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"Telah dilakukan studi habitat konservasi ex-situ berupa penangkaran rusa timor di Universitas Indonesia (UI). Tujuan dari studi ini adalah untuk meneliti habitat rusa timor di UI berupa aspek fisik dan biologi rusa berdasarkan PP. No 7 Tahun 1999 dan PP No. 8 Tahun 1999. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode observasi, kuesioner dan membandingkannya dengan kawasan penangkaran Ranca Upas, Ciwidey. Hasil yang didapatkan adalah kondisi kawasan penangkaran rusa timor di UI belum memenuhi standar kawasan penangkaran. Jumlah populasi seharusnya 1 ha hanya untuk 10 ekor saat ini hidup 36 ekor. Rasio jantan : betina 1:4 di UI terdapat 11:16. Standar kesehatan kawasan belum memadai, tidak aman, tidak nyaman, serta tidak ada tenaga ahli dalam administrasi dan kesehatan. Universitas Indonesia harus memperbaiki fisik habitat dan sistem administrasi pengelolaan dan perlu menunjuk ahli pada bidang konservasi dan kesehatan. Pelaksanaan konservasi ex-situ berupa penangkaran harus memperhatikan ekosistem berupa daya dukung lingkungan, kontrol populasi, asupan makanan, naungan dan tempat kawin.

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Habitat study has been conducted at ex-situ conservation (captive breeding) of timor deer (Cervus timorensis) in Campus Universitas Indonesia (UI). The purpose of this study is to investigate whether timor deer habitat in UI based on physical and biological aspects of standardized deer habitat in captive breeding according to government rules PP. No 7 /1999 and PP No. 8 /1999. The methods used are habitat observation, and questionnaire, then the result is compared to the other timor deer captive breeding area, Ranca Upas, Ciwidey. Based on observations of deer habitat in UI, the physical conditions and maintenance are not qualified as a captive breeding area. The home range area for 1 ha is only for 10 heads, but at UI there are 36 heads; the sex ratio male:female 1:4 but in the UI field 11:16. The UI field is unsafe and uncomfortable, and the animal health standard is low and it has no expert hired for administrative and medical care. Universitas Indonesia should improve the habitat, need experts for administrative work such as labeling, certification, and listing on the book of pedigree (studbook) and tagging, and for genetic diversity preservation. The implementation of the ex-situ conservation must consider the ecosystem, carrying capacity, population control, food supply, shelter, and breeding."

"ABSTRAKTelah dilakukan penelitian tentang perilaku dan daerah jelajah harian rusa timor (Cervus timorensis) di Taman Nasional Baluran, dari Juni hingga September 2019. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengukur dan membandingkan perilaku dan daerah jelajah harian rusa timor (Cervus timorensis) pada dua lokasi dengan tingkat gangguan antropogenik yang berbeda di Taman Nasional Baluran. Kedua lokasi dengan tingkat gangguan aktivitas manusia yang berbeda yaitu: adanya pariwisata di Savana Bekol, dan tanpa pariwisata dan adanya penggembalaan sapi (Bos taurus) di Labuhan Merak. Pengumpulan data alokasi waktu harian dilakukan dengan melakukan observasi langsung di habitat rusa timor menggunakan metode continuous focal animal sampling. Individu atau subjek pengamatan dipilih dari 3 lokasi berbeda di Savana Bekol dan 2 lokasi berbeda di Labuhan Merak. Data perilaku harian dianalisis menggunakan uji perbandingan statistika t independen atau Mann-Whitney [n1 = 25 (♀ = 15, ♂ = 10), n2 = 10 (♀ = 6, ♂ = 4)]. Data daerah jelajah harian dianalisis menggunakan uji perbandingan yaitu uji t independen [n1 = 6 (♀ = 3, ♂ = 3), n2 = 6 (♀ = 3, ♂ = 3)]. Hasil perbandingan perilaku dari Savana Bekol dengan Labuhan Merak menunjukkan bahwa pada rusa timor betina terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan pada proporsi perilaku istirahat (36,93% ± 10,97 dengan 63,40% ± 10,05), bergerak (7,13% ± 1,72 dengan 1,83% ± 0,41), dan waspada (1,52% ± 0,39 dengan 0,51% ± 0,19) (P ≤ 0,05). Pada rusa timor jantan terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan pada proporsi perilaku bergerak (6,36% ± 1,84 dengan 1,82% ± 0,56) (P ≤ 0,05). Hasil perbandingan daerah jelajah dari Savana Bekol dengan Labuhan Merak menunjukkan bahwa pada rusa timor betina di Savana Bekol memiliki luas daerah jelajah harian yang lebih luas dibandingkan dengan luas daerah jelajah harian rusa timor betina di Labuhan Merak (19,19 ha ± 0,74 dengan 2,67 ha ± 0,36) (P ≤ 0,05). Pada rusa timor jantan di Savana Bekol juga memiliki luas daerah jelajah harian yang lebih luas dibandingkan dengan luas daerah jelajah harian rusa timor jantan di Labuhan Merak (13,93 ha ± 0,55 dengan 2,18 ha ± 0,40) (P ≤ 0,05). Perilaku daerah jelajah rusa timor dalam penggunaan habitat (tutupan lahan, ketinggian, dan kemiringan) dari kedua lokasi menunjukkan perilaku yang hampir sama yaitu menggunakan strategi optimal patch use.

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ABSTRACTResearch had been carried out on the behavior and daily home range of ​​javan deer in Baluran National Park, from June to September 2019. The aim of the study was to measure and compare the behavior and daily home range of javan deer (Cervus timorensis) from two sites with different levels of anthropogenic disturbance in Baluran National Park. The two locations with different levels of human activity disturbances are: the areas with the presence of tourism in Savana Bekol (location 1), and areas without tourism and the presence of livestock grazing of cattle (Bos taurus) in Labuhan Merak (location 2). Daily time budget data collection was conducted by direct observation in the javan deer habitat using the continuous focal animal sampling method. Individuals or observational subjects were chosen from 3 different locations at Savana Bekol and 2 different locations at Labuhan Merak. Daily behavioral data were analyzed using statistical comparison independent t test or Mann-Whitney test [n1 = 25 (♀ = 15, ♂ = 10), n2 = 10 (♀ = 6, ♂ = 4)]. Daily home range data were analyzed using a comparison independent t test [n1 = 6 (♀ = 3, ♂ = 3), n2 = 6 (♀ = 3, ♂ = 3)]. Comparison of behavior from Savana Bekol vs Labuhan Merak showed that in female javan deer, there was a significant difference in the proportion of resting behavior (36.93% ± 10.97 vs 63.40% ± 10.05), moving (7.13% ± 1.72 vs 1.83% ± 0.41), and vigilance (1.52% ± 0.39 vs 0.51% ± 0.19) (P ≤ 0.05). In male javan deer there was a significant difference in the proportion of moving behavior (6.36% ± 1.84 vs 1.82% ± 0.56) (P ≤ 0.05). Comparison of home ranges from Savana Bekol vs Labuhan Merak showed that females javan deer in Savana Bekol has a wider daily home range than the daily home range of females javan deer in Labuhan Merak (19.19 ha ± 0.74 vs 2.67 ha ± 0.36) (P ≤ 0.05). Males javan deer in Savana Bekol also has a wider daily home range than the daily home range males of javan deer in Labuhan Merak (13.93 ha ± 0.55 vs 2.18 ha ± 0.40) (P ≤ 0.05). The home range behavior of javan deer in habitat use (land cover, elevation, and slope) from the two locations showed almost the same behavior, which is using optimal patch use strategy."

"Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi pola perilaku harian dan pengasuhan, faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi, dan pengaruh perilaku harian induk betina orangutan di Taman Safari Bogor terhadap perilaku pengasuhannya. Subjek pengamatan yang diamati berjumlah 2 individu induk betina orangutan, yaitu P1 (Pongo pygmaeus) di Kandang Lokasi dan P2 (Pongo abelii) di Baby Zoo dengan anak berumur 1 dan 4 tahun masing-masingnya. Pengamatan perilaku harian dicatat menggunakan metode focal instantaneous sampling dan perilaku pengasuhan menggunakan ad libitum. Pengamatan dilakukan selama satu bulan dengan pengulangan sebanyak 12 kali untuk masing-masing individu dan total waktu pengamatan kedua individu setara 156 jam. Pola perilaku harian dan pengasuhan induk betina orangutan P1 dan P2 berbeda secara signifikan (Uji Friedmann, P<0,05). Perilaku harian P1 didominasi oleh aktivitas moving (38,6%), P2 oleh aktivitas feeding (41,7%). Perilaku pengasuhan P1 didominasi oleh aktivitas encourages (34,0%), P2 oleh aktivitas breast feeding (29,1%). Hal tersebut disebabkan perbedaan usia orangutan anak dan pemberian enrichment. Aktivitas orangutan anak berupa begging menyebabkan tingginya aktivitas breast feeding sebagai bentuk positive feedback dari induk betina orangutan. Feeding dan moving memengaruhi perilaku pengasuhan sebagai pilihan investasi waktu dan energi (Uji Spearman, P<0,05). Mother rejection ditemukan pada P1 sebagai bentuk dorongan lokomosi, sedangkan pada P2 disebabkan oleh tingginya aktivitas orangutan anak.

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The study was conducted to evaluate the patterns of daily behavior and parenting activities, influencing factors, and the influence of daily behavior of mother orangutans in Taman Safari Bogor on their parenting behavior. Subjects observed were two orangutan female parents, P1 (Pongo pygmaeus) in Kandang Lokasi and P2 (Pongo abelii) at the Baby Zoo, children aged 1 and 4 years respectively. Daily behavior was recorded using focal instantaneous sampling method and parenting behavior using ad libitum. Observations were carried out 12 times for each individual, 156 hours of total observation time. Daily behavior patterns and parental care are differed significantly (Friedmann's Test, P<0.05). P1 daily behavior was dominated by moving activities (38.6%), whereas P2 was feeding (41.7%). P1 parenting behavior was dominated by encourages activities (34.0 %), whereas P2 was breast feeding (29.1%). The age difference in infant orangutans and enrichment are the cause. Begging activities of infant orangutans cause high breast feeding as a positive feedback from its mother. Feeding and moving influence parenting behavior as a form of investment choice of time and energy (Spearman Test, P<0.05). Mother rejection was found in P1 as a form of locomotion drive, whereas in P2 was high activity of infant orangutans."

"Macan tutul jawa (Panthera pardus melas Cuvier, 1809) adalah salah satu spesies endemik dengan pola tutul yang menjadi identitasnya. Hewan soliter ini memiliki tingkat keterancaman kepunahan yang tinggi dengan status Endangered (En) menurut IUCN. Oleh karena itu, konservasi macan tutul jawa terutama di Indonesia sangat penting dilakukan baik secara in-situ maupun ex-situ untuk menyelamatkan populasinya. Salah satu upaya konservasi macan tutul jawa dapat dilakukan di lokasi konservasi ex-situ Gembira Loka Zoo yang terletak di Kota Yogyakarta. Penelitian ini dilakukan bertujuan untuk menganalisis perilaku harian dan tingkat kesejahteraan populasi macan tutul jawa yang berlangsung selama 32 kali pengulangan dengan menggunakan metode focal animal sampling dan ad libitum. Subjek pada penelitian ini adalah empat individu macan tutul jawa yang terdiri dari dua individu jantan dan dua individu betina. Penelitian dilakukan pada periode Januari—Februari 2024 selama 8 pekan dengan total waktu 11.520 menit. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan keempat individu memiliki frekuensi perilaku harian dari tertinggi ke rendah adalah inactive (60,79%) > locomotion (15,46%) > feeding (7,42%) > grooming (7,13%) > individu (6,83%) > playing (2,69%) > stereotip (0,23%). Perilaku lainnya, seperti perilaku reproduksi juga teridentifikasi dikarenakan periode pengamatan bertepatan dengan dilakukannya pemasangan satu individu jantan dan satu individu betina di dalam kandang. Kesejahteraan macan tutul jawa terpenuhi dengan sangat baik sesuai prinsip Five Freedoms of Animal Welfare dengan hasil skor akhir adalah 80,32.

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The Javan leopard (Panthera pardus melas Cuvier, 1809) is an endemic species distinguished by its unique spotted pattern. This solitary animal faces a high risk of extinction, classified as Endangered (En) by the IUCN. Consequently, conservation efforts for the Javan leopard, particularly in Indonesia, are crucial to safeguard its population. One such conservation endeavor can be undertaken at the ex-situ conservation site of Gembira Loka Zoo, situated in Yogyakarta City. This study aims to analyze the daily behavior and welfare level of the Javan leopard population over 32 repetitions, employing focal animal sampling and ad libitum methods. The subjects of this study were four Javan leopards, comprising two males and two females. The research was conducted during the January—February 2024 period for 8 weeks, with a total observation time of 11,520 minutes. The findings indicate that the four individuals exhibited daily behaviors in the following order of frequency, from highest to lowest: inactive (60.79%) > locomotion (15.46%) > feeding (7.42%) > grooming (7.13%) > individual (6.83%) > playing (2.69%) > stereotypy (0.23%). Other behaviors, such as reproductive behaviors, were also identified due to the observation period coinciding with the pairing of one male and one female in the enclosure. The welfare of the Javan leopards was met very well according to the Five Freedoms of Animal Welfare principles, with a final score of 80,32."

"ABSTRAK Pertambahan jumlah penduduk mendorong permintaan daging sebagai salah satu bahan pangan terus meningkat, namun hal ini belum diimbangi dengan peningkatan produksi daging dalam negeri yang memadai. Sebagai jenis satwa liar dilindungi, pemanfaatan rusa timor dapat dilakukan dari hasil penangkaran. Saat ini kegiatan penangkaran hanya sebatas pengembangbiakan untuk meningkatkan jumlah populasi, belum disertai upaya pemanfaatannya. Riset ini bertujuan: menganalisis keberlanjutan penangkaran rusa timor sistem kandang dan sistem bebas, menganalisis persepsi dan sikap masyarakat tentang pemanfaatan rusa timor hasil penangkaran sebagai alternatif sumber protein hewani, dan merumuskan strategi penangkaran dan pemanfaatan berkelanjutan rusa timor. Metode riset ini meliputiLife Cycle Assessment, Life Cycle Cost, Social Life Cycle Assessment dan Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment, untuk menilai keberlanjutan, analisis pasar untuk menilai persepsi dan sikap masyarakat, serta analisis isi dan SWOT Delphi untuk merumuskan strategi kebijakan. Hasilnya menunjukkan keberlanjutan penangkaran sistem kandang dan sistem bebas di lokasi riset tidak berbeda jauh, karena manajeman dan penggunaan input pada kedua penangkaran hampir sama. Persepsi dan sikap masyarakat terhadap pemanfaatan rusa timor hasil penangkaran sebagai alternatif sumber protein hewani positif, dalam hal status konservasi, aspek pemanfaatan, keamanan pangan, kualitas, dan harga. Perlu dilakukan kajian dan penyederhanaan kebijakan penangkaran dan pemanfaatan hasilnya, serta meningkatkan kerjasama dengan para pihak, sehingga pemanfaatan rusa timor hasil penangkaran sebagai alternatif sumber protein hewani untuk mendukung ketahanan pangan dapat diimplemantasikan, tanpa mengganggu upaya pelestariannya di alam. Kata kunci: rusa timor, keberlanjutan, persepsi, sikap, penangkaran

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ABSTRACT

Population growth have increased the demand for meat as one of the foodstuffs. However, this has not been matched by adequate domestic meat production. The utilization of timor deer can be fullfiled from captive breeding due to its status as a protected wildlife. At present, the breeding activities are only limited to increasing the population and not yet to balance of utilization efforts. This research aimed to analyze the sustainability status of timor deer captive breeding (cage and free systems) and to analyze the community perceptions and attitudes towards the use of timor deer as an alternative source of animal protein, and arrange strategies for sustainable captive breeding and use of timor deer. The methodology in this research covering Life Cycle Assessment, Life Cycle Cost, Social Life Cycle Assessment and Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment, market analysis for assessing community perceptions and attitudes, as well as content analysis and SWOT Delphi for formulating policy strategies. The results showed that the sustainability of both model of captive breeding systems in the research site did not considerably differ each other due to the almost similar management and use of resources. Moreover, the community perceptions and attitudes towards the use of captive timor deer as an alternative source of animal protein denoted positiveness, either in terms of conservation status, used,  food security, quality and price aspects. Above all, it is still necessary to evaluate and simplify the policies of timor deer captive breeding and the use of the results as well as improve cooperation with the related parties. By these efforts, the use of captive timor deer as an alternative source of animal protein to supporting food security can be well implemented, without disrupting its preservation in nature.

 

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"Proses pencapaian tujuan konservasi selalu dibatasi oleh berbagai hal, seperti waktu, dana, SDM, maupun kebijakan. Hal ini terjadi juga pada usaha konservasi tumbuhan secara ex situ. Proses menentukan jenis tumbuhan dan lokasi pengoleksian yang tepat selalu menjadi permasalahan yang dihadapi sebelum kegiatan pengoleksian dilaksanakan. Hal ini karena penentuan keputusan perlu mempertimbangkan berbagai hal seperti status konservasi, ketersediaan dana, ketersediaan informasi, waktu, dan resiko keberhasilan tumbuh. Dalam tulisan ini akan dijelaskan kerangka pengambilan keputusan untuk menentukan prioritas spesies tumbuhan yang akan dijadikan koleksi ex situ. Tiga puluh spesies Rhododendron asli Indonesia yang terancam punah digunakan sebagai contoh. Metode yang digunakan adalah skoring terhadap 11 kriteria. Kriteria tersebut mencakup status spesies (meliputi: status konservasi, status keberhasilan introduksi ex situ, representasi kelompok taksa unik); status lokasi (status dalam area Biodiversity Hotspot dan Global 200 ecoregion, serta perlindungan legal habitat); kemudahan propagasi (meliputi: bentuk hidup, ketinggian habitat, dan jarak antara lokasi dan lembaga ex situ); efektivitas (jumlah spesies kongenerik simpatrik yang terancam kepunahan); dan biaya pengoleksian. Interpretasi hasil skoring dilakukan dengan sistem peringkat. Berdasarkan hasil penilaian terhada jenis Rhododendron Indonesia, maka yang menempati peringkat teratas untuk diprioritaskan dikoleksi di Kebun Raya Cibodas adalah R. longiflorum var. bancanum, R. wilhelminae, dan R. album

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ABSTRACTThere are some limitation on achieving ex situ conservation goals such as time, budget, human resources, and policies. A process on the selection of species or location become a problematical course, especially when planning a botanical expedition. This is because we should consider several factors such as conservation status, budget, information, and risk of grow success. In this paper, a simple set of decision frame to prioritize what plant species to conserve on ex situ collection will be discussed. Thirty species of native threatened Rhododendron were scored using 11 criteria, which are conservation status, success story of ex situ introduction, representation of unique taxon, habitat status on biodiversity hot spot, habitat status on global 200 ecoregion, in situ conservation, growth form, habitat elevation, distance between wild habitat and ex situ habitat, number of sympatric congeneric threatened species, and collecting cost. An interpretation of total score judged by the ranking system. Based on these methods, three species of Indonesia native Rhododendron such as R. longiflorum var. bancanum, R. wilhelminae, and R. album become a top priority for ex situ conservation in Cibodas Botanic Garden."

"Anoa merupakan satwa endemik Sulawesi yang terancam punah karena perburuan liar dan kehilangan habitat. Informasi terkait manajemen reproduksi anoa masih terbatas, sehingga upaya konservasi menjadi terhambat. Penelitian terkait manajemen reproduksi perlu dilakukan untuk mengoptimalkan pengembangbiakan anoa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor pendukung keberhasilan kebuntingan anoa (Bubalus depressicornis C.H. Smith, 1827) melalui kawin alami serta mendeteksi kebuntingan anoa (Bubalus depressicornis C.H. Smith, 1827) melalui perubahan perilaku dan morfologi, pengukuran profil biokimia urine, dan gambaran ultrasonografi transabdominal. Penelitian dilakukan di Anoa Breeding Centre Manado (ABC), Sulawesi Utara. Pengambilan data penelitian dilakukan pada Juli–Oktober 2017 untuk mengetahui siklus estrus, waktu optimal kawin, dan perilaku kawin anoa, pada Maret–Mei 2019 untuk melakukan verifikasi keberhasilan perkawinan alami anoa selama periode April 2016– Mei 2019, dan Januari–Mei 2019 untuk pengukuran profil biokimia urine. Penelitian menggunakan 2 ekor anoa jantan dan 4 ekor anoa. Faktor pendukung kebuntingan dianalisis menggunakan analisis jalur dengan bantuan perangkat lunak SmartPLS dan analisis diskriminan. Data perubahan perilaku dan morfologi dianalisis menggunakan Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Data profil biokimia urine dianalisis menggunakan uji T. Data USG transabdominal dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat variasi panjang dan lama estrus di antara individu anoa. Panjang siklus estrus anoa berkisar antara 14–24 hari dengan lama estrus 2–4 hari. Berdasarkan hasil SmartPLS diketahui bahwa faktor eksternal (manajemen dan iklim) dan faktor internal (individu jantan dan individu betina) tidak menunjukkan adanya pengaruh nyata terhadap kebuntingan. Berdasarkan analisis Principal Component Analysis (PCA) diketahui bahwa karakteristik utama perubahan perilaku dan morfologi yang menjadi penanda kebuntingan yaitu puting membengkak, ambing susu membengkak, rambut mengilap, bentuk abdomen membesar dan turun, dan frekuensi makan yang meningkat. Peningkatan nilai kadar glukosa dan total protein di dalam urine anoa yang sedang bunting terjadi secara nyata yang nyata USG transabdominal tidak mampu menunjukkan kenampakan vesikel embrionik sebagai tanda awal kebuntingan. USG transabdominal menunjukkan dengan jelas gambaran organ tubuh janin yaitu tulang dada, tulang belakang, kepala, jantung, dan paru-paru pada usia kebuntingan bulan ke-6 atau hari ke-191.

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Anoa is Sulawesi's endemic animal that is endangered due to poaching and habitat loss. Information regarding the management of anoa reproduction is still limited, so conservation efforts are hampered. Research related to reproductive management needs to be done to optimize the breeding of anoa. This study aims to determine the factors supporting the success of anoa pregnancy (Bubalus depressicornis CH Smith, 1827) through natural mating and detecting anoa pregnancy (Bubalus depressicornis CH Smith, 1827) through behavioral and morphological changes, measurement of urine biochemical profile, and transabdominal ultrasonography. The study was conducted at Anoa Breeding Center in Manado (ABC), North Sulawesi. The research data was collected in July- October 2017 to find out the estrous cycle, optimal mating time, and mating behavior, in March-May 2019 to verify the success of anoa natural mating during the April 2016-May 2019 period, and January -May 2019 for urine biochemical profile measurement. The study used 2 male Anoa and 4 Anoa. Pregnancy supporting factors were analyzed using path analysis with the help of SmartPLS software and discriminant analysis. Behavior and morphological change data were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The urine biochemical profile data were analyzed using the T-test. Transabdominal ultrasound data was analyzed descriptively. The results showed that there were variations in the length and duration of estrus among individual anoa. The length of estrous anoa cycles ranges from 14-24 days with estrous length of 2-4 days. Based on the results of SmartPLS, it is known that external factors (management and climate) and internal factors (male and female individuals) do not show any real influence on pregnancy. Based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) analysis, it is known that the main characteristics of behavioral and morphological changes are that pregnancy becomes swollen nipples, swollen udders, shiny hair, enlarged and lowered abdominal shape, and increased frequency of eating. An increase in the value of glucose levels and total protein in the urine of a pregnant anoa occurs significantly that transabdominal ultrasound is not able to show the appearance of embryonic vesicles as an early sign of pregnancy. Transabdominal ultrasound clearly shows a picture of fetal organs, namely the breastbone, spine, head, heart, and lungs at the age of pregnancy in the 6th month or 191st day."

"Anoa merupakan satwa endemik Sulawesi yang terancam punah karena perburuan liar dan kehilangan habitat. Informasi terkait manajemen reproduksi anoa masih terbatas, sehingga upaya konservasi menjadi terhambat. Penelitian terkait manajemen reproduksi perlu dilakukan untuk mengoptimalkan pengembangbiakan anoa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor pendukung keberhasilan kebuntingan anoa (Bubalus depressicornis C.H. Smith, 1827) melalui kawin alami serta mendeteksi kebuntingan anoa (Bubalus depressicornis C.H. Smith, 1827) melalui perubahan perilaku dan morfologi, pengukuran profil biokimia urine, dan gambaran ultrasonografi transabdominal. Penelitian dilakukan di Anoa Breeding Centre Manado (ABC), Sulawesi Utara. Pengambilan data penelitian dilakukan pada Juli–Oktober 2017 untuk mengetahui siklus estrus, waktu optimal kawin, dan perilaku kawin anoa, pada Maret–Mei 2019 untuk melakukan verifikasi keberhasilan perkawinan alami anoa selama periode April 2016–Mei 2019, dan Januari–Mei 2019 untuk pengukuran profil biokimia urine. Penelitian menggunakan 2 ekor anoa jantan dan 4 ekor anoa. Faktor pendukung kebuntingan dianalisis menggunakan analisis jalur dengan bantuan perangkat lunak SmartPLS dan analisis diskriminan. Data perubahan perilaku dan morfologi dianalisis menggunakan Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Data profil biokimia urine dianalisis menggunakan uji T. Data USG transabdominal dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat variasi panjang dan lama estrus di antara individu anoa. Panjang siklus estrus anoa berkisar antara 14–24 hari dengan lama estrus 2–4 hari. Berdasarkan hasil SmartPLS diketahui bahwa faktor eksternal (manajemen dan iklim) dan faktor internal (individu jantan dan individu betina) tidak menunjukkan adanya pengaruh nyata terhadap kebuntingan. Berdasarkan analisis Principal Component Analysis (PCA) diketahui bahwa karakteristik utama perubahan perilaku dan morfologi yang menjadi penanda kebuntingan yaitu puting membengkak, ambing susu membengkak, rambut mengilap, bentuk abdomen membesar dan turun, dan frekuensi makan yang meningkat. Peningkatan nilai kadar glukosa dan total protein di dalam urine anoa yang sedang bunting terjadi secara nyata yang nyata USG transabdominal tidak mampu menunjukkan kenampakan vesikel embrionik sebagai tanda awal kebuntingan. USG transabdominal menunjukkan dengan jelas gambaran organ tubuh janin yaitu tulang dada, tulang belakang, kepala, jantung, dan paru-paru pada usia kebuntingan bulan ke-6 atau hari ke-191.

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Anoa is Sulawesi's endemic animal that is endangered due to poaching and habitat loss. Information regarding the management of anoa reproduction is still limited, so conservation efforts are hampered. Research related to reproductive management needs to be done to optimize the breeding of anoa. This study aims to determine the factors supporting the success of anoa pregnancy (Bubalus depressicornis CH Smith, 1827) through natural mating and detecting anoa pregnancy (Bubalus depressicornis CH Smith, 1827) through behavioral and morphological changes, measurement of urine biochemical profile, and transabdominal ultrasonography. The study was conducted at Anoa Breeding Center in Manado (ABC), North Sulawesi. The research data was collected in July-October 2017 to find out the estrous cycle, optimal mating time, and mating behavior, in March-May 2019 to verify the success of anoa natural mating during the April 2016-May 2019 period, and January -May 2019 for urine biochemical profile measurement. The study used 2 male Anoa and 4 Anoa. Pregnancy supporting factors were analyzed using path analysis with the help of SmartPLS software and discriminant analysis. Behavior and morphological change data were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The urine biochemical profile data were analyzed using the T-test. Transabdominal ultrasound data was analyzed descriptively. The results showed that there were variations in the length and duration of estrus among individual anoa. The length of estrous anoa cycles ranges from 14-24 days with estrous length of 2-4 days. Based on the results of SmartPLS, it is known that external factors (management and climate) and internal factors (male and female individuals) do not show any real influence on pregnancy. Based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) analysis, it is known that the main characteristics of behavioral and morphological changes are that pregnancy becomes swollen nipples, swollen udders, shiny hair, enlarged and lowered abdominal shape, and increased frequency of eating. An increase in the value of glucose levels and total protein in the urine of a pregnant anoa occurs significantly that transabdominal ultrasound is not able to show the appearance of embryonic vesicles as an early sign of pregnancy. Transabdominal ultrasound clearly shows a picture of fetal organs, namely the breastbone, spine, head, heart, and lungs at the age of pregnancy in the 6th month or 191st day."

"A research to know the fig wasps of the Universitas Indonesia (UI) and Kebun Raya Bogor (KRB) has been done from January 2010 until December 2010. This research was aimed to record the pollinating and non-pollinating fig wasps of UI and KRB, to later compare the result with reports from previous researches. This research would also confirm whether symbiotic breakdown occurs in the research areas. A total of 56 fig trees and shrubs (from 9 species of fig) in UI and 34 fig trees and shrubs (from 34 species of fig) were chosen to be sampled. From those trees and shrubs, 10 sycone were taken. The wasps were then reared inside the sycone to later be preserved using the method of Noyes (1982). After identification, 7 wasp species were found. Ceratosolen marchali Mayr, Ceratosolen fusciceps Mayr, Liporrhopalum tentacularis Grandi, Philotrypesis pilosa Mayr, Boučeka percaudata Bouček, Apocrytophagus testaceus Mayr, and Apocrypta bakeri Joseph were found. From those wasps, 3 species are pollinators and the rest are non-pollinating fig wasps (NPFW). The wasps were found from Ficus hispida var. hispida, Ficus hispida var. badiostrigosa, Ficus septica, Ficus montana and Ficus glomerata. Some differences between the specimens of this research with the descriptions from other research were explained. Using Krukal- Wallis analysis, this research discovered that the head width (HW) and front femur length (FFL) of Ceratosolen marchali that were found in Ficus glomerata were smaller than the ones found in other fig species (p HW same = 0.0002; p FFL same = 0.0002), while the ovipositor length (OvL) were the same (p OvL same = 1). Though still statistically smaller, the HW and FFL value of the Ceratosolen marchali found in Ficus glomerata were closer to that of Ceratosolen fusciceps. The result of the research also shows that the one-to-one symbiosis between Ceratosolen marchali and its host (Ficus hispida) has been broken. In this research, Ceratosolen marchali were found pollinating Ficus hispida var. hispida, Ficus hispida var. badiostrigosa, Ficus septica, and even Ficus glomerata. For Ficus montana and Ficus glomerata, it seems that their symbiosis with their pollinators were still maintained."