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"ABSTRAKThis paper reviews the making of singapore's ethnic conflicts during the 1950s and 1960s, the rise of opposition forces during 1980s, the theory asserting that the group representation constituency has helped the minority groups enter the parliament, and contemporary ethnic concerns in 2017 presidential election. the authors argue that singapore's ceaseless memory of conflicting ethnic relations is the product of political management. the singapore government therefore creates an electoral system that ensures minority representations in politics, but is in fact favorable to the ruling party and its political elites from the majority group. as a result, the ruling party consolidates its power by strengthening negative stereotypes of the minority, and continues to reproduces ethnic disharmony"

"[ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh dari kehadiran pemirsa terhadap kemampuan mengingatkembali memori mengenai kata-kata. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain 2(Kondisi tidak ada pemirsa/Adapemirsa) x 2(Kata-kata simpel/kompleks). Partisipan dalam penelitian adalah mahasiswa-mahasiswa Universityof Queensland yang terdiri dari 12 partisipan perempuan dan 3 partisipan laki-laki. Masing-masing partisipandiminta mengingat sebanyak mungkin kata-kata yang ditunjukkan pada empat macam kondisi yaitu mengingatkata-kata simpel pada kondisi tidak ada pemirsa, mengingat kata-kata simpel pada kondisi ada pemirsa,mengingat kata-kata kompleks pada kondisi tidak ada pemirsa, dan mengingat kata-kata kompleks pada kondisiada pemirsa. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa partisipan mengingat lebih banyak kata-kata simpeldibanding kata-kata kompleks, namun tidak ada perbedaan signifikan pada efek kehadiran pemirsa terhadapkemampuan mengingat kembali memori tentang kata-kata tersebut. Lebih lanjut, secara signifikan ditemukanbahwa partisipan mengingat lebih banyak kata simpel pada kondisi tidak ada pemirsa dibanding mengingat katakompleks pada kondisi ada pemirsa. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa kehadiran pemirsatidak mempengaruhi kemampuan partisipan dalam mengingat kata-kata.ABSTRACT This study aimed to examine the influence of audience to memory recall of words. This study used 2(No

Audience/Audience condition) x 2(Simple/complex words) design. The participants of this study were

university students at University of Queensland (12 females, 3 males). They were each asked to recall as many

words under four conditions, which are recalling simple words in no audience condition, recalling simple words

in audience condition, complex words in no audience condition, and complex words in audience condition.

Results indicated that participants significantly recalled more words in the list of simple words than complex

words but no significant difference in audience effect was found. However, result showed that participants

significantly recalled more simple words in no audience condition than complex words in audience condition.

From the results, it can be concluded that presence of audience did not influence individual?s memory recall of

words.;This study aimed to examine the influence of audience to memory recall of words. This study used 2(No

Audience/Audience condition) x 2(Simple/complex words) design. The participants of this study were

university students at University of Queensland (12 females, 3 males). They were each asked to recall as many

words under four conditions, which are recalling simple words in no audience condition, recalling simple words

in audience condition, complex words in no audience condition, and complex words in audience condition.

Results indicated that participants significantly recalled more words in the list of simple words than complex

words but no significant difference in audience effect was found. However, result showed that participants

significantly recalled more simple words in no audience condition than complex words in audience condition.

From the results, it can be concluded that presence of audience did not influence individual?s memory recall of

words., This study aimed to examine the influence of audience to memory recall of words. This study used 2(No

Audience/Audience condition) x 2(Simple/complex words) design. The participants of this study were

university students at University of Queensland (12 females, 3 males). They were each asked to recall as many

words under four conditions, which are recalling simple words in no audience condition, recalling simple words

in audience condition, complex words in no audience condition, and complex words in audience condition.

Results indicated that participants significantly recalled more words in the list of simple words than complex

words but no significant difference in audience effect was found. However, result showed that participants

significantly recalled more simple words in no audience condition than complex words in audience condition.

From the results, it can be concluded that presence of audience did not influence individual’s memory recall of

words.]"