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"The Belgian Congo (Zaire, now the Democratic Republic of the Congo), the Netherlands Indies (Indonesia), and Taiwan/Formosa (now the Republic of China) experienced policies during the 19th and early 20th century which could be termed exploitative or extractive, although some policies in these colonies could also be termed developmental. All three colonies had a troubled passage to independence, and the immediate post-independence era was marked by considerable political and economic turmoil. But the growth performance of the three former colonies has been very different. Taiwan has seen very rapid growth sustained over decades; Indonesia's economic growth since 1970 has been quite robust; the Congo has seen a growth collapse which is extraordinary even by African standards. The paper suggests some explanations for this divergence in terms of policies pursued by the Japanese, Dutch and Belgian colonial regimes, and by postindependence governments in these countries."

"As colonial Indonesia never was intended to be a “settler colony”, many Dutch citizens spent only a certain period of their lives there before returning to the Netherlands. However, there were also Europeans, many with Asian-European roots, who had called the colony home for generations and were forced to leave that home after 1945. All these different types of colonial migrants were displaced and maintained, built and reinforced their relations with the country (whether it was the colony or the “motherland”) they had left. This transnationalism (or, as I argue here, imperial orientation) took shape not only legally or relationally but also experientially (D. Ip, C. Inglis, and C.T. Wu 1997). In this article I show how, in both the colonial and post-colonial periods, objects helped European colonial migrants establish and maintain social relationships. Objects shaped identities and people’s status; bolstering increase migrants’ sense of “a continuous transnational self and identity”, a feeling of home, but also feelings of displacement. "

"Fisiognomi secara umum merupakan metode untuk menilai ciri-ciri fisik yang tampak pada permukaan seluruh tubuh, khususnya wajah seseorang. Dalam tulisan ini, fisiognomi urban berfokus kepada pengetahuan tentang metoda fisiognomi urban secara empiris untuk memahami perubahan atau dinamika arsitektur dan ruang kota. Adapun dinamika arsitektur ruang IKN paska kolonial ini kemudian menelusurinya lebih lanjut melalui wacana tropikalitas dalam perspektif techno-socio-culture, mulai dari IKN Jakarta, rencana pemindahan IKN ke Palangka Raya hingga ke IKN Nusantara di Kalimantan Timur. Metodologi sejarah ini melalui strategi multi narasi dan taktik sinkronis dan diakronis dari berbagai sumber seperti investigasi ke Jakarta, Palangka Raya dan Nusantara di Kalimantan Timur, diskusi, dokumen, foto, surat kabar, buku dan multi-media, Museum Tjilik Riwut, KITLV Leiden, Rijk Museum, Tropen Museum. Tujuan utamanya adalah untuk memahami makna yang muncul di masyarakat dan pemerintah terhadap sejarah pemindahan ibu kota negara (IKN) Indonesia khususnya dinamika arsitekturalnya dengan penekanan pada masa kepresidenan Sukarno, Suharto, dan Joko Widodo. Analisis menunjukkan bahwa terbentuknya IKN-Indonesia di Nusantara, Kalimantan Timur telah mencakup perubahan arsitektur dan perkotaan masa kini dibandingkan dengan terbentuknya Jakarta yang bangkit dari era kolonial. Disertasi ini menyimpulkan bahwa pemeriksaan rinci melalui fisiognomi perkotaan secara empiris dan tropikalitas Ibu Kota Negara di Indonesia mengungkapkan bahwa kompleksitas ruang kota IKN-Jakarta dan arsitekturnya melebihi karakteristik permukaannya. Ditemukan bahwa dengan merosotnya kualitas kota Jakarta adalah sebuah alasan untuk memindahkan IKN negara yang baru ke Kalimantan. Paska Kolonial di Indonesia dengan politik demokrasinya telah mengubah cara pandang baru arena kontestasi, sebuah jalan untuk mendominasi Indonesia (neo-post kolonial) yang perlu menjadi perhatian.

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Physiognomy is generally a method for assessing physical features that appear on the entire body's surface, especially a person's face. In this paper, urban physiognomy focuses on knowledge of urban physiognomy methods empirically to understand changes or dynamics of architecture and urban space. The dynamics of post-colonial IKN space architecture were then explored further through the discourse of tropicality in a techno-socio-cultural perspective, starting from IKN Jakarta, the plan to move IKN to Palangka Raya to IKN Nusantara in East Kalimantan. This historical methodology is through multi-narrative strategies and synchronic and diachronic tactics from various sources such as investigations to Jakarta, Palangka Raya, and Nusantara in East Kalimantan, discussions, documents, photographs, newspapers, books and multi-media, Tjilik Riwut Museum, KITLV Leiden, Rijk Museum, Tropen Museum. The main objective is to understand the meaning that arises in society and government to the history of the relocation of Indonesia's national capital (IKN), especially its architectural dynamics, emphasizing the presidencies of Sukarno, Suharto, and Joko Widodo. Analysis shows that the formation of IKN-Indonesia in Nusantara, East Kalimantan, has included changes in today's architecture and cities compared to Jakarta's formation, which rose from the colonial era. This dissertation concludes that a detailed examination through empirical urban physiognomy and tropicality of the national capital in Indonesia reveals that the complexity of the IKN-Jakarta urban space and its architecture exceeds its surface characteristics. It was found that the deterioration in the quality of Jakarta was a reason to move the new state IKN to Kalimantan. Post-colonial Indonesia, with its democratic politics, has changed a new way of looking at the arena of contestation, a path to dominate Indonesia (neo-post-colonial) that needs attention."