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"Tidak semua air yang tersedia memenuhi baku mutu yang telah ditetapkan sehingga perlu dilakukan pengolahan terlebih dahulu. Salah satu metode pengolahan yang umum diterapkan adalah dengan proses koagulasi yang membutuhkan penambahan zat koagulan. Salah satu pilihan koagulan adalah kitosan, yang merupakan hasil ekstraksi dari limbah kulit udang. Kitosan memiliki kelebihan antara lain tidak memiliki efek samping dan mudah untuk mendapatkannya dalam jumlah banyak. Kitosan mempunyai gugus amino bebas sebagai polikationik, pengkelat dan pembentuk dispersi dalam larutan asam asetat. Karena sifat-sifat itu, kitosan bisa berinteraksi dengan partikel-partikel koloid yang terdapat di dalam air limbah melalui proses jembatan antar partikel flok (koagulasi). Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode Jar Test, di mana kemudian didapatkan hasil berupa efektivitas dari koagulan. Hasil Jar Test tersebut kemudian dibandingkan, yaitu antara efektivitas dua variasi kitosan yang diperoleh dari kulit udang vannamei (Lithophenaeus vannamei) dengan derajat deasitelasi berbeda, serta efektivitas koagulan kimia lain berdasarkan besarnya pengurangan parameter kualitas air. Persentase pengurangan parameter yang didapatkan untuk koagulan kitosan dengan derajat deasetilasi 80% mencapai 99%, untuk koagulan kitosan dengan derajat deasetilasi 90% hanya mencapai kisaran 50%-60%, sementara koagulan kimia tawas dapat mencapai 90%. Dari hasil tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan kitosan sebagai koagulan dengan derajat deasetilasi 80% lebih efektif jika dibandingkan dengan kitosan dengan derajat deasetilasi 90% dan koagulan kimia tawas.

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Not all the water available to meet the quality standard set of processing that needs to be done first. One common method of treatment which is applied to the coagulation process requires addition of coagulants. One option is chitosan coagulant, which is extracted from shrimp shell waste. Chitosan has advantages such as no side effects and easy to obtain in large quantities. Chitosan has free amino groups as poly cationic, chelating agent and forming dispersions in acetic acid solution. Because of these traits, chitosan can interact with colloidal particles contained in the waste water through a process of inter-particle bridges flock (coagulation).

The method used in this study is the method of Jar Test, which then obtained the results of the effectiveness of the coagulant. Jar Test results are then compared, namely between the two variations of the effectiveness of chitosan derived from shrimp shells vannamei (Lithophenaeus vannamei) with different degrees of deacetylation, as well as the effectiveness of other chemical coagulants based on the amount of reduction in water quality parameters. The percentage reduction in coagulant parameters obtained for the degree of deacetylation of chitosan by 80% to 99%, for coagulant chitosan with deacetylation degree of 90% to only 50% -60% range, while the chemical coagulant alum can reach 90%. From these results, it can be concluded that the use of chitosan as a coagulant to the degree of deacetylation 80% more effective than chitosan with deacetylation degree of 90% and chemical coagulant alum. "

"Perubahan iklim yang terjadi saat ini dikarenakan oleh aktifitas antropogenik dari penggunaan energi dan industri dalam mempengaruhi suhu dan iklim bumi. Perubahan suhu dan perubahan iklim yang terjadi di bumi dapat berdampak pada keempat dimensi yaitu ketersediaan, stabilitas, akses dan pemanfaatan ketahanan pangan. Ketersediaan produk perairan akan bervariasi melalui perubahan ekosistem, produksi, distribusi spesies dan habitat. Perubahan iklim yang terjadi saat ini disebabkan oleh aktivitas manusia dalam menggunakan energi dan industri yang berpengaruh pada suhu dan iklim Bumi. Perubahan tersebut dapat berdampak pada empat aspek penting dalam ketahanan pangan, yaitu ketersediaan, stabilitas, akses, dan pemanfaatan. Masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah penurunan produksi udang. Tujuan penelitian adalah Menganalisis pengaruh luas tambak, pengetahuan petambak, produksi udang, kualitas air tambak, luas mangrove terhadap produktivitas tambak; Menganalisis pengaruh nilai produktivitas tambak terhadap nilai total ekonomi udang dan nilai total ekonomi mangrove; Memformulasikan model wanamina udang vaname berkelanjutan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah sistem dinamik. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah Nilai Total Ekonomi Mangrove yang di dapat secara ekonomi lebih menguntungkan daripada Nilai Total Ekonomi Udang. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah Konsep wanamina udang vaname merupakan budidaya perikanan berkelanjutan yang mengkuantifikasikan nilai manfaat mangrove menjadi nilai ekonomi. Bauran dari rehabilitasi mangrove dan budidaya kultivan menghasilkan nilai ekonomi yang dapat digunakan untuk mitigasi dampak perubahan iklim.

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The current climate change is caused by anthropogenic activities related to energy use and industrial processes, which affect the temperature and climate of the Earth. Changes in temperature and climate can impact the four dimensions of food security: availability, stability, access, and utilization. The availability of aquatic products will vary due to changes in ecosystems, species production, distribution, and habitat. The current climate change is caused by human activities in energy use and industry, which have an influence on the Earth's temperature and climate. These changes can have an impact on four crucial aspects of food security: availability, stability, access, and utilization. The problem addressed in this research is the decline in shrimp production. The research aims to analyze the influence of pond area, farmers' knowledge, shrimp production, pond water quality, and mangrove area on pond productivity; analyze the impact of pond productivity on the total economic value of shrimp and the total economic value of mangroves; and formulate a sustainable model for vannamei shrimp farming. The method used in this research is dynamic systems. The results of this research show that the Total Economic Value of mangroves is economically more beneficial than the Total Economic Value of shrimp. The conclusion of this research is that the concept of sustainable vannamei shrimp farming, known as "wanamina," quantifies the benefits of mangroves into economic value. The combination of mangrove rehabilitation and culturing practices generates economic value that can be used for mitigating the impacts of climate change."

"This experiment was carried out to study the mineral contents and their profile on seafood which is generally consumed i.e squid (Loligo sp) and vannamei shrimp(Litopenaeus vannamei),and to evaluate the solubilities of Ca dan Zn as affected by boiling in different solution (water , 0.5% acetid dan 1% sodium chloride)...."

"Indonesia is the second largest supplier of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei, Boone 1931) in the USA market. Hence, the need for its sustainable production and improved growth. Probiotics, among others, are known for their growth enhancing attributes. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effects of powder and liquid probiotics on the growth of white shrimps at the Minaloka Jaya shrimp ponds, Grabag District, Purwerojo Regency, Central Java. The shrimps were cultivated for 60 days and applied with three probiotic treatments, namely commercial liquid probiotics with dosage of 10 mL/kg feed, powder probiotics with dosage of 10 g/kg feed and liquid probiotic with dosage of 10 mL/kg feed. Each probiotic preparation was administered four times a day to over 150,000 vannamei shrimps which were cultured in a semi-intensive system. Probiotics in powder and liquid forms contain Lactobacillus fermentum, L acidophilus, L. plantarum, L, curvatus, Bacillus licheniformis, B. subtilis, and B. polimyxa. B. megaterium, B. coagulans, Pseudomonasputida, Nitrosomonas sp. and Nitrobacter sp. Using the Randomized Block Design (RBD), the three treatments were replicated five times. The application of probiotics in both powder and liquid forms had increased the growth yield of the vannamei shrimp. However, the powder probiotic had shown better growth performance than the commercial liquid probiotics and liquid preparation of probiotics. Probiotic powder form provides a specific growth rate (SGR) of 8.18%, absolute body length of 9.68 cm, absolute biomass of 6.78 g, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 1.93."

"Timbulnya black spot pada udang vaname Litopenaeus vannamei yang disebabkan oleh aktivitas enzim polifenoloksidase PPO menyebabkan penurunan jumlah konsumen yang mengonsumsi udang tersebut. Sodium metabisulfit selama ini digunakan sebagai penghambat laju black spot pada udang. Zat tersebut bersifat efektif tetapi memiliki efek samping yang merugikan manusia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui karakteristik ekstrak daun mangrove Avicennia marina dan potensinya dalam menghambat pembentukan black spot pada udang vaname Litopenaeus vannamei. Ekstrak dibuat dengan konsentrasi 1,5 dan 2 yang diimersi selama 15 menit dengan penyimpanan pada suhu 4oC selama 0, 3 dan 7 hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ekstrak daun mangrove 2 memiliki efektivitas yang terbaik pada pengujian organoleptik kenampakan,tekstur,sensori , TVB dan ALT dibandingkan dengan ekstrak daun mangrove 1,5 dan kontrol.

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Black spot appearance on vamame shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei usually caused by polyphenoloxidase enzyme PPO activities that can decrease consumer demand to these shrimps. Sodium metabisulphite has been used to inhibit the rate of black spot formation in vaname shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. This substance is effective to minimize blackspot, but it can give negative effect to human health. The purpose of this study was to determine the characterization of mangrove Avicennia marina leaves extracts and its potential in inhibiting blackspot formation on vaname shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Concentration of extract as much as 1,5 and 2 respectively were immersed for 15 minutes with 4oC temperature on day 0, day 3, and day 7 of storage. The result showed that 2 mangrove leaves extract has the best effectiveness based on organoleptic test appearance, texture, and sensory , TVB and TPC compared 1,5 mangrove leaves extract and control."

"Timbulnya black spot pada udang vaname Litopenaeus vannamei yang disebabkan oleh aktivitas enzim polifenoloksidase PPO menyebabkan penurunan jumlah konsumen yang mengonsumsi udang tersebut. Sodium metabisulfit selama ini digunakan sebagai penghambat laju black spot pada udang. Zat tersebut bersifat efektif tetapi memiliki efek samping yang merugikan manusia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui karakteristik ekstrak daun mangrove Avicennia marina dan potensinya dalam menghambat pembentukan black spot pada udang vaname Litopenaeus vannamei. Ekstrak dibuat dengan konsentrasi 1,5 dan 2 yang diimersi selama 15 menit dengan penyimpanan pada suhu 4oC selama 0, 3 dan 7 hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ekstrak daun mangrove 2 memiliki efektivitas yang terbaik pada pengujian organoleptik kenampakan,tekstur,sensori , TVB dan ALT dibandingkan dengan ekstrak daun mangrove 1,5 dan kontrol.

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Black spot appearance on vamame shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei usually caused by polyphenoloxidase enzyme PPO activities that can decrease consumer demand to these shrimps. Sodium metabisulphite has been used to inhibit the rate of black spot formation in vaname shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. This substance is effective to minimize blackspot, but it can give negative effect to human health. The purpose of this study was to determine the characterization of mangrove Avicennia marina leaves extracts and its potential in inhibiting blackspot formation on vaname shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Concentration of extract as much as 1,5 and 2 respectively were immersed for 15 minutes with 4oC temperature on day 0, day 3, and day 7 of storage. The result showed that 2 mangrove leaves extract has the best effectiveness based on organoleptic test appearance, texture, and sensory , TVB and TPC compared 1,5 mangrove leaves extract and control."

"Penelitian ini menganalisis bentuk dan kelimpahan mikroplastik pada sumber air laut, sumber air tawar petak A, air kolam 19, pakan buatan (pelet), saluran pencernaan, dan feses udang vannamei Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) di Tambak Udang Vannamei Unit Sobo, Banyuwangi, Jawa Timur. Sampel air diambil dan disimpan dalam botol kaca sebanyak 300 ml, sampel pakan menggunakan pakan jenis SGH2 buatan perusahaan sendiri sebanyak 10 gr, sedangkan sampel udang digunakan sebanyak 5 individu dari kolam 19 dan tiap udang diambil bagian saluran pencernaan dan fesesnya. Sampel air, pakan, saluran pencernaan, dan feses diamati menggunakan mikroskop serta dilakukan pengulangan sebanyak 3 kali. Sampel diambil pada tanggal 25 Oktober 2021 dengan DOC (Day of Culture) 53 dan penelitian berlangsung selama 1 bulan dari bulan Oktober hingga November 2021. Penelitian memperlihatkan tiga bentuk mikroplastik, yaitu fragmen, film, dan fiber. Mikroplastik bentuk fragmen mendominasi dalam penelitian ini. Selain itu, berdasarkan data kelimpahan mikroplastik, diketahui bahwa mikroplastik pada pakan banyak yang tidak ditemukan ke dalam proses pencernaan. Kemudian, diketahui juga tidak terdapat perbedaan nilai kelimpahan, serta terdapat hubungan kelimpahan mikroplastik pada saluran pencernaan dan feses udang vannamei.

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This study analyzed the shape and abundance of microplastics in seawater sources, plot A freshwater source, pond water, artificial feed, digestive tract, and feces of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) at Unit Sobo Shrimp Ponds, Banyuwangi, East Java. As much as 300 ml of water were taken and stored in glass bottles; feed samples made by the company itself, were taken as much as 10 grams; while shrimp samples were used as many as 5 individuals from 19 ponds, taken from the digestive tract and feces. Each sample were observed using a microscope and repeated 3 times. Samples were taken on October 25, 2021 with DOC (Day of Culture) 53 and the study lasted for 1 month from October to November 2021. Research shows three forms of microplastics, namely fragments, films, and fibers. Microplastic fragments dominate in this study. In addition, based on data on the abundance of microplastics, it is known that many microplastics in feed are not found in the digestive process. Then, it was also known that there was no difference in the abundance value and that there was a relationship between the abundance of microplastics in the digestive tract and feces."

"Seiring bertambahnya jumlah penduduk, kebutuhan air terus meningkat. Namun, ketersediaan air bersih semakin berkurang karena pencemaran air. Koagulasi dan flokulasi dapat menjadi solusi yang baik untuk menghilangkan kekeruhan dalam air. Namun penggunaan koagulan kimia menimbulkan beberapa masalah kesehatan dan lingkungan, oleh karena itu digunakan koagulan alami dalam hal ini pati kationik. Untuk menemukan cara yang paling optimal untuk menghasilkan pati kationik, tinjauan literatur menyeluruh dilakukan. Metode kationisasi pati terbaik dengan membandingkan kemudahan proses, biaya, masalah lingkungan adalah metode kering, dengan skor keseluruhan 82%, jauh di atas metode basah 65%, semi kering 52%, dan proses ekstrusi 60%. Ada beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi produksi pati kationik. Yang paling berpengaruh adalah konsentrasi reagen dan yang paling tidak berpengaruh adalah jenis pati yang digunakan. Secara umum, kinerja penghilangan kekeruhan pati kationik sebanding dengan tawas. Namun, biaya produksi pati kationik masih terlalu tinggi untuk dikomersialkan dan digunakan secara luas. Selain biaya produksi yang mahal, penerimaan dan kesadaran masyarakat, persetujuan menyeluruh dan pemerintah diperlukan sebelum pati kationik dapat dikomersialkan dan digunakan secara luas.

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As population grow, water demand keeps increasing. However, the availability of clean water is decreasing because of water pollution. Coagulation and flocculation can be a good solution to remove turbidity in water. However, the use of chemical coagulants causes some health and environmental problem, therefore the use of natural coagulant, in this case, cationic starch is used. To find the most optimum way to produce cationic starch, a thorough literature review was conducted. The best starch cationization method by comparing the ease of process, cost, environmental issue is dry method, with overall score of 82%, much above wet method at 65%, semi-dry at 52%, and extrusion process at 60%. There are some factors that affect the production of cationic starch. The most influential one is reagent concentration and the least influential one is type of starch used. Generally, the turbidity removal performance of cationic starch is comparable with alum. However, the production cost of cationic starch is still way too high to be commercialized and used widely. Besides expensive production cost, public acceptance and awareness, thorough and government approval are needed before cationic starch could be commercialized and used widely."

"ABSTRAKUdang putih (Litopennaeus vannamei) merupakan salah satu jenis Crustaceae yang banyak dibudidayakan di Indonesia sebagai bahan pangan. Udang sebagai salah satu komoditi pangan maritim, memiliki tingkat kemunduran mutu kesegaran yang cepat, sehingga penanganan yang cepat dan tepat dibutuhkan untuk tetap menjaga kesegaran dari udang. Penanganan menggunakan slurry ice menjadi salah satu opsi dalam upaya menjaga kesegaran udang. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui perubahan mutu kesegaran udang putih setelah disimpan dengan slurry ice pada suhu superchilling selama 21 hari dapat memperlambat kemunduran mutu udang. Penelitian dilakukan dengan uji lab untuk masing-masing parameter Organoleptik, Total Volatile Base (TVB), Total Plate Count (TPC), dan Kadar air sesuai dengan Standar Nasional Indonesia. Hasil uji penelitian parameter Organoleptik pada udang pada penyimpanan hari ke-7 menunjukkan nilai diambang batas toleransi menurut SNI-2728.1 2006 dengan batas toleransi kesegaran adalah 7.00. Hasil uji TVB pada penyimpanan hari ke-7 adalah 22,41 mg-N/ 100gr, dengan batas toleransi maksimum nilai TVB adalah 30 mg-N/ 100gr. Hasil uji TPC pada penyimpanan hari ke 14 menunjukkan 1,49 x 106 CFU/100g dengan batas toleransi nilai TPC adalah 5 x 105. Persentase kadar air yang meningkat setelah penyimpanan hari ke-7, mendukung sebab peningkatan nilai uji TPC dan TVB setelah penyimpanan hari tersebut. Udang putih yang disimpan dalam slurry ice pada suhu dapat dinyatakan hanya mampu bertahan di atas batas mutu kesegaran yang diterima pada waktu penyimpanan maksimum 7 hari

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ABSTRACTWhiteleg shrimp (Litopennaeus vannamei) was one of many Crustceaean species being aqua-cultured in Indonesia as food source. Shrimp as one of marine food commodities, have a fast quality degradation rate, making the immediate and precise treatment were the key to achieve sustainable and acceptable shrimp quality. Slurry ice is one of viable option to keep the freshness quality of shrimp. The experiment was aimed to determine whether the freshness quality of whiteleg shrimp can be sustained in 21-day storage at maintained super-chilling temperature. The result of organoleptic parameter test on the 7th day of storage were described a value of 7, close to the limit of acceptable value of 7.00 as stated on SNI-2728.1 2006. The result of TVB test show TVB value was 44,82mg-N/100g on the day of storage, over the limit of acceptable value of 30mg-N/100g. The result of TPC test show TPC value was 1,49 x 106 CFU/100g on the 14th day of storage, over the limit of acceptable value of 5 x 105 CFU/100g. Water content value show an increasing value after the 7th day of storage further prove its involvement on the increasing the TVB and TPC value. Whiteleg shrimp on temperature slurry ice was only effective on 7-day storage before reaching freshness quality value limit."

"White shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei is one of the prime shrimp commodities cultivated in Indonesia. As such, the discoveryof more efficient seed production techniquesfor this species is deemed necessary. Karamunting (Melastoma malabathricum)extract containsthe cholesterol precursor called lanosterol, a phytosterol which is used by crustaceans to form the animal steroid hormone that is very crucial in their reproduction. Hence, this research aimed to determine the ovary development of mature L. van namei individuals injected with the Karamunting ethanol extract. The experiment was carried out in several stages.Firstly,injecting the white shrimp at the base of the 5th leg, every 3 days for 15 days with variable control dosage 0 (C), 10 mg/kg BW (T1), 7.5 mg/kg BW (T2), 5 mg/kg BW (T3), 2 mg/kg BW (T4) and 1 mg/kg BW (T5), where BW is Body Weight. Secondly, isolating the white shrimp parent ovary. Thirdly, measuring the progesterone level in the ovary using the Radioimmunoassay (RIA) method. Fourthly, observing the histology of white shrimp parent ovary and, finally, analyzing the data. Measurements of the increase in progesterone levels showed that the administration of karamunting ethanol extract significantly affected the progesterone production (P˂0.05). Histology observations of gonadal development in the control, T5 and T4 showed that the cells developed to previtellogenesis oocytes whereas in treatment T1, T2 and T3 ovary cells developed into endogenous vitellogenesis oocytes and only in T1 did the ovarian cells develop to form exogenous vitellogenesis oocytes. Karamunting extract significantly increased the oocyte sizes(P˂0.05). At the start of the experiment, the average oocyte sizes wereat 15.57 ± 3.15 μm At the end of the experiment, the Control was at 25.29 ± 2.69 μm and the ovarian treatments produced the following oocyte sizes; T1 at 65.65 ± 2.64 μm, T2 at 63.98 ± 3.06 μm, T3 at 39.12 ± 6.01 μm, T4 at 28.08 ± 0.84 μm and T5 at 27.65 ± 0.71 μm. The extract produced oocyte sizes greater than at the beginning of maintenance and control. Apparently, the lanosterol in the karamunting extract had increased the hormone progesterone resulting in an accelerated gonadal maturity and enlargement of oocyte sizes in the parent individuals of the white shrimp"