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"Pendahuluan: Dampak kesehatan akibat pajanan pelarut organik cukup serius baik yang bersifat akut maupun kronis. Pengendalian lingkungan kelja dan pemantauan kesehatan pekerja harus dilakukan sedini mungkin. Penggantian bahan pelarut organik dengan bahan lain yang lebih aman adalah pilihan terbaik untuk mengurangi dampak pada kesehatan pekelja. Namun pcnggantian bahan pelarut dengan bahan lain dapat berdampak pada proses produksi maupun mutu produksi. Oleh karena itu analisis dampak kesehatan pekelja sedini munglcin menjadi bagian yang sangat penting, sehingga ganggllan kesehatan pekcrja dapat diketahui secara dini untuk dilakukan penanganan. Metode: Menggunakan metode penelitian potong lintang (Cross-Sectional study). Variabcl bebas adalah kadar MBK di udara tempat kexja dan kadar MEK di dalam air seni. Variabel terikat berupa gangguan kesehatan {penyakit lculit, saluran napas, iritasi mata dan gejala dini gangguan sistem sarat), Data penelitian adalah data primer dan sekunder dari hasil pengukuxan, pemeriksaan dan catatan medis. Hasil: Kadar MEK di tempat kexja textinggi adalah 249 ppm, sedangkan pajanan terendah adalah 103 ppm. 30,2% responden ditemukan terpajan di alas NAB. Kadar IPB di dalam air scni tcrtinggi adalah 5,21 mg/1, sedangkan hasil terendah adalah 0,01 mg/l. Sebanyak 27,9% responden di atas IPB. Prevalensi gangguan kesehatan peke1ja akibat pajanan pelarut organik MEK adalah: penyakit kuiit (34,9%); penyakit saluran napas (55,8%); iritasi mata (4,7%); dan gejala dini gangguan sistem saraf (44,2%). Prevalensi gangguan kesehatan lebih banyak ditemukan pada pekerja yang terpajan MEK di atas NAB dibandingkan dengan di bawah atau sama dengan NAB. Kesimpulan: Hasil analisis muitivaliat membuktjkan adanya hubungan yang bermakna antara kadar MEK di udara tcmpat kcrja, kadar MEK di dalam air seni, status gizi dan lama kerja dengan gejala dini gangguan sistem sarai.

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Introduction: The effect on health due to the exposure of Methyl Ethyl Ketone organic compound is a serious condition which related to acute and chronic eifccts. Exposure controlling work environments and monitoring the health status of employees must be done properly. Substituting the MEK organic compound with another safer substance is the best solution to reduce the health effect. However, it will give an impact to the product line and quality product. Early health effect detection is an important to find out the possibility of adverse health effect and manage the finding.

Method: Cross-Sectional Study is thc method in this research. The independent variables are the level of MEK in the work place and the level of MEK in the urine. The dependent variables are health effects (skin diseases, respiratory tract, eye irritation and early neurotoxic symptom). The data are taken from the Primary and Secondary Sources that are obtained by conducting a measurement, a physical exam as well as collecting and analyzing the medical records.

Results: The highest level of MBI( in the work place is 249 ppm and the lowest is 103 ppm. There are 30.2% respondents exposed to MEK above the Thresh Hold Limit Value (TLV). The highest Biological Exposure Index (BEI) urine is 5.2lmg/l and the lowest is 0.01 mg/l. There are 27.9% respondents with the level of MEK above the BEI. The prevalence of health effect due to the exposure of MEK is skin diseases (34.9%), 'respiratory tract diseases (55.8%), eye irritation (4.7%) and early neurotoxic symptom (44.2%). The prevalence of health problem is more Hequent to the respondents who are above the TLV than less than the TLV.

Conclusion: Multivariate analysis indicated a significant correlation among MEK, BEI, nutritional status and length of work with early neurotoxic symptom."

"Pendahuluan: Kebisingan adalah bunyi atau suara yang tidak diinginkan sebagai suara yang tidak diinginkan yang dapat menyebabkan gangguan pendengaran dan gangguan non-pendengaran, seperti kondisi fisiologis, psikologis, dan komunikasi. Gangguan fisiologi dan psikologi dapat meningkatkan denyut jantung dan tekanan darah. Dampak fisik yang mungkin terjadi dari pajanan kebisingan, adalah kram otot, pusing, mual, muntah dan peningkatan sekresi katekolamin dan kortisol, di mana akan mempengaruhi sistem saraf yang kemudian berpengaruh pada detak jantung, dan akan meningkatkan tekanan darah. Menurut WHO, hipertensi diperkirakan menyebabkan 7.5 juta kematian, sekitar 12.8 dari total semua kematian. Hipertensi merupakan masalah kesehatan dengan prevalensi yang tinggi, yaitu sebesar 25.8 , sesuai dengan data Riskesdas 2013. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat hubungan kebisingan >85 dB terhadap kejadian hipertensi. Metode: Pendekatan penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan kuantitatif. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kombinasi metode kuantitatif dan kualitatif, dengan desain penelitian potong lintang. Teknik sampling yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah proportionate stratified random sampling dengan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Pengolahan data dilakukan dengan analisis univariat, bivariat, dan multivariat dengan interval kepercayaan 95 . Dalam penelitian ini juga dilakukan tes laboratorium untuk memvalidasi dan mendapatkan data kondisi stres biologis pada pekerja melalui pengujian hormon kortisol dari air liur. Hasil: Seluruh variabel independen memiliki faktor risiko > 1 terhadap variabel dependen. Terdapat hasil yang signifikan dari variabel independen kebisingan, lama kerja, umur, riwayat keturunan hipertensi, aktivitas fisik, penggunaan APT, indeks massa tubuh, dan kadar hormon kortisol terhadap hipertensi, melalui pengujian secara statistik dengan p value < 0.05. Sedangkan, untuk variabel perilaku merokok dan konsumsi alkohol memiliki p value > 0.05. Kebisingan sebagai variabel utama memiliki OR 19.067 melalui uji multivariat, setelah dilakukan kontrol oleh variabel perancu lama kerja, riwayat keturunan hipertensi, aktivitas fisik, penggunaan APT, dan indeks massa tubuh terhadap hipertensi. Kesimpulan: Pekerja yang terpapar kebisingan berisiko untuk mengalami hipertensi. Pekerja yang memiliki lama kerja lebih dari lima tahun, tidak melakukan aktivitas fisik, tidak menggunakan APT, dan memiliki indeks massa tubuh yang tidak normal berisiko lebih besar untuk mengalami hipertensi.

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Introductions: Noise is defined as an unwanted noise that can cause auditory and non auditory disorders, such as physiological, psychological, and communication conditions. Physiology and psychology disorders can increase heart rate and blood pressure. Possible physiological effects of noise exposure are muscle cramps, dizziness, nausea, vomiting and increased secretion of catecholamines and cortisol, which affects the nervous system which then affects the heart rate, and increases blood pressure. According to WHO, hypertension is estimated to cause 7.5 million deaths, about 12.8 of all deaths. Hypertension is a health problem with a high prevalence of 25.8 , in accordance with Basic Health Research Republic of Indonesia rsquo s 2013 data. The objective in this study to analyze relationship between noise 85 dB to hypertension.

Methods: The research approach used in this research is quantitative approach. The research method used is a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, with cross sectional study design. The sampling technique used in this research is proportionate stratified random sampling with inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data processing was done by univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis with 95 confidence interval. In the experiment also conducted laboratory tests to validate and get the biological stress condition data on workers through testing the hormone cortisol by its saliva.

Results: All independent variables have risk factor 1 to dependent variable. There were significant results by statistical testing with p value 0.05. Noise as the main variable has OR 19.067 through multivariate test, after controlled by long working confounding variables, hereditary factors, physical activity, PPE usage, and body mass index on hypertension.

Conclusions: Workers exposed to noise are at risk for hypertension. The risk for having hypertension will be greater in workers who have worked longer than five years, do no physical activity, do not use PPE, and have an abnormal body mass index. "

"Di tempat kerja, bising menjadi masalah yang dapat mengakibatkan dampak kesehatan terhadap sistem auditory maupun sistem non-auditory. Dipo Lokomotif Jatinegara merupakan perusahaan yang mempunyai proses perawatan lokomotif yang menghasilkan bising. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat kebisingan di Dipo Lokomotif Jatinegara dan mencari faktor-faktor seperti dosis pajanan bising harian, usia, masa kerja, hobi terkait bising, tempat tinggal bising dan perilaku merokok serta pemakaian alat pelindung telinga APT dengan terjadinya gangguan non-auditory. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan pengukuran tingkat kebisingan pada sumber bising dan area dipo lokomotif serta dosis pajanan bising harian secara langsung di lapangan. Selain itu, gangguan non-auditory juga diukur melalui kuesioner. Hasil pengukuran tingkat kebisingan di area dipo lokomotif dan dosis pajanan bising harian diketahui pada seluruh unit kerja yang diukur berada diatas NAB nilai ambang batas.Hasil pengukuran gangguan non-auditory dari 63 responden diperoleh tingkat gangguan non-auditory berat sebanyak 26 orang 41.3 dan gangguan non-auditory ringan sebanyak 37 orang 58.7 . Analisis rata-rata dosis pajanan bising harian dengan gangguan non-auditory menggunakan uji T-Test diketahui bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara pekerja yang mengalami tingkat gangguan non-auditory. Disamping itu, analisis antara variabel pemakaian alat pelindung telinga APT dengan gangguan non-auditory mendapatkan hasil hubungan yang signifikan. Sedangkan analisis antara variabel usia, masa kerja, hobi terkait bising, tempat tinggal bising dan perilaku merokok dengan gangguan non-auditory diperoleh hubungan yang tidak signifikan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan gangguan non-auditory yang dialami pekerja lebih disebabkan oleh pemakaian alat pelindung telinga APT . Rekomendasi yang diberikan yaitu mengendalikan gangguan non-auditory dengan menurunkan dosis pajanan bising harian yang ada hingga dibawah NAB dan penggunaan alat pelindung telinga yang sesuai dan konsisten.

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In the workplace, noise might become a problem affecting both auditory and as well as non auditory system. Dipo Locomotive Jatinegara is a company that has a locomotive maintenance process generating noise. This research aims to know the level of noise in the Dipo Locomotive Jatinegara and to find certain factors such as exposure to noise daily dose, age, period of employment, hobby related to noise, noisy residence, and smoking behavior, as well as usage of ear protectors tools in Indonesian known as Alat Pelindung Telinga APT factors and the occurrence of non auditory disorders. Data collection was done by measuring the noise level at the noise source and the area of the locomotive as well as the daily noise exposure dose directly in the field. In addition, the non auditory disorders also were measured through a questionnaire.The results of the measurements of noise levels in the area of exposure and daily noise exposure dose of the locomotive on the whole work unit which were finally known that the measurement was above NAB threshold value . The results of the measurement of the non auditory disorders consisted of 63 respondents obtaining a non auditory disorders weight level as much as 26 people 41.3 and other non auditory disorders as many as 37 people 58.7 . Analysis of the average of the daily noise exposure dose with the non auditory disorders used the T Test showed there was no significant difference between workers who experience non auditory disorders level. In addition, the analysis between variable usage of tools ear protectors APT and the non auditory disorders resulted on significant relationships. While the analysis between the variables age, period of employment, hobby related to the noise, noisy living place and the smoking behavior of non auditory disorders with the obtained relationship were not significant. Based on the results of the research, it could be concluded that a non auditory disorders experienced by workers are caused by the usage of ear protectors tools APT . The given recommendations is that namely the non auditory disorders control by lowering the dose of the daily noise exposure exists under the NAB and the use of ear protectors that are appropriate and consistent."

"Seiring dengan target pemerintah dalam peningkatan produksi minyak dan gas di lepas pantai, maka penggunaan bahan kimia dalam kegiatan produksi minyak dan gas semakin meningkat, hal ini memunculkan kekhawatiran akan potensi permasalahan kesehatan pekerja, oleh karenanya perlu dilakukan kajian risiko kesehatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis tingkat risiko (risk rating/RR) kesehatan terkait pajanan dari kesebelas bahan kimia utama yang digunakan pekerja, pada proses produksi minyak dan gas di kapal FPSO XYZ tahun 2022. Metode Chemical Risk Assessment (CRA) yang digunakan adalah Stoffenmanager® 8 version 5.0 yang merupakan tools untuk menilai risiko kesehatan jalur pajanan inhalasi dan dermal dari penanganan enam bahan kimia oleh production technician di area kerja topside deck dan lima bahan kimia oleh utility operator di area kerja machinery deck. Hasil CRA menunjukkan bahwa tingkat risiko (RR) jalur inhalasi dimana satu bahan kimia kategori risiko tinggi (1,highest) delapan bahan kimia kategori risiko sedang (2, medium), dan dua bahan kimia risiko rendah (3, lowest). Sedangkan berdasarkan risk characterization ratio (RCR) pajanan inhalasi, ada dua bahan kimia yang diketahui nilai RCR task ≥ 1, yang berarti perkiraan konsentrasi emisi yang dihasilkan saat beraktivitas (task concentration estimation/TCE) terhadap potensi bahaya terhirup oleh production technician dan utility operator saat beraktivitas pada jarak yang dekat dengan sumber emisi, dikategorikan berbahaya atau risiko tidak dapat di tolerir (Unacceptable risk). Untuk tingkat risiko dermal efek lokal (skin local), sembilan bahan kimia masuk kategori risiko tinggi dan dua bahan kimia masuk kategori risiko sedang. Sedangkan tingkat risiko dermal efek sistemik (skin uptake), empat bahan kimia kategori risiko sedang, dan tujuh bahan kimia kategori risiko rendah. Hasil risk rating (RR) menentukan pula prioritas tindakan (Action Priority/AP) pengendalian risiko kesehatan. Rekomendasi pengendalian adalah menurunkan tingkat bahaya (HR) dengan melakukan penggantian bahan kimia (subtitusi) dengan bahan kimia yang lebih rendah tingkat bahayanya bagi kesehatan, dan untuk pajanan dermal (ER), otomatisasi proses penanganan, modifikasi teknik pekerjaan dengan membuat sistem penambahan bahan kimia secara gravitasi, menurunkan jumlah dosis pemakaian namun tetap efektif efisien (workplace-related modifiers), mengurangi waktu dan frekuensi penggunaan bahan kimia tersebut (activity time), penambahan ventilasi lokal (LEV) selain ventilasi mekanik, serta menggunakan baju khusus tahan kimia beserta sarung tangannya atau Chemsuit (control measures modifiers).

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Along with the government's target to increase offshore oil and gas production,  the use of chemicals in oil and gas production activities tends to increase, this raises concerns about potential health problems for workers, therefore it is necessary to conduct a chemical health risk assessment. This study aims to analyze the health risk rating (RR) related to exposure to the eleven main chemicals used by workers in the oil and gas production process on the FPSO XYZ ship in 2022. The Chemical Risk Assessment (CRA) method that is used is Stoffenmanager® 8 version 5.0 which is a tool to assess the health risks of inhalation and dermal exposure lines from the handling of six chemicals by production technicians on the topside deck work area and five chemicals by utility operators on the machinery deck work area. The results of the CRA show that the risk level (RR) for the inhalation route is one chemical in the high-risk category (1,highest), eight chemicals in the medium risk category (2, medium), and two chemicals in the low-risk category (3, lowest). Meanwhile, based on the risk characterization ratio (RCR) of inhalation exposure, there are two chemicals whose RCR task value is ≥ 1, which means the estimated concentration of emissions produced during the activities (task concentration estimation/TCE) against the potential inhalation hazard by production technicians and utility operators when activities at a close distance to the emission source, are categorized as a dangerous or unacceptable risk. For the level of dermal risk of local effects (skin local), nine chemicals are in the high-risk category and two chemicals are in the medium risk category. While the level of risk of dermal systemic effects (skin uptake), four chemicals were in the moderate risk category, and seven chemicals were in the low-risk category. The results of the risk rating (RR) also determine the priority of action (Action Priority/AP) for controlling health risks. Control recommendations are to reduce the level of hazard (HR) by replacing chemicals (substitutions) with lower chemicals levels of danger to health, and for dermal exposure (ER), automation of handling processes, modification of work techniques by making chemical addition systems automatically. gravity, reducing the number of doses used but still being effective and efficient (workplace-related modifiers), reducing the time and frequency of using these chemicals (activity time), adding local ventilation (LEV) in addition to mechanical ventilation, and using special chemical resistant clothing and gloves or Chemical suit (control measures modifiers)."

"ABSTRAKRadon (Rn222) merupakan radionuklida alami yang termasuk kedalam golongan zat karsinogenik. Radon berasal dari kandungan batuan didalam lapisan tanah yang naik ke permukaan. Radon dapat digunakan sebagai indikasi keberadaan potensi panas bumi di suatu wilayah. Penelitian ini dilakukan terhadap masyarakat Kamojang yang berada disekitar wilayah potensi panas bumi, yaitu wilayah Desa Laksana, Kecamatan Ibun, Kabupaten Bandung selama bulan April-Juni 2016. Metode yang duigunakan adalah Analisis Risiko Kesehatan Lingkungan (ARKL). Nilai risiko karsinogenik pajanan Radon dinyatakan dengan Excess Cancer Risk (ECR).Dari hasil pengukuran konsentrasi Radon indoor di pemukiman penduduk didapatkan nilai median konsentrasi Radon dalam udara ruang di wilayah pemukiman Kamojang, Kabupaten Bandung tahun 2016 sebesar 33,67 Bq/m3. Hasil perhitungan intake Radon pada masyarakat Kamojang didapatkan nilai median sebesar 153,24 10-4 Bq. Besar tingkat risiko karsinogenik pajanan Radon indoor pada masyarakat Kamojang tahun 2016 memiliki median sebesar 0,08 x 10-6 atau 8 x 10-8, diartikan bahwa dengan pajanan Radon dengan intake sesuai individu yang diwawancarai, menambah kemungkinan adanya risiko karsinogenik dalam 8 kasus per 100.000.000 penduduk. Angka ini menunjukkan bahwa kualitas udara didalam ruang rumah masih acceptable dari efek karsinogenik pajanan Radon.

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ABSTRACTRadon (Rn222) is a natural radionuclides included into the group of carcinogenic substances. Radon comes from rocks in the soil layer that comes to the surface. Radon can be used as an indication of the presence of the geothermal potential in the region. The research was conducted on Kamojang people who were around the area of geothermal energy, which Laksana Village area, Ibun, Bandung during the months from June to July 2016. The method is Environmental Health Risk Assessment (EHRA). Radon exposure is carcinogenic risk values expressed by Excess Cancer Risk (ECR).From the results of indoor radon concentration measurements in residential areas has median value of radon concentrations in air amounted to 33.67 Bq / m3. Radon intake has results in society Kamojang obtained median value of 153.24 10-4 Bq. Carcinogenic risk level indoor radon exposure in the community Kamojang 2016 had a median of 0.08 x 10-6 or 8 x 10-8, mean that the radon exposure with appropriate individuals interviewed intake, increase the potential risk of carcinogenic in 8 cases per 100 million inhabitants. This figure shows that the air quality inside the home space is still acceptable from the carcinogenic effects of exposure to radon"

"Kecamatan Blanakan diketahui sebagai salah satu wilayah yang memproduksi hasil perikanan, salah satunya adalah udang peci (Penaeus merguiensis). Kegiatan antropogenik di Blanakan dan sekitarnya dapat menyebabkan pencemaran logam berat pada tambak, termasuk biota yang dibudidayakan. Penelitian tugas akhir ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis kandungan logam berat pada sedimen dan udang peci Penaeus merguiensis, yaitu logam Cu dan logam Pb. Penelitian juga dilakukan untuk mengetahui tingkat akumulasi logam Cu dan logam Pb pada udang peci melalui nilai Bioconcentration Factor (BCF). Pengambilan sampel dilakukan pada tambak di Blanakan yang terbagi menjadi tiga stasiun lokasi. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Februari hingga Mei 2022. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah purposive sampling. Analisis kandungan logam Cu dan logam Pb pada sedimen dan udang peci dilakukan menggunakan AAS. Hasil analisis logam berat yang tidak terdeteksi kemudian dilakukan analisis menggunakan ICP. Pada sampel sedimen dilakukan analisis menggunakan AAS dan ICP OES, sedangkan sampel udang peci dilakukan analisis menggunakan AAS dan ICP MS. Berdasarkan hasil analisis kandungan logam berat pada sedimen, kandungan logam Cu berkisar antara 4,30–13,28 ppm dan logam Pb berkisar antara 5,04–7,88 ppm. Pada sampel udang peci, logam Cu terdeteksi dengan kandungan berkisar 4,89–14,13 ppm, sementara kandungan logam Pb tidak terdeteksi (not detected) atau berada di bawah limit deteksi, yaitu 0,0004 ppm. Nilai Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) logam berat pada udang peci dihitung dengan membandingkan kandungan logam berat pada udang peci dengan kandungan rata-rata logam berat pada sedimen. Nilai BCF logam Cu pada udang peci pada stasiun 1 sebesar 1,70 (microconcentrator), stasiun 2 dengan 1,42 (microconcentrator), dan stasiun 3 dengan 0,88 (deconcentrator). Nilai BCF logam Pb pada udang peci tidak dapat ditentukan.

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Blanakan subdistrict is known as one of the areas that produce fishery products, one of which is the white shrimp (Penaeus merguiensis). Anthropogenic activities in Blanakan and surrounding areas can cause heavy metal pollution in ponds, including the biota that lives in the ponds. This final project research was conducted to analyze the content of heavy metals in sediment and white shrimp Penaeus merguiensis, which are copper (Cu) and lead (Pb). The research was also conducted to determine the level of accumulation of heavy metals copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) in white shrimp through the value of the Bioconcentration Factor (BCF). Sampling was carried out on ponds in Blanakan, which was divided into three location stations. This research was conducted from February to May 2022. The method used in this study was purposive sampling. The heavy metals content of copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) was analyzed in sediment and white shrimp using AAS. The heavy metals that were not detected were then analyzed using ICP. The sediment samples were analyzed using AAS and ICP OES, and the white shrimp samples were analyzed using AAS and ICP MS. Based on the analysis of heavy metals content in the sediment, Cu metal content ranged from 4.30–13.28 ppm, and Pb metal ranged from 5.04–7.88 ppm. In white shrimp samples, Cu metal was detected with a value ranged from 4.89–14.13 ppm, while the Pb metal content was not detected or below the detection limit, which was 0.0004 ppm. Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) of heavy metals in white shrimp was calculated by comparing the heavy metal content in white shrimp with the average heavy metal content in the sediment. The BCF value of Cu metal in white shrimp at station 1 was 1.70 (microconcentrator), station 2 was 1.42 (microconcentrator), and station 3 was 0.88 (deconcentrator). The BCF value of Pb metal in white shrimp could not be determined."

"Latar Belakang. Lebih dari 750 bahan kimia dan beberapa kelompok senyawa kimia termasuk pelarut organik diduga bersifat neurotoksik. Namun pada umumnya bahan kimia tersebut belum pernah dilakukan tes untuk menilai efek neurotoksik yang ditimbulkan. Pelarut organik seperti MEK digunakan secara luas pada industri alas kaki yang pada umumnya bersifat padat karya, sehingga jumlah pekerja yang terpajan juga sangat besar. Pelarut organik dapat mengakibatkan ensefaloti toksik kronik pada pekerja yang terpajan berlebihan. Oleh karena keluhan subyektif mungkin mengindikasikan suatu ensefalopati maka deteksi dini sangatlah penting. Kuesioner Swedish Q16 adalah kuesioner deteksi dini yang paling sering digunakan untuk skrining pekerja yang terpajan pelarut organik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi gejala dini neurotoksik akibat terpajan pelarut organik metil etil keton, serta pengaruh faktor umur, jenis kelamin, pendidikan , masa kerja, status gizi, pemakaian APD, kebiasaan minum alkohol, minum kopi, merokok, kadar pajanan tempat kerja, serta hasil pemantauan biologis terhadap timbutnya gejala dini neurotoksik.Metode. Penelitian ini menggunakan disain penelitian cross-sectional dengan jumlah subyek penelitian 123 orang pekerja pada sebuah kelompok perusahaan sepatu. Pengukuran pajanan dilakukan dengan personal sampling dan pemantauan biologis. Pengumpulan data dilakukan pada bulan Desember 2003 sampai Januari 2004. Hasilnya diolah menggunakan program statistik SPSS 11,5.Hasil dan Kesimpulan. Prevalensi gejala dini neurotoksik pada pekerja yang terpapar pelarut organik metil etil keton sebesar 52%, jika prevalensi didasarkan alas kadar pajanan MEK lingkungan kerja, maka pekerja yang terpajan tinggi prevalensinya sebesar 72,1%, sedangkan yang terpajan rendah 41,3%. Secara statistik yang menunjukkan hubungan bermakna dengan timbulnya gejala dini neurotoksik adalah kadar MEK lingkungan kerja (OR 3,68; p 0,001; 95% CI 1,65 - 8,20), basil pemantauan biologik pads urine (OR 4,17; p 0,000; 95% CI 1,87 - 9,29) dan faktor umur (OR 4,07; p 0,001; 95% CI 1,78 - 9,30).

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The Correlation Between Metil Etil Keton Exposure And Early Symptoms Of Neurotoxicity Among Footwear Factory Workers (Based On Swedish Q16 Questionnaire)Back Ground. More than 750 chemicals and several classes of chemical compound including organic solvent are suspected to be neurotoxic, but majority of chemicals are never been tested for neurotoxic properties. Organic solvent such as MEK are widely use in footwear industry. Footwear manufacturing is a labour intensive industry, as a result large group of workers are exposed. Organic solvent can cause a chronic toxic encephalopathy in overexposed workers. Because subjective complaint may indicate an encephalopathy, early recognition is important. Swedish Q16 questionnaire is the most commonly used for screening workers who are exposed to organic solvent . The aim of the study was to examine the effect of exposure to MEK on the prevalence of complaints. Further objective were to analyse the influences of sex, education, alcohol consumption, smoking habits, caffeinated beverage, nutriotional status, PPE, length of service, MEK concentration, and Bio-monitoring result.

Method. In a cross sectional study, 123 workers with occupational exposure to MEK were interviewed by means of Swedish Q16 questionnaire. Exposure estimation was made by personal sampling and biological monitoring. Data collecting was conducted from December 2003 to January 2004. The statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 11,5 statistical software.

Result and conclusions. Prevalence of workers with early symptoms of neurotoxicity was 52%. Age (OR 4,07; p 0,001; 95% CI 1,78 - 9,30), Exposure level of MEK (OR 3,68; p 0,001; 95% CI 1,65 - 8,20), and result of biomonitoring (OR 4,17; p 0,000; 95% CI 1,87 - 9,29) showed statistical significant influence on the early symptoms of neurotoxicity."

"Uji petik udara lingkungan kerja di Bengkel Sepatu 'X' menunjukkan konsentrasi xylene melampaui dosis referensi menurut IRIS (0,1 mg/m3). Pekerja bengkel menjadi kelompok rentan yang beresiko mendapatkan efek merugikan akibat pajanan xylene dari udara lingkungan kerja. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui tingkat risiko pajanan xylene pada pekerja Bengkel Sepatu 'X' di Kawasan PIK Pulogadung Jakarta Timur 2010. Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan analisis risiko kesehatan yang meliputi 4 langkah penting: identifikasi bahaya, analisis dosis-respon, analisis pajanan dan karakterisasi risiko. Jumlah sampel sama dengan jumlah populasi yaitu 26 orang. Data penelitian diperoleh melalui wawancara dan pengukuran langsung, tingkat risiko dihitung dengan cara membagi asupan dengan dosis referensi xylene. Rata-rata konsentrasi xylene di udara lingkungan kerja 0,05 mg/m3 dengan konsentrasi tertinggi di bagian upper/mukaan (0,18 mg/m3). Data antropometri menunjukkan rata-rata berat badan pekerja 57 kg. Pola aktivitas pekerja meliputi ratarata 14,58 jam/hari waktu pajanan, 301,08 hari/tahun frekuensi pajanan dan rata-rata lama tinggal di lokasi studi 3,48 tahun. Tingkat risiko pekerja, baik individu maupun populasi berada di bawah dosis referensi IRIS. Proyeksi pajanan 20 tahun ke depan menunjukkan risiko individu pekerja terpajan xylene sebesar 19% yang meningkat 35% pada lima tahun berikutnya. Peningkatan risiko pada pekerja bagian upper/mukaan ditandai dengan nilai RQ hampir mendekati 1 pada proyeksi pajanan 30 tahun. Masukan batas aman konsentrasi xylene untuk 8 jam kerja adalah 0,36 mg/m3. NAB xylene sebesar 434 mg/m3 menurut SNI perlu dikoreksi karena hasil simulasi menggunakan konsentrasi tersebut mendapatkan nilai RQ di atas satu. Konsentrasi xylene di udara lingkungan kerja Bengkel Sepatu 'X' belum menimbulkan risiko efek kesehatan akibat pajanan xylene.

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Pre-eliminary study of xylene exposure in the occupational air of Workshop 'X' had found the exceed xylene's concentration compared to the International Risk Information System reference dose (0,1 mg/m3). The footware workers had a risk to exposed by xylene. The aim of this study is to determine the risk quotient (RQ) of xylene exposure on footware's workers using health risk assessment approach with its four important steps: hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment and risk characterization. Sample is 26 equal to number of population. Data is collected by interview and direct measurement. Risk assessment calculated by deviding intake with the reference dose of xylene. The mean concentration of xylene in the occupational air of Workshop 'X' is 0,05 mg/m3 with the higest concentration in the upper section (0,18 mg/m3).

Anthropometric data showed 57 kilogram as the weight average of footware's workers. Activity pattern including the average of 14,58 hours a day as time exposure, 301,08 days a year as a frequency of exposure and 3,48 years as time living in the workshop. Risk Quotient for both individual and the population is still below the reference dose of IRIS. Prediction of individual risk quotient for 20 years ahead showed that 19 % workers will be exposed to xylene and became increased to 35% in the next five years. The workers who work at upper section supposed to get adverse effect of xylene exposure with the indicator value of risk quotient almost close to 1 based on 30 years prediction. Suggestion for safe concentration of xylene during 8 hours exposure is 0,36 mg/m3. Using xylene concentration which establlished in SNI give RQ>1. Xylene concentration in the occupational air of Workshop 'X' is still below the IRIS reference dose."

"Latar Belakang: Menurut Global Youth Tobacco Survey GYTS Indonesia 2014, 57,3 siswa terpajan asap rokok. Pajanan asap rokok menyebabkan inflamasi saluran nafas dan paru, serta penurunan fungsi paru. Kotinin sebagai metabolisme nikotin dapat digunakan sebagai biomarker pajanan asap rokok.Tujuan: Mengetahui efek pajanan asap rokok lingkungan terhadap kadar kotinin urin dan uji fungsi paru pada anak.Metode: Penelitian teknik potong lintang dengan subyek siswa berusia 11-16 tahun di Jakarta. Data didapat dari kuesioner, spirometri, dan penghitungan kadar kotinin urin dengan metode ELISA.Hasil: Terdapat 92 subyek, terdiri dari 46 kelompok kasus dan 46 kelompok kontrol. Kadar kotinin urin >10 ng/ml ditemukan pada 37,0 kelompok kasus dan 4,3 kelompok kontrol; p=0,000; OR=8,50 95 IK 2,08-34,71 . Terdapat perbedaan bermakna kadar kotinin urin terhadap jumlah perokok p=0,027 dan jumlah batang rokok per hari p=0,037 . Tidak ditemukan hubungan pajanan asap rokok dengan uji fungsi paru. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna absensi anak pada kelompok kasus dibandingkan kelompok kontrol; p=0,004; OR=6,00 95 IK 1,42-25,33 .Kesimpulan: Anak yang terpajan asap rokok memiliki kadar kotinin urin lebih tinggi dibandingkan yang tidak terpajan, yang dapat dipengaruhi oleh jumlah perokok dan jumlah batang rokok per hari.

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Background Global Youth Tobacco Survey GYTS 2014 in Indonesia showed that 57,3 of students are exposed to enviromental tobacco smoke, which causes inflammation of respiratory tracts and decrease of lung function. Urinary cotinine can be used as biomarker for cigarette smoke exposure.Objectives To examine effects of enviromental tobacco smoke exposure on urinary cotinine level and lung function test in children.Methods Subjects were students aged 11 16 years old in Jakarta. Data were obtained from questionnaire, spirometry, and urinary cotinine test using ELISA method.Results There were 92 subjects, consisted of 46 case group and 46 control group. Urinary cotinine level 10 ng ml was found in 37,0 of case group and 4,3 of control group p 0,000 OR 8,50 CI 95 2,08 34,71 . There were significant differences between urinary cotinine level with number of smokers p 0,027 and number of cigarettes per day p 0,037 . No association was found between cigarette smoke exposure and lung function test. There was a significant difference in school abscence between case group and control group p 0,004 OR 6,00 CI 95 1,42 25,33 .Conclusions Children exposed to enviromental tobacco smoke have higher urinary cotinine level than non exposed children. Factor such as number of smokers and number of cigarettes per day may affect urinary cotinine level. "

"Latar belakangPajanan MEK dan sinar ultraviolet di Departemen Stock Fit dapat menggangu kesehatan, khususnya kesehatan mata pekerja. Prevalensi kasus konjungtivitis sebesar 3 % dikalangan pekerja, termasuk pekerja di Departemen Stock Fit, sangat menarik untuk diteliti lebih jauh, apakah kasus konjungtivitis yang terjadi disini sebagai akibat pekerjaan, atau bukan sebagai akibat pekerjaan.MetodeMenggunakaan metode potong lintang (cross sectional) dan dianalisis secara internal comparation. Sampel diambil dari seluruh pekerja perempuan di 4 bagian Departemen Stock Fit, yang proses produksinya menggunakan cairan primer MEK dan sinar ultraviolet. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara manajemen perusahaan, rekam medis poliklinik, pegisian kuesioner dan informed concept oleh pekerja dan pemeriksaan fisik dan status kesehatan mata oleh dokter perawat.HasilPrevalensi konjungtivitis akibat kerja sebesar 10,9% dari 175 pekerja perempuan Departemen Stock Fit. Pajanan MEK mempunyai risiko 3,56 kali dibandingkan pajanan MEK + sinar ultraviolet untuk menyebabkan konjungtivitis akibat kerja.KesimpulanFaktor yang berhubungan dengan terjadinya konjungtivitis akibat kerja adalah pajanan MEK dan radiasi sinar ultraviolet.

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Background

The exposure of Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK) fume and Ultra Violet (UV) light at Stock Fit Department of Shoes industry could influence the eye health of the workers. The prevalence of conjunctivitis among the workers is approximately 3%, including the workers at the Stock Fit Department. Therefore, it is very interesting to find out whether the cases of conjunctivitis in this matter are occupation medicine or not.

Method

This is a cross-sectional study using internal comparison analysis. The sample was all women workers of four Sub-department at Stock Fit Department. which the production process uses MEK liquid and UV light. The data was collected by conducting interview with the manager, reviewing the medical records, filling out questionnaires, and performing physical and eye examination by physician and nurses. Informed consent was obtained from the subjects prior to data collection.

Result

The prevalence of occupational conjunctivitis is approximately 10.9% among 1 75 women workers at Stock Fit Department. The exposure of MEK fume is the only one statistically significant factor to occupational conjunctivitis. It is increasing the risk of occupational conjunctivitis 3.56 times greater than the exposure of both MEK fume and UV light.

Conclusion

Factors related to occupational conjunctivitis are MEK liquid and UV light exposure."