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"Adaptation mechanism to hypoxia in living organisms increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation that could exceed the capacity of anti oxidant. Gluthatione (GSH) in which highest concentration present in liver, plays an important role in maintaining the intracellular redox equilibrium and protect tissues from oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to observe tissue response of rat that was exposed to chronic systemic hypoxia by analyzing the oxidative stress in liver tissue. Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats were induced by chronic systemic hypoxia by kept them in hypoxic chamber (10% O2:90% N2) for 1, 3, 7 and 14 day(s). All rats were sacrificed with ether anesthesia after hypoxia treatment. Liver tissues were analyzed using parameters of oxidative stress, malondialdehyde (MDA) with tBARS test, and endogenous antioxidant, glutathione reduced form (GSH). The study showed that chronic systemic hypoxia induction caused oxidative stress in liver tissue, which was shown by increased concentration of MDA in liver tissue (nmol/mg liver tissue). Concentration of MDA in liver tissue was increased significantly on day-1, day-3, day-7 and day-14 compared to control group (ANOVA, LSD, p<0.05). The differences between day-3, day-7 and day-14 was not significant. In contrast, liver GSH content (μg/mg liver protein) was progressively decreased significantly since day-1 of hypoxia until the end of experiment (ANOVA, LSD, p<0.05). Statistical analysis revealed that there is a strong correlation between MDA and GSH concentration in liver tissue (Pearson = - 0.993). It was concluded that oxidative stress present in liver tissue of rat induced by chronic systemic hypoxia."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis aktivitas spesifik enzim MnSOD, katalase dan OPT pada sel hati tikus yang diinduksi hipoksia sistemik dan hubungannya dangan stres oksidatif. Sampel penelitian ini adalah jaringan had tikus jantan strain Sprague Dawley (Rattus novergieus L), yang diinduksi hipoksia sistemik kmnik 1,7,14 dan 21 hari. Pada homogenat hati tikus dilakuksn beberapa pomeriksaan, yaitu pemeriksaan aktivitas spesifik MnSOD, aktivitas spesifik katalase, aktivitas spesifik enzim OPT, kadar MDA dan pemeriksaan senyawa karbonil.Dari penelitian ini didapatkan hasil tidak adanya perubahan bennakna pada aktivitas spesifik MnSOD, OPT, dan kadar karbonil. Pada hipoksia 7 dan 21 hari terjadi penurunan bermakna aktivitas spesifik katalase, dan kadar MDA menurun bertuakna peda bipoksia 21 hati.Dari hasil analisis didapat bubungan negatif antara MnSOD dan katalase dengan kerusakan oksidatif, disimpulkan bahwa MnSOD dan kstalase berperan dalam mencegah kerusakan oksidatif. Analisis hubungan aktivitas spesifik OPT dengan kerusakan oksidatif didapat hubungan negatif. Hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa penurunan OPT di hati dapat dipaksi sebagai indikator kerusakan oksidatif.Dari basil penelitian ini disimpulkan bahwa jaringan hari memiliki sistem pertahanan antioksidan yang adekuat, sehingga sel hati cukup tahan terhadap terjadinya kerusaknn oksidalif.

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The aim of this study was to analyze the specific activities of MoSOD, catalase and GPT in rat liver cells induced by systemic hypoxia related to oxidative stress. The samples were obtained from liver tissue of Spmgue Dawley rats at days I, 7, 14, and 21 of citronic systemic hypoxia and were used to measure specific activity ofMnSOD, catalase, GPT, and the levels ofMDA, and protein carbonyis.

Results showed that there were not significant alteration of specific activity ofMnSOD, ofGPT, and levels of carbonyls. At days 7 and 21 of hypoxic induction there were significant decrease of catalase specific activity. Levels of MDA significant decreased at days 21.

Based on correlation analyzing it can be concluded that MnSOD and catalase had a role in prevent oxidative damage. Correlation analyzing of OPT specific activity and oxidative damage showed negative correlation. This means that decreased of GPT specfic activity in liver could be used as oxidative damage indicator.

It is concluded that liver tissue provided with adequate antioxidant defense mechanism which makes Uver cells survive during hypoxic oxidative insult."

"Based on the 38th annual conference of the International Society on Oxygen Transport to Tissue (ISOTT), held in Ascona, Switzerland in July 2010, this volume covers all aspects of oxygen transport from air to the cells, organs and organisms, instrumentation and methods to sense oxygen and clinical evidence."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempeiajari konsumsi glukosa. aktivitas spesifik LDHdan pola isozim LDH pada kondisi hipoksia sistemik kronik. Penelitian dilakukanterhadap hati tikus yang diinduksi hipoksia sistemik kronik 1, 3. 7 dan 14 hari.Konsumsi glukosa diukur dengan metode enzimatik Trlnder. Aktivitas spesiflk LDHdiukur dengan metode German Society of Clinical Chemistry (DGKC). Poia isozimLDH dianaJisis dengan eJektroforesis Titan Gel. Hasil peneHtian menunjukkan bahwakonsumsi g!ukosa pada hipoksia sistemik kronik cenderung rneningkat walaupuntidak. berbeda dengan kontrol. Aktivitas spesIfik LDH ditemukan paling tinggi padahipoksia 3 hari sedangkan pola elektroforesis isozim LDH menunjukkan perbeda.anpada hari ke-3 dan ke-7 hipoksia dengan kontroL Tidak terdapat hubungan antarakonsumsi glukosa dengan aktivitas spesifik LDH.

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ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to observe glucose consumption, specific activity ofLDH and electrophoretic LDH isoenzyme patterns on systemic chronic hypoxia. Thestudy was carried out with Jiver tissue of rats exposed to systemic hypoxia for 3, 7and 14 days. Glucose consumption was measured by Trinder method. The specificactivity ofLDH was performed using Gcnnan Society of Clinical Chemistry (DGKC)method, while LDH isoenzyme patterns were analyzed using Titcm Gelelectrophoresis, Results indicated that glucose consumption showed tendencies toincrease compared to control group, although the difference were not sigr.itlcant. Thespecific activity of LDH was highest on day 3 of the hypoxic group. Electrophoreticpatterns of LDH isoenzyme showed differences on day 3 and day 7 of hypoxia withcontroL It is concluded that glucose consumption is not related to specific activity ofLDH."

"Keadaan hipoksia menyebabkan peningkatan Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIP) sebagai respon terhadap menurunnya kadar oksigen. Selain menyebabkan peningkatan HIP, hipolsia juga menyebabkan peningkatan pembentukan dan penglepasan Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) dari dalam mitokondria. yang kemudian akan meregulasi respons terhadap 02 yang rendah. Akibat peningkalan pembentukan ROS, kcmungkinan dapat teijadi stres oksidatif Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari dan mengamati pengaruh hipoksia sistemik terhadap ekspresi gen HIF I-a dan stres oksidatif pada jaringan hati tikus yang diindiksi hipoksia sistemik selama I, 3, 7 dan 14 hari yang dibandingkan dengan kelompok normoksia sebagai kontrol.Induksi hipoksia sistemik dilakukan dengan memaparkan tikus jantan Sprague-Dawley terhadap lingkungan dengan oksigen l0% dan nitrogen 90% dalam sungkup hipoksiai Kada: protein, glutatzion (GSH) dan malondialdehid (MDA) diperiksa dari homogenat hati likus. Kadar protein dihitung dengan mengukur serapan pada 1 280 nm dan dibandingkan dengan serapan larutan standar Bovine Serum Albumin. Kadar malondialdehid (MDA) ditetapkan dengan metode Wiils dan kadar glutation (GSH) diukur dengan rnetode Ellman. Analisis ekspresi gen HIF 1-a dilakukan dengan metode Wesrern Blot dengan menggunakan anti HH? l-oi sebagai antibodi primer, anti IgG mouse sebagai antibodi sekunder dan pewamaan menggunakan aminoerhyl carbazole.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kadar MDA hati meningkat mulai hari ke-l hipoksia dan bertahan sampai I4 hari, walaupun tidak bemiakna secara statistik Kadar GSH hati menunjukkan penutunan yang bermakna seiring dengan lamanya hipoksizi Hasil Weslerrz Blot menunjukkan adanya HIP I-a pada normoksia, hipoksia 1 hari dan 3 hari. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa terjadi stres oksidatif di jaringan hati seiring dengan lamanya hipoksia.

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Hypoxia condition increases the level of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) as response to oxygen deprivation. Hypoxia also increases production and releases of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from mitochondria Excessive production of ROS can lead to oxidative stress, due to its reactivity with macromolecules within cell, ie lipid. The objective of this study is to observe the effects of induction of systemic hypoxia on expression of HIP 1-c. gene and its relation oxidative stress in rat liver tissue.

The experiment was conducted on 25 male Sprague-Dawiey rats, which were divided into 5 groups : normoxic, hypoxia for l day, 3 days, 7 days and 14 days. Induction of systemic hypoxia was carried by exposing the rats in a hypoxic chamber with environment 10% 02 and 90% N2. To asses the oxidative stress condition, malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutation (GSH') concentration in liver was measured using Wills? and Ellman?s method, respectively. Expression of HIP 1-ot gene was analyzed using Westem Blot.

The result showed that MDA concentration is higher in all hypoxic group with no statistically significance difference. The GSH level decreased significantly until day 14. It seemed that oxidative stress occurred at day 14. HIF 1-a was expressed in normoxic condition, hypoxia day l and day 3. It was concluded that oxidative stress was more likely to occur at day 14 of hypoxia."

"ABSTRACTHypoxia is described as a condition of decreased oxygen supply to the tissue and leads to the formation of free radicals. This phenomenon induces cell damage and initiates the pathogenesis of degenerative diseases. An enzyme known as catalase physiologically scavenges the free radicals at a cellular level. This research aims to observe the catalase specific activity in the rat heart following exposure to systemic continuous hypoxia for 1, 3, 5, and 7 days. Groups were divided according to the duration of hypoxia exposure. Catalase specific activity is calculated between groups and was measured using a spectrophotometer. Results showed catalase specific activity was relatively lower on day 1, however, it increased on day 3 and reached the peak on day 5, followed by a dramatic decrease on day 7. ANOVA test revealed significant difference within groups.

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ABSTRAKHipoksia adalah kondisi berkurangnya suplai oksigen yang merangsang pembentukan radikal bebas di dalam sel. Enzim katalase adalah salah satu enzim yang berperan untuk mengatasi radikal bebas di dalam sel. Radikal bebas yang terbentuk dapat menyebabkan kerusakan sel dan berperan dalam patogenesis berbagai penyakit degeneratif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengamati aktivitas spesifik enzim katalase pada organ jantung tikus setelah perlakuan hipoksia sistemik kontinu selama 1, 3, 5, dan 7 hari. Kelompok eksperimen dibagi sesuai lama perlakuan hipoksia. Parameter yang diukur adalah aktivitas spesifik katalase dengan menggunakan spektrofotometer. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas spesifik katalase menurun setelah hari 1, namun meningkat pada hari 3 dan mencapai puncak pada hari 5, kemudian sedikit berkurang pada hari 7, menyerupai aktivitas katalase kelompok kontrol kelompok yang tidak terpapar hipoksia . Data diuji dengan menggunakan tes ANOVA. Secara statistik, terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara grup."

"ABSTRAKPendahuluan: Hipoksia adalah kondisi dimana jaringan tubuh mengalami kekurangan oksigen. Hal ini dapat memicu pembentukan radikal bebas dan menyebabkan kerusakan jaringan. Antioksidan, contohnya enzim katalase diketahui memiliki kemampuan untuk menanggulangi radikal bebas. Enzim katalase berperan untuk mengubah hidrogen peroksida menjadi air dan oksigen. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari aktivitas spesifik enzim katalase pada jaringan otak tikus yang mengalami hipoksia sistemik berkelanjutan. Metodologi: Penelitian ini menggunakan 15 ekor tikus yang dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok, yaitu kontrol dan 4 kelompok perlakuan yang dipaparkan pada kondisi hipoksia sistemik selama 1, 3, 5, dan 7 hari. Aktivitas spesifik katalase pada jaringan otak tikus kemudian diukur menggunakan spektorofotometer. Data dianalisis secara statistik dengan uji one way ANOVA. Hasil: Hasil menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas spesifik katalase menurun pada 3 hari pertama secara bertahap dan meningkat secara bertahap pula pada hari selanjutnya, ke 5 dan 7. Akan tetapi tidak ditemukan perbedaan yang bermakna (p > 0.05, p= 0.293) diantara semua kelompok. Kesimpulan: aktivitas spesifik katalase jaringan otak pada penelitian ini tidak menunjukkan perubahan secara signifikan pada keadaan hipoksia sistemik berkelanjutkan.

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ABSTRACTIntroduction: Hypoxia is a condition of deprivation oxygen supply to the tissue. This condition leads to the formation of free radical and further lead to the tissue damage. Antioxidant, such as catalase enzyme, was known for its ability counter the free radical. Catalase enzyme works by converting hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. The aim of this study is to observe the specific activity of catalase enzyme in brain tissue of rats exposed to continuous systemic hypoxia. Methods: This study used 15 rats that was divided into 5 groups: the control, and 4 experimental groups that were exposed with hypoxia for 1, 3, 5, and 7 days. The specific activity of catalase in brain tissue was then measured with spectrophotometer. The data were statistically analyzed by one way ANOVA test. Result: A steady decreased of specific activity of catalase in the first 3 days of exposure and then increase in the 5th and 7th days.. There were no significance differences between all groups (p>0.05, p=0.293 ). Conclusion: It is concluded that the specific activity of catalase in brain tissue of rats showed no significant changes during continuous systemic hypoxia."

"Latar Belakang: Kondisi hypobaric diinduksi pada manusia di daerah dataran tinggi; kondisi hipoksia hypobaric intermiten adalah paparan normoxic di antara induksi hipoksia. Kondisi hipoksia hypobaric dapat membahayakan karena meningkatkan produksi stres oksidatif. GSH adalah antioksidan utama yang merupakan pertahanan utama terhadap hidrogen peroksida. Kadar hidrogen peroksida meningkat pada kondisi hipoksia. Dalam percobaan ini saya akan menelurusi pengaruh kondisi hipoksia hypobaric intermiten pada kadar glutathione GSH . Metode: Percobaan ini menggunakan otak dari tikus jantan Sprague Dawley yang berusia 2 bulan dengan berat di 200-250 gram. Kondisi hipoksia hypobaric intermiten disimulasikan menggunakan tipe I Chamber profil penerbangan hypobaric. Tikus dibagi menjadi lima kelompok yang masing-masing terdiri dari 5 tikus dan diberi perlakuan kondisi hipoksia hypobaric yang berbeda. Kemudian, kandungan protein dan kadar GSH dalam homogenat otak dengan spectrofotometer. Hasil: Kadar GSH menurun di otak yang terpapar oleh efek hipoksia hipobarik. Tetapi dari hasil analisa statistic membuktikan bahwa data yang sudah peroleh tidak signifikan. Kesimpulan: Menurut hasil penelitian ini, tidak ada korelasi antara tingkat GSH dan hipoksia hypobaric intermiten tetapi penelitian lebih lanjut harus dilakukan.

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Background: A hypobaric hypoxic condition is induced in human in high altitude areas an intermittent hypobaric hypoxic condition is continuous exposure with normoxic conditions in between. A hypobaric hypoxic condition can potentially be harmful because of the oxidative stress that it causes. GSH is the prime antioxidant that is the main defense against hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide levels increase in hypoxic conditions. In this experiment, I am analyzing the effect of intermittent hypobaric hypoxic condition on the level of glutathione GSH.

Method: We utilized the cerebellum of two months old healthy male Sprague Dawley rats weighing at 200 250 grams. An intermittent hypobaric hypoxic condition was simulated using a hypobaric Type I Chamber flight profile. The rats are split into five groups with 5 rats in each group of varying exposure to the hypobaric hypoxic condition. Protein content in the cerebellum homogenate was also measured and the GSH level is measured.

Results: The level of GSH decreases in rat cerebellum exposed to hypobaric hypoxia. However, after statistical analysis the data is shown to be insignificant.Conclusion According to the results of this experiment, there is no correlation between the level of GSH and intermittent hypobaric hypoxia but further research should be conducted. "

"ABSTRAKGinjal merupakan organ yang dalam keadaan normoksia sekalipun rentan terhadap keadaan hipoksia. Salah satu mekanisme adaptasi terhadap keadaan hipoksia sistemik kronik adalah dengan mengekspresikan Cygb. Cygb berperan untuk mensuplai O2 ke mitokondria. Penyedian O2 dilakukan untuk reaksi hidroksilasi prolin pada sintesis kolagen dan asparagin pada HIF-1. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis ekspresi relatif mRNA dan protein Cygb pada jaringan ginjal tikus yang diinduksi hipoksia sistemik kronik. Penelitian eksperimental ini menggunakan 25 tikus Sprague-Dawley yang dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok, yakni: kontrol (normoksia: 20% oksigen/80% nitrogen), 1, 3, 7 dan 14 hari hipoksia (10% oksigen/90% nitrogen). Organ ginjal diambil setelah tikus dibedah. Parameter yang diukur adalah ekspresi relatif mRNA dan protein Cygb. Pengukuran mRNA dilakukan dengan menggunakan iScript One-Step SYBR Green (BioRad, NY). Protein Cygb diukur dengan menggukan Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbet Assay Kit (USCN). Ekspresi relatif mRNA dan protein Cygb mengalami titik puncak pada hipoksia 3 hari. Keduanya memiliki korelasi sangat kuat (r2 = 0.96, p<0.05). Ekspresi mRNA dan Protein Cygb meningkat pada jaringan tikus yang diinduksi hipoksia sistemik kronik.

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ABSTRACT

Kidney is the organ in a state of normoxia though susceptible to hypoxia. One of the mechanisms of adaptation to chronic systemic hypoxia is to express Cygb. The function of Cygb is to supply O2 to the mitochondria. Supply O2 is needed for the reaction of proline hydroxylation in collagen synthesis and asparagine in HIF-1α. The aim of this study is to analyze the relative expression of Cygb mRNA and protein in chronic ischemia of kidney tissue in the rat. This experimental study used 25 Sprague-Dawley rats divided into 5 group: control (normoxia: 20% oxygen/80% nitrogen), 1, 3, 7 and 14 day hypoxia (10% oxygen/90% nitrogen). Kidney organ were collected after the rats were sacrificed. Parameters measured were: the relative expression of Cygb mRNA and protein. Measurement of Cygb mRNA was done using iScript One-Step SYBR Green (BioRad, NY). Cygb protein was measured using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbet Assay Kit for (USCN). The peak of relative expression of Cygb mRNA and protein occurred at day 3 of hypoxia. Both parameters were strongly correlated (r2 = 0.96, p <0.05). The relative expression of Cygb mRNA and protein were increased in rat kidney tissue which has been subjected to chronic systemic hypoxia."

"Induksi hipoksia, yaitu rendahnya tingkat O2 dalam tubuh kita, telah diketahui akan memicu produksi ROS reactive oxygen species . ROS dalam jumlah yang berlebih akan membahayakan tubuh kita. ROS akan dilawan oleh antioksidan, baik yang enzimatik maupun non-enzimatik. Paru-paru adalah organ yang berfungsi untuk ventilasi, dimana O2 masuk dan CO2 keluar. Oleh karena itu, paru-paru menjadi organ yang sensitif terhadap penurunan kadar O2, yang disebut dengan hipoksia. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui aktivitas katalase, salah satu antioksidan enzimatik, setelah keadaan hipoksia, khususnya: hipoksia hipobarik intermiten. Hipoksia intermitent dibuktikan dari percobaan klinis sebelumnya, merupakan suatu langkah preventif untuk melindungi terhadap kerusakan akibat hipoksia seperti yang dilakukan pada bilik pelatihan pilot.Metode: Sampel paru didapatkan dari tikus Sprague-Dawley jantan, berumur 2 bulan, dengan berat kira-kira 200 gram, dibagi dalam 5 kelompok yaitu normoksia dan kelompok yang sebelumnya telah dipaparkan pada kondisi hipoksia hipobarik, dan hipoksia hipobarik intermitent 1,2, dan 3 kali dengan masing-masing interval 7 hari. Aktivitas katalase dari homogenat paru-paru diukur menggunakan teknik spektrofotometri. Data diuji normalitasnya dengan Shapiro-Wilk.Hasil: Aktivitas spesifik katalase ternyata tidak menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan diantara kelompok-kelompok perlakuan p>0.05.Kesimpulan: Paparan hipoksia hipobarik intermitent tidak terbukti dapat mengubah aktivitas katalase sebagai respon adaptasi pada paru-paru tikus.

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Introduction Induction of hypoxia, low level of O2 in our body, was known to trigger ROS Reactive Oxygen Species production. Excessive ROS is harmful and is counteracted by antioxidant, the enzymatic and non enzymatic. Lung is an organ functions for ventilation, where O2 comes in and CO2 goes out, hence is a sensitive organ to hypoxia.

This research was conducted to see the activity of catalase, enzymatic antioxidant, after hypoxia, to be specific intermittent hypobaric hypoxia. Intermittent hypoxia was proven from the clinical trial that it would be a protection from the damaging effect of hypoxia such as done in pilot training chamber.

Methods: Lung samples were obtained from male Sprague Dawley rats 2 months old, around 200 grams, divided into 5 groups normoxia and the previous groups that was exposed to hypobaric hypoxia and intermittent hypobaric hypoxia 1, 2, and 3 times with 7 days interval for each. Catalase was measured from lung's homogenate by spectrophotometry technique. Data normality was tested using Shapiro Wilk test.

Results: Specific activity of catalase is insignificantly different between all groups p 0.05.

Conclusion: Exposure of intermittent hypobaric hypoxia was not proved to change the activity of catalase as an adaptation response in rat's lung tissue. Key words catalase hypobaric hypoxia intermittent lung."