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"2012 International Conference on Environment Science and 2012 International Conference on Computer Science (ICES 2012/ICCS 2012) will be held in Australia, Melbourne, 15‐16 March, 2012.Volume 1 contains some new results in computational environment science. There are 47 papers were selected as the regular paper in this volume. It contains the latest developments and reflects the experience of many researchers working in different environments (universities, research centers or even industries), publishing new theories and solving new technological problems on computational environment science. The purpose of volume 1 is interconnection of diverse scientific fields, the cultivation of every possible scientific collaboration, the exchange of views and the promotion of new research targets as well as the further dissemination, the dispersion, the diffusion of the environment science, including but not limited to ecology, physics, chemistry, biology, soil science, geology, atmospheric science and geography"

"The interaction of the solar and heat radiation with the atmosphere and surface is the subject of the book. The book contains the description of 17 computer studying programs supporting different topics of courses."

"Bogor (Kabupaten dan Kota Bogor) dengan pertumbuhan penduduk yang tinggi akan berdampak pada semakin berkembangnya lahan terbangun dan semakin berkurangnya tutupan vegetasi. Berkurangnya tutupan vegetasi akan berdampak secara langsung pada suhu permukaan daratan yang semakin panas karena semakin banyak panas matahari yang diserap oleh permukaan. Suhu permukaan daratan yang semakin tinggi menyebabkan ketidaknyamanan bagi masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat fenomena perubahan suhu permukaan daratan di Bogor serta kaitannya dengan perubahan kerapatan vegetasi. Data suhu permukaan diperoleh dari pengolahan citra landsat TM. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan keruangan (spasial) untuk menganalisis perubahan suhu permukaan daratan dan pendekatan ekologi untuk menganalisis hubungan suhu permukaan daratan dengan kerapatan vegetasi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa perubahan suhu permukaan daratan di Bogor memiliki pola menyebar dengan pusat di Kota Bogor. Perubahan suhu permukaan daratan sejalan dengan perubahan tutupan vegetasi. Semakin rendah kerapatan tutupan vegetasi semakin tinggi suhu permukaan daratan. Begitu juga sebaliknya, semakin tinggi kerapatan tutupan vegetasi semakin rendah suhu permukaan daratan.

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Bogor (Bogor Regency and City) with high population growth will have an impact on the development of land up and the reduction in vegetation cover. Reduced vegetation cover will have a direct impact on land surface temperature getting hotter as more and more solar heat is absorbed by the surface. High land surface temperatures cause inconvenience to the public.

This study aims to look at the phenomenon of the land surface temperature changes in Bogor and its relation to changes in vegetation density. Surface temperature data derived from Landsat TM imagery processing. This study uses a spatial approach (spatial) to analyze changes in land surface temperatures and ecological approach to analyze the relationship between land surface temperature with vegetation density.

Results of this study indicate that changes in land surface temperatures in Bogor has a diffuse pattern in the center of the city of Bogor. Land surface temperature changes in line with changes in vegetation cover. The lower the density of vegetation cover higher land surface temperature. The higher the density the lower the vegetation cover land surface temperature."

"Penelitian bertujuan mengevaluasi pelaksanaan pemeriksaan jarak jauh BPK berdasarkan panduan pemeriksaan jarak jauh yang dikeluarkan oleh BPK pada awal pandemi COVID 19 tahun 2020 dan 2021. Analisis dilakukan dengan mengevaluasi dokumen pemeriksaan, pengamatan atas pelaksanaan pemeriksaan dan wawancara. Hasil penelitian pemeriksaan jarak jauh telah direncanakan dan dilaksanakan sesuai dengan panduan, sehingga hasil pemeriksaan tetap berkualitas. Pemeriksaan dengan metode jarak jauh tidak mengurangi ketepatan waktu penyusunan laporan hasil pemeriksaan sehingga prosedur pemeriksaan jarak jauh tetap dapat dipertahankan pada pasca Covid.

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This study aims to evaluate the implementation of the BPK remote audit based on the remote audit guide issued by the BPK at the beginning of the COVID 19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021. The analysis was conducted by evaluating the audit document, observing the audit implementation, and interviewing. The results show that the remote audit had been planned and carried out by the guidelines so that the audit results remain of high quality. Auditing with the remote method does not affect the timeliness of preparing audit reports so that remote audit procedures can still be maintained post-Covid."

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Pertambangan menjadi sektor penting yang berperan dalam mendukung pembangunan dan perekonomian Indonesia. Salah satu perusahaan tambang terbesar di dunia adalah PT Freeport Indonesia yang terletak di Kabupaten Mimika, Papua. Dalam operasi pertambangannya, PT Freeport Indonesia menghadapi sejumlah masalah lingkungan, salah satunya adalah perubahan lahan bervegetasi menjadi lahan tandus yang minim vegetasi. Kerusakan lingkungan hidup yang terjadi akibat aktivitas pertambangan dapat dipulihkan melalui kegiatan reklamasi. Reklamasi lahan di wilayah pertambangan memerlukan waktu dalam jangka panjang untuk mencapai struktur dan fungsi ekosistem yang berkembang, stabil, dan matang sehingga diperlukan monitoring perubahan kondisi tutupan vegetasi di lahan bekas tambang menggunakan teknologi yang efektif dan efisien, yaitu penginderaan jauh. Dalam penelitian ini, citra penginderaan jauh yang digunakan adalah citra Sentinel-2 yang dikumpulkan dari tahun 2016 hingga 2023 untuk mendapatkan distribusi nilai indeks tutupan vegetasi (NDVI) dan tingkat kehijauan vegetasi di Area Reklamasi Grasberg. Variabel yang digunakan untuk menganalisis perubahan tutupan vegetasi selama proses revegetasi di Area Reklamasi Grasberg adalah indeks vegetasi (NDVI), jenis vegetasi, tahun reklamasi, ketinggian, kemiringan lereng, dan arah lereng. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa semakin bertambah waktu reklamasi, maka semakin bertambah luas area yang tertutupi vegetasi dengan tingkat kehijauan sedang dan tinggi yang ditunjukkan dari hasil regresi linier yang bernilai posistif. Perubahan tutupan vegetasi di Area Reklamasi Grasberg menunjukkan tren peningkatan tutupan vegetasi seluas 379,66 hektar atau 98,71% dari total luas area reklamasi dan sisanya mengalami tren penurunan berdasarkan hasil analisis tren Sen’s Slope+Mann Kendall. Perubahan tutupan vegetasi di Area Reklamasi Grasberg tidak dipengaruhi oleh jenis vegetasi karena karakteristik vegetasi di area tersebut cenderung sama. Sedangkan perubahan tutupan vegetasi di Area Reklamasi Grasberg berdasarkan hasil uji korelasi dipengaruhi oleh faktor kondisi topografi. Ketinggian wilayah tidak menunjukkan pengaruh yang kuat terhadap tutupan vegetasi tetapi kemiringan lereng yang curam akan memicu terjadinya tingkat kehijauan tutupan vegetasi yang rendah dan sebaliknya. Sedangkan vegetasi yang berada di lereng yang menghadap ke arah timur memiliki tingkat kehijauan yang tinggi karena mendapatkan penyinaran matahari yang cukup. Pemantauan perubahan tutupan vegetasi di area reklamasi bekas tambang sangat bermanfaat untuk kebijakan pengelolaan lahan di area pertambangan dan perencanaan reklamasi.

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Mining is an important sector that plays a role in supporting Indonesia's development and economy. One of the largest mining companies in the world is PT Freeport Indonesia, located in Mimika Regency, Papua. In its mining operations, PT Freeport Indonesia faces a number of environmental problems, one of which is the change of vegetated land into barren land with minimal vegetation. Environmental damage caused by mining activities can be restored through reclamation activities. Land reclamation in mining areas takes a long time to achieve a developed, stable and mature ecosystem structure and function so that it is necessary to monitor changes in vegetation cover conditions in post-mining land using effective and efficient technology, namely remote sensing. In this research, the remote sensing images used were Sentinel-2 images collected from 2016 to 2023 to obtain the distribution of vegetation cover index (NDVI) and vegetation greenness in the Grasberg Reclamation Area. The variables used to analyze changes in vegetation cover during the revegetation process in the Grasberg Reclamation Area are vegetation cover index (NDVI), vegetation type, reclamation year, elevation, slope, and slope direction. This study shows that as the reclamation time increases, the area covered by vegetation with medium and high greenness levels increases, as shown by the positive linear regression results. Changes in vegetation cover in the Grasberg Reclamation Area show an increasing trend covering 379.66 hectares or 98.71% of the total reclamation area and the others show a decreasing trend based on the results of Sen's Slope+Mann Kendall trend analysis. Changes in vegetation cover in the Grasberg Reclamation Area are not influenced by vegetation type because the characteristics of vegetation in the area tend to be the same. Meanwhile, changes in vegetation cover in the Grasberg Reclamation Area based on the results of the correlation test are influenced by topographic conditions. The elevation of the area does not show a strong influence on vegetation cover but steep slopes will trigger a low level of vegetation cover greenness and vice versa. The vegetation on the east-facing slope has a high level of greenery because it gets enough sunlight. Monitoring changes in vegetation cover in ex-mining reclamation areas is very useful for land management policies in mining areas and reclamation planning."

"This book about modeling of environment in terms of physical environment related parameters and measuring similar parameters by means of multispectral remote sensing, primarily by means of passive microwave remote sensing technology. Another new step is in the development and utilization of a multilevel approach which includes remote sensing of the land and water parameters like soil moisture, depth to water table, biomass of vegetation, temperature and salinity of water, in situ measurements of similar parameters and incorporation of GIS and data sets into the models of typical environments. "