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"Protein hydrolysate was prepared from Paddy (Volvariella volvaceae) mushroom. Hydrolysis uses commercially protease available Protamex ? with enzyme concentration of 0.1% (w/w). Hydrolysis was performed at three different temperatures (room temperature, 40 °C, and 50 °C) with different incubation periods (60, 90, and 120 minutes). Enzyme inactivation was done in 90 °C for 3 minutes. Yield and degree of hydrolysis ranged from 94.76% to 99.55% and19.06% to 24.59%. Protein solubility was about 89?11,8%. The longer time of hydrolysis, the darker the color of protein hydrolysate. Protein hydrolysate which has hydrolysis at 50 °C for 120 minutes has the highest protein yield and the best sensory properties: 4.76 (taste liking), 3.68 (aroma liking), and 4.56 (overall liking). However, this protein hydrolysate has the potential for application as an ingredient in formulated diets."

"Many drugs and other xenobiotics (e.g., preservatives, insecticides, and plastifiers) contain hydrolyzable moieties such as ester or amide groups. In biological media, such foreign compounds are, therefore, important substrates for hydrolytic reactions catalyzed by hydrolases or proceeding non-enzymatically. Despite their significance, until now, no book has been dedicated to hydrolysis and hydrolases in the metabolism of drugs and other xenobiotics. This work fills a gap in the literature and reviews metabolic reactions of hydrolysis and hydarion from the point of views of enzymes, substrates, and reactions."

"Cassava pulp, a low cost solid byproduct of cassava starch industry, has been proposed as a high potential ethanolicfermentation substrate due to its high residual starch level, low ash content and small particle size of the lignocellulosic fibers. As the economic feasibility depends on complete degradation of the polysaccharides to fermentable glucose, the comparative hydrolytic potential of cassava pulp by six commercial enzymes were studied. Raw cassava pulp (12%w/v, particle size <320 μm) hydrolyzed by both commercial pectinolytic (1) and amylolytic (2) enzymes cocktail, yielded 70.06% DE. Hydrothermal treatment of cassava pulp enhanced its susceptibility to enzymatic cleavageas compared to non-hydrothermal treatment raw cassava pulp. Hydrothermal pretreatment has shown that a glucoamylase (3) was the most effective enzyme for hydrolysis process of cassava pulp at temperature 65°C or 95°C for 10 min andyielded approximately 86.22% and 90.18% DE, respectively. Enzymatic pretreatment increased cassava pulp vulnerability to cellulase attacks. The optimum conditions for enzymatic pretreatment of30% (w/v) cassava pulp by a potent cellulolytic/ hemicellulolytic enzyme (4) was achieves at 50 °C for 3, meanwhile for liquefaction andsaccharification by a thermo-stable α-amylase (5) was achieved at 95°C for 1 and a glucoamylase (3) at 50°C for 24 hours, respectively, yielded a reducing sugar level up to 94,1% DE. The high yield of glucose indicates the potential use of enzymatic-hydrothermally treated cassava pulp as a cheap substrate for ethanol production."

"ABSTRAKTujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk membandingkan efektivitas campuran enzim selulase kasar dari Trichoderma reeseidan Aspergillus niger dengan selulase A. nigerkomersial dari Fluka Biochemika serta mempelajari pengaruhratio enzim dengan substrat terhadap unjuk kerja hidrolisis. Enzim kasar dibuat dengan cara fermentasi padat denganmedia sederhana. Satu unit aktivitas selulase kasar dariA. niger dicampur dengan dua unit aktivitas selulase kasar dariT. reesei. Jerami padi yang akan dihidrolisis terlebih dahulu digiling dan diayak 120?140 mesh kemudian didelignifikasimenggunakan larutan NaOH 2% selama 6 jam pada temperatur 85oC. Hidrolisis dilakukan dalam beaker glass 300 mLyang dilengkapi dengan pengaduk bermotor. Sampel dianalisis menggunakan metoda dintrosalicylic acid. Hasilpercobaan menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan rasio enzim terhadap jerami padi dapat meningkatkan konsentrasi glukosayang dihasilkan baik untuk enzim komersial maupun campuran enzim kasar. Campuran enzim selulase kasar dari T.reesei dan A. nigeryang dihasilkan dari percobaan ini, dua kali lebih efektif menghidrolisis jerami padi menjadi glukosa dibandingkan dengan selulase komersial.

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AbstractThe objective of this work is to compare the effectiveness of mixed crude enzyme cellulase from T. reesei and A. niger with commercial enzyme from A. niger, and to investigate effect ofenzyme to substrate ratio to performance of enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw. The commercial enzyme from FlukaBiochemica was used, and crude enzyme were prepared by solid fermentation with simple media. Before hydrolized,the rice straw was grinded and sieved and then heated at 85oC with 2% sodium hydroxide for six hours. Hydrolysis wasconducted in 300 mL beaker flask equipped with mechanical stirrer. Samples were analyzed by dinitrosalicylic acidmethod and measured by spectrophotometer. Both of commercial and mixed crude enzyme show that, the higherenzyme to substrate ratio washigher the glucose concentration obtained. However, ratio of glucose obtained to enzymeused become smaller. The mixture of crude enzyme from T. reesesidan A. niger that produced in this work was two fold more effective to hydrolyze rice straw than using cellulase enzyme of A. nigerfrom Fluka Biochemika. "

"Upaya pencarian sumber energi menjadi perhatian pada dewasa ini, salah satu alternatif sumber energi yang cocok pada kondisi geografis Indonesia adalah teknologi sel surya berbasis sensitasi pewarna (DSSC).Dimana salah satu komponen penting dalam teknologi ini terbuat dari TiO2. Tingginya biaya proses pengolahan TiO2 sendiri menjadi salah satu penyebabmahalnya teknologi sel surya, untuk itu penelitian ini diadakan dengan mempertimbangkanmelimpahnya cadangan sumber daya alam Indonesia dan peluang untuk mengurangi biaya produksi. Penelitian ini menitik beratkan pada peninjauan proses pemisahan Ti yang terlarut dalam filtrat hasil proses hidrometalurgi dengan menggunakan metoda plasma non-termal. Untuk itu ilmenit disaring dahulu hingga mendapatkan ukuran sebesar 65 mesh. Setelah itu ilmenit di larutkan dengan menggunakan asam sulfat 50% 9Mpada150oC.Pelarutan ini bertujuan untuk memisahkan Ti dan Fe, dimana Femengendap dan Tilarut menjadi filtrat.Selanjutnyafiltrat dan endapan dipisahkan,endapan akan dikeringkan untuk dikarakterisasi sedangkan larutan dipersiapkan untukdiaplikasi plasma non-termal.Plasma non-termal yang digunakan adalah gas O3 hasil konversi dari O2 murni. Gas O3 ini akan menjadi katalis untuk reaksi antara ion Ti dalam larutan dengan ion O yang ada pada gas untuk mempresipitasi menjadi TiO2. Hasil optimum yang diperoleh dari perbedaan variabel laju alir (5, 10 dan 15 L/min) dari O2 menunjukkan titik optimum pada variabel 10 L/min, yang mencapai hasil % perolehan Ti paling tinggi yaitu 14.32%.

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In this day, many efforts were take in order to search a new energy sources. One of alternative energy source that suitable to use in Indonesia geopraphical condition were Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC). Which one of it’s important component made from TiO2. The high expenses cost to process the TiO2 are one the factors that makes Solar Cells expensive, therefor this studyis held by considering the natural resources of Indonesia and a potential to reduce the production cost. This study is focusing to review a process to separate the dissolved Ti in the filtrate from hydrometallurgy processes with non-thermal plasma. Therefor, ilmenit screened beforehand until obtain similar size of 65 mesh. Then Ilmenit are leached with sulfuric acid 50% 9 M at 150oC. This leaching is aimed to separate Fe and Ti, where Fe are precipitated and Ti dissolved into the filtrate. Thereafter the filtrate and precipitates are separated, the precipitates will be dried and the filtrates will be applied by non-thermal plasma. The non-thermal plasma which is used from conversion result of pure O2 to O3. This O3 gas will become the catalyst for reaction between Ti ion in solution and O ion in gas to precipitated become TiO2.The optimum results obtained from difference in the O2 flow rate (5, 10 and 15 L/min) of O2 shown the optimum point on 10 L/min, that achieving a result of highest Ti % recovery which is 14.32%."

"Mikroalga Nannochloropsis sp. memiliki kandungan biomassa bervariasi, salah satunya protein. Hidrolisis protein menghasilkan peptida dan asam amino sehingga meningkatkan bioaktivitas dari protein. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan protein hidrolisat dari mikroalga Nannochloropsis sp. serta mengetahui keamanan dan efektivitasnya sebagai produk kosmetik anti-aging. Protein hidrolisat mikroalga Nannochloropsis sp. (PHMN) diperoleh dari proses hidrolisis menggunakan enzim alkalase. PHMN dievaluasi perolehan rendemen, derajat hidrolisis, kandungan proksimat, asam amino serta aktivitas anti-elastasenya. PHMN diformulasikan menjadi sediaan emulgel, kemudian dievaluasi sifat fisikokimia dan stabilitasnya. Uji keamanan produk kosmetik PHMN dilakukan dan efektivitas produk kosmetik PHMN sebagai anti-aging dievaluasi dengan mengukur serat kolagen, elastisitas, dan kelembaban kulit relawan. Protein hidrolisat yang diperoleh memiliki nilai rendemen sebesar 25,77%±3,16% (b/b), derajat hidrolisis sebesar 36,73%, dan mengandung asam amino yang didominasi oleh asam glutamat, asam aspartat, dan leusin. Nilai konsentrasi penghambatan setengah maksimal (IC50) PHMN sebagai anti-elastase yaitu 244,43 mg/mL. Produk kosmetik PHMN menunjukkan stabilitas yang baik yaitu homogen dan kadar yang stabil setelah 24 minggu. Penggunaan produk kosmetik PHMN tidak menyebabkan iritasi dan meningkatkan serat kolagen, elastisitas, dan kelembaban kulit setelah 28 hari. Dari penelitian ini disimpulkan bahwa diperoleh protein hidrolisat dari mikroalga Nannochloropsis sp. serta produk kosmetik PHMN memiliki karakteristik yang baik, aman, dan efektif sebagai anti-aging

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Microalgae Nannochloropsis sp. contain various biomass composition including protein. Protein hydrolysis generate peptide and amino acids so that protein bioactivity improves. The purpose of study was to obtain protein hydrolysate from Nannochloropsis sp. microalgae, also assess its safety and efficacy as anti-aging cosmetic product. Nannochloropsis sp. protein hydrolysate (NPH) was obtained from microalgae through enzymatic hydrolysis using alcalase enzyme and characterized for yield, degree of hydrolysis (DH), proximate content, amino acids composition, and anti-elastase activity. NPH was formulated as emulgel, then evaluated for physical characteristics and stability. NPH cosmetic product was evaluated for safety and efficacy as anti-aging by measuring collagen fibers, elasticity, and moisture in volunteers. NPH was obtained with yield of 25.77±3.16% (w/w), DH value of 36.73%, and amino acids dominated by glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and leucin. Half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) value as anti-elastase was 244.43 µg/mL. NPH cosmetic product showed good stability which homogenous and had stable protein content after 24 weeks storage. NPH cosmetic product usage did not cause skin irritation and increased collagen fiber, elasticity and moisture after 28 days. In conclusion, protein hydrolysate was obtained from Nannochloropsis sp. microalgae and NPH cosmetic product had good characteristic, safe, and effective as anti-aging."

"Tujuan dari penelitian adalah untuk menghasilkan selulosa mikrokristal melalui hidrolisis α- selulosa serbuk eceng gondok dan membandingkan karakteristiknya dengan pembanding (Avicel PH 101). α-selulosa eceng gondok disiapkan melalui biodelignifikasi menggunakan kapang pelapuk putih Trametes versicolor. Selulase dari rayap Macrotermes gilvus dimurnikan dengan fraksinasi ammonium sulfat, dialisis, dan kromatografi kolom.Hasil hidrolisis ditingkatkan dengan mengoptimalkan suhu, pH, dan waktu hidrolisis. Identifikasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX) dan Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), diikuti oleh karakterisasi selulosa mikrokristal menggunakan Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) dan pola difraksi menggunakan Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) dibandingkan dengan Avicel PH 101.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rendemen α-selulosa dari biodelignifikasi adalah 40% b/b terhadap serbuk eceng gondok. Selulase murni dari Macrotermes gilvus menunjukkan aktivitas tinggi 11,743 U/mL membentuk area zona bening 49 mm dengan indeks selulolitik 7,16. Hidrolisis optimum dengan selulase dicapai pada 50⁰C, pH 6,0, selama 2 jam, dengan yield 90,89% MCC.Hasil karakterisasi menunjukkan karakteristik selulosa mikrokristal mirip dengan referensi. MCC dari eceng gondok telah menunjukkan karakteristik mirip dengan referensi dan mungkin berpotensi untuk dikembangkan lebih lanjut.

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The purpose of this research is to produce microcrystalline cellulose by hydrolysis of α-cellulose water hyacinth powder and compare its characteristics with a comparison (Avicel PH 101). α-cellulose water hyacinth is prepared through biodelignification using white rot mold Trametes versicolor. Cellulase from termite Macrotermes gilvus was purified by fractionation of ammonium sulfate, dialysis, and column chromatography.

The hydrolysis yield is improved by optimizing temperature, pH, and hydrolysis time. Identification was carried out using Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX) and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), followed by microcrystalline cellulose characterization using Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) and diffraction patterns using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) compared with Avicel PH 101.

The results showed the yield of α-cellulose from biodelignification was 40% w/w on water hyacinth powder. Pure cellulase from Macrotermes gilvus showed high activity of 11.743 U/mL forming a 49 mm clear zone area with a cellulolytic index of 7.16. Optimum hydrolysis with cellulase was achieved at 50⁰C, pH 6.0, for 2 hours, with a yield of 90.89% MCC.

The characterization results showed that microcrystalline cellulose characteristics were similar to references. MCC from water hyacinth has shown characteristics similar to references and may be potential for further development."

"Penambahan pati yang memiliki daya cerna rendah sebagai bahan fungsional sedang banyak dikembangkan karena kebutuhan masyarakat terkait bahan pangan sehat, terutama dengan kandungan kalori rendah dan serat tinggi. Pati tapioka dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan pengolahan makanan karena memiliki kejernihan pasta yang baik, dan rasanya yang hambar ketika dimasak. Namun, pati ini memiliki keterbatasan dari sifat fungsionalnya untuk digunakan dalam sistem makanan yaitu tidak tahan panas, dan kelarutan yang terbatas. Pati ini juga memiliki daya cerna yang tinggi. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan upaya modifikasi pati untuk mengubah sifat pati agar lebih dapat diaplikasikan sebagai bahan pengolahan makanan dan menurunkan daya cernanya. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan modifikasi kimia secara ikat silang dan hidrolisis suasana asam untuk mengamati perubahan sifat fungsional pati tapioka dan daya cerna. Agen ikat silang yang digunakan adalah campuran natrium trimetafosfat dan natrium tripolifosfat, serta dalam reaksi hidrolisis asam digunakan larutan asam klorida. Pati modifikasi dikarakterisasi menggunakan FTIR, XRD, dan SEM. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa modifikasi pati melalui reaksi hidrolisis suasana asam dan ikat silang dapat menurunkan daya cerna menjadi 28%. Modifikasi pati jugamerubah sifat fungsional pati. Pati modifikasi menunjukkan peningkatan kelarutan, stabilitas termal dan derajat kristalinitas, penurunan swelling power, viskositas dan kejernihan pasta.

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Low digestibility starch addition as functional material is rapidly developed due to the society demand concerning healthy food material, especially those with low calorie and high fibre contents. Tapioca starch could be utilized as food processing material due its excellent pasta purity, and its tasteless when being cooked. Nevertheless, this kind of starch has limitation from its properties to be utilized in food system, such as its lowthermal resistance, and poor solubility. This starch also has high digestibility. Therefore, starch modification is necessary to increase its nature to be applied as food processing material and reducing its digestibility. In this research, cross-linking and acid hydrolysis chemical modifications were carried out to observe tapioca starch and digestibility functional natures. Cross-linking agent utilized were sodium trimetaphosphate and sodium tripolyphosphate, and acid hydrolysis reactions used hydrochloric acid. The modified starch is characterized using FTIR, XRD, and SEM. Result showed that starchmodification through acid hydrolysis and cross-linking reactions were better reducing digestibility into 28%. Starch modification also altered starch functional properties. Modification starch demonstrated increasing solubility, thermal stability, cristallinity, as well as decreasing swelling power, viscosity and pasta purity."

"Glukosa banyak dimanfaatkan dalam bidang teknologi atau formulasi farmasetika baik sebagai pengatur tonisitas dalam larutan sebagai zat pemanis sebagai pengencer dan pengikat pada pembuatan tablet dengan metode granulasi basah dan kempa langsung, terutama dalam tablet kunyah sebagai agen terapeutik dan merupakan sumber karbohidrat dalam rejimen nutrisi parenteral. Eceng gondok dapat menjadi salah satu sumber potensial karena selulosa yang terkandung di dalamnya cukup tinggi sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan untuk preparasi glukosa dengan cara hidrolisis secara enzimatis oleh selulase. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan galur kapang dengan aktivitas selulase tinggi untuk menghidrolisis α-selulosa eceng gondok guna memperoleh glukosa. Penelitian diawali dengan preparasi α-selulosa dari serbuk tanaman eceng gondok, skrining beberapa galur kapang uji berdasarkan pembentukan zona bening pada medium agar CMC dan dengan metode gula reduksi-DNS, dilanjutkan dengan optimasi kondisi hidrolisis enzimatis. Identifikasi glukosa yang dihasilkan dilakukan dengan menggunakan Spektrofotometer Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) dan uji pereaksi Fehling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan galur kapang yang memiliki aktivitas enzim selulase paling tinggi adalah Chaetomium globosum. Kondisi optimum hidrolisis enzimatis dicapai pada suhu 50°C, dalam dapar asetat pH 5, dengan penambahan konsentrasi enzim 2%, selama 48 jam dengan kecepatan pengadukan 160 rpm. Hasil identifikasi dengan FTIR menunjukkan bahwa spektrum serbuk glukosa yang dihasilkan memiliki kemiripan dengan spektrum glukosa standar terutama pada daerah sidik jari. Identifikasi dengan uji pereaksi Fehling memberikan hasil positif baik untuk glukosa standar maupun larutan uji hasil hidrolisis.

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Glucose is widely used in the field of technology or pharmaceutical formulations for some purposes, such as a tonicity agent in solution a sweetening agent used as a wet granulation diluent and binder as a direct-compression tablet diluent and binder, primarily in chewable tablets used therapeutically and is the preferred source of carbohydrate in parenteral nutrition regimens. Water hyacinth potentially is used in glucose preparation through enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulase because the cellulose contained in it is high enough. This study aims to obtain the mold strain with high cellulase activity which hydrolyzes α-cellulose from water hyacinth to obtain glucose. This study is composed of several steps, including the preparation of α-cellulose from water hyacinth powder, screening test mold strains based on the formation of clear zones in CMC agar medium and with DNS-reducing sugar method, followed by optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis conditions. The identification of glucose produced was carried out by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) and Fehlings test methods. The results showed the mold strain that has the highest cellulase enzyme activity is Chaetomium globosum. The optimum condition of enzymatic hydrolysis was reached at 50°C, in acetate buffer pH 5, with the addition of 2% enzyme concentration, for 48 hours, with a stirring speed of 160 rpm. The results of identification with FTIR showed that the spectrum of glucose produced has similarities to the spectrum of glucose standard, especially in the fingerprint region. The identification by the Fehlings test showed positive results for both glucose standard and solution test from hydrolysis results."