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"The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is not yet fully understood A genetic predisposition, some environmental factors and microbial flora of the grit are the key factors. The presence of bacteria in the intestinal lumen is a prerequisite for the development of IBD. In animal models, mice incapable of expressing IL, or IL invariably develop a colitis- or Crohn-like inflammation. No inflammation occurs if they grow up in a pathogen free environment or if they are fed with Lactobacillus sp when exposed to environmental bacteria. Thus, the absence of liminal bacteria or a different make-up there of prevents the development of inflammatory bowel disease in this model. Patients with IBD have been found to have a decreased stool excretion Lactobacillus andlor Bifidobacteria. Furthermore, an increased number of bacteria adherents to the mucosa and within the epithelium has been demonstrated in quantitative studies. It appears that these bacteria trigger a strong abnormal mucosal immunological response, leading to intestinal epithelial cell injury mediated by activated T-cells, mononuclear cells and macrophages. If this response can not be down regulated by regulatory T-cells, mononuclear inflammatory cytokines are activated by stimulation of the intracellular transcription factor NF-kB. Recently it was shown that bacterial lipopolysaccharides can activate NF-kB by binding to two specific receptors on the cell membrane (Toll-like receptors [TLR's]) or intracellular receptors (NOD's). New insights of the role of bacteria in IBD became available by identifying susceptibility genes for IBD. Several IBD susceptibility loci were recently identified. The IBD-l locus on chromosome 16 shows positive evidence for linkage in Crohn's disease and IBD-2 locus on chromosome l2 for ulcerative colitis. The evidence for' an association with Crohn's disease at the IBD-I locus have been shown to be attributed to mutations in the CARDI5/NOD2 gene. This gene is exressed in peripheral blood monocytes and in intestinal epithelial cells and serves as a key factor of innate mucosal response to luminal bacteria as an antibacterial factor. The intact intercellular NOD2 protein binds LPS and activates NF-kB. This activation of the NF-kB signalling pathway in response to bacterial components plays a protective role in the mucosal epithelial cells for the host against inviting pathogens and an increased apoptosis of infected cells. There is evidence, that the defective NOD2 protein variants increase the susceptibility to pathogen invasion and a decrease in cellular apoptosis. NF-kB plays a dual role in IBD. On the mucosal epithelial cells, bacterial components bind on NOD2 proteins and protect bacterial invasion. If this barrier mechanism is not intact, the bacterial invasion stimulates via TLR- and NOD2 receptors in immune-active cells (macrophages, T-cells and monocytes) NF-kB and triggers an aberrant inflammatory response leading to tissue damage. These new insights in the pathogenesis in IBD have led to new treatment possibilities including pre- and probiotics. These therapies are aimed at directly modulating the host immune system to suppress intestinal inflammation. This has prompted considerable interest in manipulating the enteric microenvironment as a novel therapeutic strategy Several clinical studies showed promising results rising pre- and probiotics in patients with ulcerative colitis, pouchitis and Crohn's disease. The introduction of genetically engineered probiotic organism to produce and deliver anti-inflammatory cytokines or other biological relevant molecules to the mucosa offers further new potential for the treatment of IBD."

"Bacterial oxidation technology is a competitive alternative for treating refractory gold. The utilization of bacterial oxidation in the mining industry is relatively recent and the introduction of microbiology and biochemistry to this area is not widely understood by mining companies. Many misconceptions and misunderstandings have resulted from insufficient information. This paper describes the practical aspects of bio-oxidation technology related to the biology and physiology of bacteria in associate with the role and behavior of bacteria in bacterial oxidation."

"Kuinolon adalah antibiotik berspektrum luas, yang digunakan untuk mengobati infeksi oleh bakteri gram positif ataupun negatif. Pemilihan antibiotik yang tepat sangat menentukan keberhasilan pengobatan infeksi bakteri. Kepekaan bakteri senantiasa berubah pada waktu dan tempat yang berbeda, sehingga perlu adanya analisis rutin mengenai pola sensitifitas bakteri terhadap antibiotik. Pola sensitifitas ini sangat diperlukan sebagai dasar pemilihan antibiotik untuk terapi empirik pada kasus infeksi. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder yang diperoleh dari hasil uji resistensi bakteri terhadap berbagai antibiotika di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Klinik Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia tahun 2001-2006, yang memperoleh bahan pemeriksaan klinik dari berbagai rumah sakit terutama RSCM dan juga dari praktik pribadi di Jakarta. Data penelitian ini menggunakan bakteri yang diisolasi dari darah yang diuji sensitivitasnya terhadap siprofloksasin, gatifloksasin, moksifloksasin, ofloksasin, dan levofloksasin. Data diolah dengan software WHONET 5.4. Metode statistik yang digunakan adalah metode cross-sectional deskriptif. Dari 791 isolat yang berasal dari 770 pasien dengan bakterimia positif, ditemukan bakteri gram negatif sebanyak 525 isolat dan bakteri gram positif 266 isolat. Bakteri gram negatif terbanyak adalah Acinetobacter anitratus, Salmonella Typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, dan Klebsiella pneumoniae. Sedangkan bakteri gram positif terbanyak adalah Staphylococcus epidermidis dan Staphylococcus aureus. Sensitivitas bakteri-bakteri tersebut terhadap siprofloksasin, gatifloksasin, moksifloksasin, ofloksasin, dan levofloksasin, umumnya masih sangat baik. Fluorokuinolon dapat dijadikan pilihan dalam terapi empiris pada penyakit infeksi oleh bakteri hingga hasil kultur dan uji resistensi diperoleh.

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Quinolones are wide spectrum anitmicrobial agents used to treat the infection by both of the gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria. The exact selection of antibiotic is critical for the success of medical treatment for the bacterial infections. The sensitivity of the bacteria always changes at the different time and place, results the need of routine analysis about the pattern of bacterial sensitivity against antibiotics. Understanding the pattern of bacterial sensitivity can help in choosing antibiotic as empirical therapy. The data that was taken is the secondary data received from results of the test of bacterial resistance against various antibiotics from the year 2001-2006 that was sent to the Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine of University of Indonesia. The data was processed with software WHONET 5,4. The statistical method used was crosssectional descriptive method. From 791 isolat that came from 770 patients with bacteremia, the gram-negative bacteria are 525 isolat and the gram-positive bacteria are 266 isolat. The most gram-negative bacteria isolated are Acinetobacter anitratus, Salmonella Typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Whereas the most gram-positive bacteria are Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus. The sensitivity of these bacteria against ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin, ofloxacin, and levofloxacin, generally are still very well. Fluoroquinolone can be a choice in empirical therapy in the infection by the bacteria untill the results of culture and the test resistance have been received."

"This book offers interesting insight into initial works carried out to demonstrate the potential use of bacterial pigment as colorant for various applications."

"ABSTRAKLatar belakang:Sepsis adalah infeksi bakteri dalam darah yang sangat serius (SBI) karena akan mengancam jiwa. Masih tingginya angka kematian balita karena infeksi berat dan keterbatasan fasilitas di rumah sakit daerah untuk mendiagnosis terjadinya SBI,maka penilaian secara klinis dengan menggunakan standar yang valid dalam menegakkan diagnosis SBI sangat diperlukan.Salah satu metode yang dapat digunakan untuk menilai apakah anak diprediksi menderita SBI adalah dengan skala Acute illness observation scale (AIOS). Peneliti terdahulu menemukan skalaAIOS >8 mempunyai titik potong paling baik, tapi validasi keakuratannya perlu diteliti lebih lanjut. Tujuan:Melakukan validasi menggunakan skala AIOS>8 untuk mendeteksi terjadinya infeksi bakteri serius pada usia 3-36 bulan yang datang dengan demam, dan membandingkannya dengan diagnosis akhir dari dokter spesialis anak.Metode :Uji diagnostik potong lintang dan validasi skor menggunakan tabel dua kali dua, untuk mendapatkan nilai sensitifitas, spesifisitas, nilai duga positif, nilai duga negatif dan rasio kemungkinan positif dan negatif. Hasil penelitian :Dari 143 sampel, subjek penderita SBI sebesar 44(30,77%), proporsi anak laki-laki sama dengan perempuan. dan usia terbanyak adalah 3-12 bulan yaitu 27(61,4%) subjek. Subjek penderita SBI dengan skoring AIOS > 8 sebanyak 41( (93,2%%). Penyakit SBI terbanyak adalah pnemonia 21(47,7%) subjek, diikuti ISK (13,6%), diare bakterial, sepsis dan ensefalitis masing masing (9,1%), selulitis (6,8%) dan meningitis (4,6%) dan penyakit bukan SBI terbanyak adalah ISPA 36(36,4%) subjek. Sensitifitas skor AIOS 95,5% (IK 95%; 84,5-99,4%), spesifisitas 29,3% (IK 95%; 20,6-39,3%), nilai duga positif 37,5% (IK 95%; 34,3-40,9%), nilai duga negatif 93,6% (IK 95%; 78,4-98,3%), rasio kemungkinan positif 1,4 (IK95%; 1,2-1,6), rasio kemungkinan negatif 0,2 (IK95%; 0,04-0,6). AUC(area under receiver operating characteristic curve 0,655 dengan p 0,002 dan IK 95% 0,6-0,8) dapat mendiskriminasi pasien-pasien yang dicurigai SBI dengan baik. Kesimpulan : Penggunaan skala AIOS>8 sangat sensitif untuk mendeteksi terjadinya infeksi bakteri serius pada usia 3-36 bulan.

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ABSTRACTBack ground. Sepsis is a very serious bacterial infection in the blood (SBI) because it will be life-threatening. The high rates of under-five mortality due to severe infections and limited facilities in local hospitals, a clinical assessment must be use a valid standard to diagnose SBI. One method that can be used to assess whether a child is predicted to have SBI is the scale of the Acute illness observation scale (AIOS). The previous researcher found that the scale of AIOS > 8 has the best cutoff point, but the validation of accuracy needs to be further investigated.. Aim: Validate using AIOS scale> 8 to detect the occurrence of serious bacterial infections at the age of 3-36 months who come with fever, and compare it with the final diagnosis of pediatrician.Method. The cross-sectional diagnostic test and the scoring validation use the two-by-two tables, to obtain sensitivity, specificity, positive predictor, negative predictor and positive and negative probability ratios. Result. Of the 143 samples, the subject of SBI was 44 (30.77%), the proportion of boys was the same as for women. And the most ages were 3-12 months ie 27 (61.4%) subjects. Subjects of SBI patients with AIOS scores > 8 were 41 ((93.2 %%) .The highest SBI disease was pneumonia 21 (47.7%) subjects, followed by UTI (13.6%), bacterial diarrhea, sepsis and encephalitis respectively (9,1%), cellulitis (6.8%) and meningitis (4.6%) and non-SBI disease were mostly ARI 36 (36.4%) subjects, AIOS score sensitivity 95.5% (95% IK; 84,5-99,4%), specificity 29,3% (95% IK, 20,6-39,3%), positive predictive value 37,5% (95% IK, 34,3-40,9% ), A negative predictive value of 93.6% (95% IK, 78.4-98.3%), a positive likelihood ratio of 1.4 (IK95%, 1.2-1.6), a negative likelihood ratio of 0.2 ( IK95%; 0.04-0.6). AUC (area under receiver operating characteristic curve 0.655 with p 0.002 and 95% IK 0.6-0.8) can discriminate well-suspected SBI patients. Conclusion. The use of AIOS scale> 8 is very sensitive to detect serious bacterial infections at 3-36 months of age in area."

"Prevalensi kematian akibat diare pada bayi dan balita yang tinggi dapat disebabkan oleh Serratia marcescens. Prevalensi kematian akibat pneumonia pada bayi dan balita dapat disebabkan oleh Klebsiella pneumoniae. Prevalensi penyakit endokarditis infektif dapat disebabkan oleh Staphylococcus epidermidis. Namun, resistensi antibiotik menjadi masalah yang serius sehingga dilakukan eksplorasi pada tanaman masoyi yang merupakan tanaman endemik dari Papua. Minyak atsiri dari kulit kayu masoyi yang diperoleh dengan metode distilasi uap dilaporkan berpotensi menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Streptococcus mutans, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus dan Bacillus cereus. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan determinasi tanaman, pengumpulan dan penyerbukan simplisia kulit kayu masoyi, uji mikroskopik, ekstraksi minyak atsiri dengan metode distilasi air, uji fitokimia golongan terpenoid dan uji aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens dan Staphylococcus epidermidis. Minyak atsiri dibuat ke beberapa konsentrasi dengan melarutkan minyak atsiri dengan DMSO dan PEG 400. Uji aktivitas antibakteri menggunakan metode zona hambat (metode difusi cakram) dan metode konsentrasi hambat minimal (makrodilusi) terhadap Klebsiela pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens dan Staphylococcus epidermidis. Hasil metode zona hambat menunjukkan minyak atsiri dengan pelarut DMSO terhadap K.pneumoniae berpotensi lemah (1-1,25 mm) sedangkan, terhadap S.marcescens (10,625-13,25 mm) dan S.epidermidis (11,75- 14,5 mm) berpotensi kuat. Minyak atsiri dengan pelarut PEG 400 terhadap K.pneumoniae (5-9,75 mm), S.marcescens (5,5-8,25 mm) dan S.epidermidis (4,625-7,5 mm) berpotensi sedang. Hasil metode makrodilusi menunjukkan nilai KHM minyak atsiri Cryptocarya massoy (Oken) Kosterm terhadap K.pneumoniae = 125 µg/mL, S.marcescens = 62,5 µg/mL dan S.epidermidis = 31,25 - 15,625 µg/mL.

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The high prevalence of death from diarrhea in infants and toddlers can be caused by Serratia marcescens. The prevalence of death from pneumonia in infants and toddlers can be caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae. The prevalence of infective endocarditis can be caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis. However, antibiotic resistance is a serious problem, so an exploration of the masoyi plant, which is an endemic plant from Papua, was carried out. Essential oil from masoyi bark obtained by steam distillation method has the potential to inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus as reported. In this study, plant determination, collection and pollination of masoyi bark simplicia, microscopic test, extraction of essential oils by water distillation method, phytochemical test of terpenoids and antibacterial activity tests against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens and Staphylococcus epidermidis were carried out. The essential oil was made into several concentrations by dissolving the essential oil with DMSO and PEG 400. The antibacterial activity was tested using the zone of inhibition method (disk diffusion method) and the minimal inhibitory concentration method (macrodilution) against Klebsiela pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The results of the inhibition zone method showed that essential oils with DMSO as solvent were potentially weak against K.pneumoniae (1-1.25 mm) while against S.marcescens (10.625-13.25 mm) and S.epidermidis (11.75-14.5 mm). mm) potentially strong. Essential oil with solvent PEG 400 against K. pneumoniae (5-9.75 mm), S. marcescens (5.5-8.25 mm) and S. epidermidis (4.625-7.5 mm) has moderate potential. The results of the macrodilution method showed the MIC value of Cryptocarya massoy (Oken) Kosterm essential oil against K.pneumoniae = 125 g/mL, S.marcescens = 62.5 g/mL and S.epidermidis = 31.25 - 15,625 g/mL.

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"Minuman kefir merupakan suatu produk fermentasi yang dapat dibuat secara mudah dan murah. Minuman kefir dikenal luas sebagai suatu minuman probiotik. Pembuatan kefir dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan baik susu sapi maupun susu kambing. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji aktivitas antibakteri dari kefir susu sapi dan susu kambing, serta mengisolasi bakteri lactobacilli yang berperan. Aktivitas antibakteri dari kefir diuji berdasarkan perbedaan pada jenis susu yang digunakan dan lama waktu fermentasi. Isolasi dan karakterisasi isolat dilakukan berdasarkan Cowan and Steel’s Manual for the Identification of Medical Bacteria. Kefir dibuat dengan menginokulasikan 5% (w/v) granula kefir lokal ke dalam 50 mL susu sapi atau kambing yang telah dipasteurisasi. Fermentasi dilakukan selama 3, 4, dan 5 hari untuk kedua jenis susu. Uji antibakteri dari kefir dilakukan dengan metode difusi menggunakan silinder (cylinder diffusion method) terhadap 5 bakteri uji, yaitu Staphylococcus aureus NBRC 100910, Pseudomonas aeruginosa DRK 9.1, Eschericia coli NBRC 3301, Bacillus subtilis NBRC 13719 dan Kocuria rhizophila NBRC 12708. Pengukuran nilai pH kefir dilakukan dengan pH meter dan nilai total asam kefir dengan metode titrasi. Hasil uji aktivitas antibakteri dari kefir susu sapi maupun susu kambing menunjukkan adanya aktivitas antibakteri terhadap kelima bakteri uji. Secara umum kefir susu sapi menunjukkan aktivitas antibakteri yang lebih kecil dari kefir susu kambing, baik dari hasil fermentasi dengan lama waktu 3, 4, maupun 5 hari. Selanjutnya, aktivitas antibakteri yang paling optimal secara umum diperoleh pada kefir dengan lama fermentasi 4 hari baik untuk kefir susu sapi maupun susu kambing. Sebanyak 9 isolat bakteri berhasil diisolasi. Seluruhnya menunjukkan karakteristik bakteri yang berasal dari kelompok lactobacilli.

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Kefir is a fermented beverage that can be made easily and cheaply. Kefir is widely known as a probiotic beverage. The production of kefir can be done using either cow milk or goat milk. This study aims to examine the antibacterial activity of cow milk and goat milk kefir, as well as to isolate responsible lactobacilli bacteria. The antibacterial activity of kefir is examined based on differences in type of milk used and fermentation time. The isolation and characterization of isolates is done according to Cowan and Steel’s Manual for the Identification of Medical Bacteria. The kefirs are made by inoculating 5% (w/v) local kefir grains into 50 mL pasteurized cow milk or goat milk. Fermentation was carried out for 3, 4, and 5 days for both types of milk. The antibacterial test of kefirs was carried out using diffusion method utilizing cylinders (cylinder diffusion method) against 5 test bacteria, namely Staphylococcus aureus NBRC 100910, Pseudomonas aeruginosa DRK 9.1, Eschericia coli NBRC 3301, Bacillus subtilis NBRC 13719 and Kocuria rhizophila NBRC 12708. The measurement of kefir pH values was performed using pH meter and kefir total acidities by using titration method. Antibacterial activity test results from either cow milk or goat milk kefir showed the presence of antibacterial activity against five test bacteria. In general, cow milk kefir showed lower antibacterial activity than goat milk kefir in fermentation times of either 3, 4, or 5 days. Furthermore, the most optimal antibacterial activity was generally obtained in kefirs with a fermentation time of 4 days for both cow milk and goat milk kefir. A total of 9 bacterial isolates were successfully isolated. All of which shows the characteristics of bacteria from the lactobacilli group."