in the world trade and theincreasing world demand for cassava as well as the limitations of Indonesia toincrease cassava production it needs to be investigated factors that can affect theproduction, consumption and prices of cassava in Indonesia. Cassava productionis significantly influenced by the variable price of cassava, cassava harvestedarea and price of urea fertilizer. Consumption of cassava in Indonesia issignificantly influenced by population of Indonesia. The price of cassava inIndonesia is significantly influenced by cassava harvested area, consumption ofcassava and the length of tarred road. Based on projections, cassava productionwould increase if cassava price, cassava land productivity and harvested area areimproved. Indonesian cassava consumption is projected to decline if there areincreasing in cassava price, per capita income and population of Indonesiasimultaneously. The price of cassava is projected to increase if the consumption ofcassava decreased accompanied by a decrease in the total area harvestedcassava., With great economic potential of cassava in the world trade and theincreasing world demand for cassava as well as the limitations of Indonesia toincrease cassava production it needs to be investigated factors that can affect theproduction, consumption and prices of cassava in Indonesia. Cassava productionis significantly influenced by the variable price of cassava, cassava harvestedarea and price of urea fertilizer. Consumption of cassava in Indonesia issignificantly influenced by population of Indonesia. The price of cassava inIndonesia is significantly influenced by cassava harvested area, consumption ofcassava and the length of tarred road. Based on projections, cassava productionwould increase if cassava price, cassava land productivity and harvested area areimproved. Indonesian cassava consumption is projected to decline if there areincreasing in cassava price, per capita income and population of Indonesiasimultaneously. The price of cassava is projected to increase if the consumption ofcassava decreased accompanied by a decrease in the total area harvestedcassava.]"

"Singkong dapat menjadi salah satu alternative dalam pengembangan bioethanol dan ekspor di Indonesia. Selain itu tanaman singkong hampir bisa kita jumpai dimana saja. Singkong yang sudah dikeringkan atau biasa di sebut gaplek memiliki nilai untuk di ekspor. Penelitian kali ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakterisasi dari singkong untuk dijadikan referensi dalam perancangan rotary dryer dan juga untuk mengetahui pengaruh dari temperatur, aliran udara dan tebal singkong terhadap laju pengeringan singkong. Dalam kasus ini singkong akan dipotong dengan ukuran 0,3cm, 0,5cm, 0,7cm. Singkong yang diletakkan didalam ruang pengering akan dialirkan udara dengan 3 variasi ketinggian manometer yaitu 10mm, 18mm, 28mm. Udara yang dialirkan juga akan divariasikan temperaturnya yaitu 100℃, 80℃, 60℃. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa equilibrium moisture content (xe), konstanta pengeringan (k) dan α saling berhubungan. Critical moisture content (xc) sangat dipengaruhi oleh ketebalan potongan singkong dan laju aliran udara pengering.

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Cassava can be one of alternatives in developing bioethanol and export in Indonesia. Furthermore cassava can be found almost anywhere. Cassava which had been dried or commonly called gaplek have a sale value for export. This research is meant to observe the character of cassava to be made reference in designing a rotary dryer and also to ascertain the influence of temperature, air flow, and cassava thickness toward drying the cassava.

In this case the cassavas will be cut into pieces with measurement 0,3cm, 0,5cm, 0,7cm. Cassavas that placed in drying chamber will be air flowed with 3 height manometer variations which is 10mm, 18mm, 28mm. Air for flowing also will be variant, which is 100℃, 80℃, 60℃. Research outcome shows that equilibrium moisture content (xe), drying constants (k), and α are interrelated. Critical moisture content (xc) is greatly influenced by cassavas thickness and dryer air flow."

"Glukosa banyak dimanfaatkan dalam bidang teknologi atau formulasi farmasetika baik sebagai pengatur tonisitas dalam larutan sebagai zat pemanis sebagai pengencer dan pengikat pada pembuatan tablet dengan metode granulasi basah dan kempa langsung, terutama dalam tablet kunyah sebagai agen terapeutik dan merupakan sumber karbohidrat dalam rejimen nutrisi parenteral. Eceng gondok dapat menjadi salah satu sumber potensial karena selulosa yang terkandung di dalamnya cukup tinggi sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan untuk preparasi glukosa dengan cara hidrolisis secara enzimatis oleh selulase. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan galur kapang dengan aktivitas selulase tinggi untuk menghidrolisis α-selulosa eceng gondok guna memperoleh glukosa. Penelitian diawali dengan preparasi α-selulosa dari serbuk tanaman eceng gondok, skrining beberapa galur kapang uji berdasarkan pembentukan zona bening pada medium agar CMC dan dengan metode gula reduksi-DNS, dilanjutkan dengan optimasi kondisi hidrolisis enzimatis. Identifikasi glukosa yang dihasilkan dilakukan dengan menggunakan Spektrofotometer Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) dan uji pereaksi Fehling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan galur kapang yang memiliki aktivitas enzim selulase paling tinggi adalah Chaetomium globosum. Kondisi optimum hidrolisis enzimatis dicapai pada suhu 50°C, dalam dapar asetat pH 5, dengan penambahan konsentrasi enzim 2%, selama 48 jam dengan kecepatan pengadukan 160 rpm. Hasil identifikasi dengan FTIR menunjukkan bahwa spektrum serbuk glukosa yang dihasilkan memiliki kemiripan dengan spektrum glukosa standar terutama pada daerah sidik jari. Identifikasi dengan uji pereaksi Fehling memberikan hasil positif baik untuk glukosa standar maupun larutan uji hasil hidrolisis.

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Glucose is widely used in the field of technology or pharmaceutical formulations for some purposes, such as a tonicity agent in solution a sweetening agent used as a wet granulation diluent and binder as a direct-compression tablet diluent and binder, primarily in chewable tablets used therapeutically and is the preferred source of carbohydrate in parenteral nutrition regimens. Water hyacinth potentially is used in glucose preparation through enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulase because the cellulose contained in it is high enough. This study aims to obtain the mold strain with high cellulase activity which hydrolyzes α-cellulose from water hyacinth to obtain glucose. This study is composed of several steps, including the preparation of α-cellulose from water hyacinth powder, screening test mold strains based on the formation of clear zones in CMC agar medium and with DNS-reducing sugar method, followed by optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis conditions. The identification of glucose produced was carried out by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) and Fehlings test methods. The results showed the mold strain that has the highest cellulase enzyme activity is Chaetomium globosum. The optimum condition of enzymatic hydrolysis was reached at 50°C, in acetate buffer pH 5, with the addition of 2% enzyme concentration, for 48 hours, with a stirring speed of 160 rpm. The results of identification with FTIR showed that the spectrum of glucose produced has similarities to the spectrum of glucose standard, especially in the fingerprint region. The identification by the Fehlings test showed positive results for both glucose standard and solution test from hydrolysis results."

"Upaya pencarian sumber energi menjadi perhatian pada dewasa ini, salah satu alternatif sumber energi yang cocok pada kondisi geografis Indonesia adalah teknologi sel surya berbasis sensitasi pewarna (DSSC).Dimana salah satu komponen penting dalam teknologi ini terbuat dari TiO2. Tingginya biaya proses pengolahan TiO2 sendiri menjadi salah satu penyebabmahalnya teknologi sel surya, untuk itu penelitian ini diadakan dengan mempertimbangkanmelimpahnya cadangan sumber daya alam Indonesia dan peluang untuk mengurangi biaya produksi. Penelitian ini menitik beratkan pada peninjauan proses pemisahan Ti yang terlarut dalam filtrat hasil proses hidrometalurgi dengan menggunakan metoda plasma non-termal. Untuk itu ilmenit disaring dahulu hingga mendapatkan ukuran sebesar 65 mesh. Setelah itu ilmenit di larutkan dengan menggunakan asam sulfat 50% 9Mpada150oC.Pelarutan ini bertujuan untuk memisahkan Ti dan Fe, dimana Femengendap dan Tilarut menjadi filtrat.Selanjutnyafiltrat dan endapan dipisahkan,endapan akan dikeringkan untuk dikarakterisasi sedangkan larutan dipersiapkan untukdiaplikasi plasma non-termal.Plasma non-termal yang digunakan adalah gas O3 hasil konversi dari O2 murni. Gas O3 ini akan menjadi katalis untuk reaksi antara ion Ti dalam larutan dengan ion O yang ada pada gas untuk mempresipitasi menjadi TiO2. Hasil optimum yang diperoleh dari perbedaan variabel laju alir (5, 10 dan 15 L/min) dari O2 menunjukkan titik optimum pada variabel 10 L/min, yang mencapai hasil % perolehan Ti paling tinggi yaitu 14.32%.

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In this day, many efforts were take in order to search a new energy sources. One of alternative energy source that suitable to use in Indonesia geopraphical condition were Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC). Which one of it’s important component made from TiO2. The high expenses cost to process the TiO2 are one the factors that makes Solar Cells expensive, therefor this studyis held by considering the natural resources of Indonesia and a potential to reduce the production cost. This study is focusing to review a process to separate the dissolved Ti in the filtrate from hydrometallurgy processes with non-thermal plasma. Therefor, ilmenit screened beforehand until obtain similar size of 65 mesh. Then Ilmenit are leached with sulfuric acid 50% 9 M at 150oC. This leaching is aimed to separate Fe and Ti, where Fe are precipitated and Ti dissolved into the filtrate. Thereafter the filtrate and precipitates are separated, the precipitates will be dried and the filtrates will be applied by non-thermal plasma. The non-thermal plasma which is used from conversion result of pure O2 to O3. This O3 gas will become the catalyst for reaction between Ti ion in solution and O ion in gas to precipitated become TiO2.The optimum results obtained from difference in the O2 flow rate (5, 10 and 15 L/min) of O2 shown the optimum point on 10 L/min, that achieving a result of highest Ti % recovery which is 14.32%."

"Grafena merupakan material komposit yang memiliki karakteristik mekanik, optik, dan konduktivitas yang baik. Dibutuhkan alternatif untuk menurunkan cost dalam proses fabrikasinya, salah satu upayanya adalah mengganti bahan baku menjadi limbah biomassa, digunakan limbah kulit singkong. Metode yang digunakan dalam pembutan grafena adalah mereduksi grafena oksida. Grafena oksida dibuat menggunakan metode Hummers termodifikasi. Metode reduksi kimia adalah metode yang umum digunakan, tetapi memiliki residu yang berbahaya bagi lingkungan. Oleh karena itu, digunakan metode  alternatif yaitu reduksi laser. Proses reduksi dilakukan dalam 4 variasi waktu, yaitu 1, 2, 3, dan 4 jam. Dilakukan beberapa pengujian, diantaranya SEM, FTIR, UV-Vis, dan XRD. Hasil UV-Vis dari proses reduksi grafena oksida didapatkan puncak pada 237 nm untuk 1 jam, 245 untuk 2 jam, dan optimum 3 jam pada 261 nm menunjukkan adanya transisi orbital C=C. Setelah 3 jam, puncak menghilang mengindikasikan terbentuk cacat. Hasil FTIR menunjukkan hilangnya puncak gugus oksigen dan hidroksil. Pengamatan SEM menunjukkan morfologi lembaran tipis dan menggulung serta hasil XRD yang mengalami pergeseran puncak ke daerah 25,7°.

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Graphene is a composite material that has good mechanical, optical and conductivity characteristics. Alternative is needed to reduce costs in the fabrication process, one of the efforts is to replace the raw material to biomass waste  used cassava peel. The method used in making graphene is by reducing graphene oxide. Graphene oxide synthesized using a modified Hummers method. The chemical reduction method is the most commonly used method, but it has residues that are harmful to the environment. Therefore, an alternative method is used, namely laser reduction. Laser reduction used various reduction time range from 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours. Several characterization techniques were utilized, including SEM, FTIR, UV-Vis, and XRD. The UV-Vis results from the process reduction of graphene oxide showed peaks at 237 nm for 1 hour, 245 for 2 hours, and an optimum for 3 hours at 261 nm indicating a C=C orbital transition. After 3 hours, the peaks disappeared indicating defect formed. FTIR results also show the loss of the hydroxyl group peaks, indicating a successful reduction process. SEM observations showed the morphology of thin and rolled sheets. Finally, XRD results or rGO displayed a peak shift back to region 25,7°."

"Tujuan dari penelitian adalah untuk menghasilkan selulosa mikrokristal melalui hidrolisis α- selulosa serbuk eceng gondok dan membandingkan karakteristiknya dengan pembanding (Avicel PH 101). α-selulosa eceng gondok disiapkan melalui biodelignifikasi menggunakan kapang pelapuk putih Trametes versicolor. Selulase dari rayap Macrotermes gilvus dimurnikan dengan fraksinasi ammonium sulfat, dialisis, dan kromatografi kolom.Hasil hidrolisis ditingkatkan dengan mengoptimalkan suhu, pH, dan waktu hidrolisis. Identifikasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX) dan Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), diikuti oleh karakterisasi selulosa mikrokristal menggunakan Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) dan pola difraksi menggunakan Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) dibandingkan dengan Avicel PH 101.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rendemen α-selulosa dari biodelignifikasi adalah 40% b/b terhadap serbuk eceng gondok. Selulase murni dari Macrotermes gilvus menunjukkan aktivitas tinggi 11,743 U/mL membentuk area zona bening 49 mm dengan indeks selulolitik 7,16. Hidrolisis optimum dengan selulase dicapai pada 50⁰C, pH 6,0, selama 2 jam, dengan yield 90,89% MCC.Hasil karakterisasi menunjukkan karakteristik selulosa mikrokristal mirip dengan referensi. MCC dari eceng gondok telah menunjukkan karakteristik mirip dengan referensi dan mungkin berpotensi untuk dikembangkan lebih lanjut.

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The purpose of this research is to produce microcrystalline cellulose by hydrolysis of α-cellulose water hyacinth powder and compare its characteristics with a comparison (Avicel PH 101). α-cellulose water hyacinth is prepared through biodelignification using white rot mold Trametes versicolor. Cellulase from termite Macrotermes gilvus was purified by fractionation of ammonium sulfate, dialysis, and column chromatography.

The hydrolysis yield is improved by optimizing temperature, pH, and hydrolysis time. Identification was carried out using Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX) and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), followed by microcrystalline cellulose characterization using Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) and diffraction patterns using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) compared with Avicel PH 101.

The results showed the yield of α-cellulose from biodelignification was 40% w/w on water hyacinth powder. Pure cellulase from Macrotermes gilvus showed high activity of 11.743 U/mL forming a 49 mm clear zone area with a cellulolytic index of 7.16. Optimum hydrolysis with cellulase was achieved at 50⁰C, pH 6.0, for 2 hours, with a yield of 90.89% MCC.

The characterization results showed that microcrystalline cellulose characteristics were similar to references. MCC from water hyacinth has shown characteristics similar to references and may be potential for further development."