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"Parental Autonomy support merupakan tingkat penghargaan dan penggunaan teknik parenting orang tua yang mendorong kemandirian anak dalam mengambil keputusan, memilih, dan berpartisipasi aktif dalam menjalankan keputusan tersebut tanpa menekan, mengkontrol, atau memaksakan kehendak anak. Parental autonomy support meliputi empat elemen dari parent behavior (Deci, Eghrari, Patrick, & Leone; Grolnick, Gurland, DeCourcey, & Jacobs; Joussemet, Koestner, Lekes, & Houlfort, dalam Wooldridge & Shapka, 2012), yaitu penghargaan terhadap pikiran dan perasaan anak, penjelasan dasar rasionil, penawaran pilihan, dan penghindaran bahasa dan perilaku yang bersifat mengkontrol. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat perbedaan parental autonomy support dalam interaksi ibu-anak usia prasekolah ketika aktivitas bermain dengan media elektronik dan non-elektronik. Data diperoleh dengan melakukan observasi terhadap rekaman aktivitas bermain 61 pasang ibu-anak usia prasekolah di daerah Jakarta dan Depok. Alat ukur yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Parenting Interactions with Children: Checklist of Observations Linked to Outcomes (PICCOLO). Skor rata-rata dari aktivitas bermain dibandingkan dan hasilnya menunjukkan skor parental autonomy support yang lebih rendah secara signifikan ketika bermain dengan elektronik dibandingkan ketika bermain dengan non-elektronik. Kesimpulan yang diperoleh dari data tersebut adalah parental autonomy support dalam interaksi ibu anak memiliki kualitas yang lebih rendah dalam aktivitas bermain dengan elektronik dibanding bermain dengan nonelektronik.

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Parental Autonomy support refers to level of recognition and parenting technique that parents used to encourage child’s independence in making decisions, choosing alternative, and to participate actively in implementing the decision without pressing, control, or impose the will of the child. Parental autonomy support includes four elements of parents behavior (Deci, Eghrari, Patrick, & Leone; Grolnick, Gurland, DeCourcey, & Jacobs; Joussemet, Koestner, Lekes, & Houlfort, dalam Wooldridge & Shapka, 2012): recognition of child thoughts and feelings, rationale explanations, offering choices, and avoidance of language and behavior that is controlling child.

This study aimed to see the differences of parental autonomy support in mother and preschool-aged children’s interaction when playing with electronic and non-electronic media. Data obtained by observing recorded play activities of 61 mother and preschool aged children in Jakarta and Depok. Parenting Interactions with Children: Checklist of Observations Linked to Outcomes (PICCOLO) is an instrument used in this study. The mean score of each play activity compared and the results showed scores of parental autonomy support was significantly lower when playing with electronics than when playing with a non-electronic media. Conclusions derived from the data is that parental autonomy support in the mother child interactions have a lower quality in play activities with electronics than playing with non-electronics."

"Berkembangnya penggunaan media elektronik sebagai alat bermain mengakibatkan munculnya pergeseran dalam aktivitas dan preferensi bermain anak. Pergeseran tersebut kemudian berimplikasi pada kemungkinan terjadinya perubahan dalam interaksi ibu dengan anak ketika bermain bersama. Salah satu domain dari interaksi ibu-anak yang juga terpengaruh oleh pergeseran aktivitas bermain anak adalah perilaku maternal teaching behavior. Maternal teaching behavior terjadi ketika ibu memiliki intensi dan secara aktif memodifikasi lingkungan atau perilakunya sendiri untuk memastikan bahwa anak menerima dan mempelajari arti dari sebuah pengalaman serta menghubungkannya dengan pengalaman lainnya (Klein, Adi-Japha, dan Rosenthal, 2010). Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat apakah terdapat perbedaan antara maternal teaching behavior dalam interaksi ibu dan anak usia prasekolah ketika bermain dengan media elektronik dan non-elektronik. Subjek penelitian terdiri atas 61 pasang ibu dan anaknya yang berada pada kategori usia prasekolah. Terdapat dua alat ukur yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu PICCOLO (Parent Interactions with Children Checklist of Observation Linked to Outcomes) yang digunakan dalam observasi dan kuesioner untuk mendapatkan informasi mengenai pola dan pandangan subjek mengenai bermain. Hasil yang didapatkan adalah bahwa terdapat perbedaan maternal teaching behavior yang signifikan ketika pasangan ibu-anak bermain dengan media elektronik dan non-elektronik, dengan rata-rata skor maternal teaching behavior lebih tinggi ketika bermain dengan media nonelektronik.

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The developing use of electronic media as toys resulted in the alteration of children’s preference in play activity. The alteration of children’s play activity then increase the possibility that there is a changing pattern of mother-child interaction when they were playing together. One of the domains of mother-child interaction that is most likely to be influenced by the changing nature of children’s play activity is maternal teaching behavior. Maternal teaching behavior occurs when mother has the intention and actively modifying her own behavior or the environment around to ensure that children receive and learn the meaning of an experience and relating it to other experiences (Klein, Adi-Japha, and Rosenthal, 2010).

The purpose of this study is to find out whether there is a difference in the maternal teaching behavior of the interaction between mother and her pre-school aged children when playing with electronic and non-electronic media. The subject of this study consisted of 61 pairs of mother and their preschool-aged children. There are two measurement tools used in this study, which are PICCOLO (Parent Interactions with Children Checklist of Observation Linked to Outcomes) that used in the observation and questionnaires to obtain information about the the subject’s play pattern.

The result obtained from this study is that there is a significant difference between maternal teaching behavior when the mother-child pair playing with electronic and non-electronic media, with the average score of maternal teaching behavior when playing with non-electronic media is higher than when the mother-child pair playing with electronic media"

"Maternal responsiveness merupakan salah satu domain dari interaksi orangtuaanak. Maternal responsiveness menjelaskan mengenai respon ibu terhadap tanda, emosi, kata, ketertarikan, dan tingkah laku yang dimunculkan oleh anak (Roggman & Innocenti, 2008). Penelitian ini ingin melihat perbedaan maternal responsiveness pada anak usia prasekolah ketika bermain menggunakan media permainan non-elektronik dan media elektronik. Penelitian dilakukan pada 61 pasang ibu-anak. Maternal Responsivenss yang terdapat dalam interaksi bermain diukur menggunakan alat ukur PICCOLO (The Parents Interacting with Children: Checklist of Observation Linked to Outcomes) pada domain responsiveness. Peneliti juga menggunakan kuesioner untuk mengetahui gambaran umum dari kegiatan bermain anak. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya perbedaan mean yang signifikan pada maternal responsivenes. Maternal responsiveness ketika bermain menggunakan media elektronik lebih rendah dibandingkan ketika bermain menggunakan media non-elektronik. Walaupun begitu, subjek dalam penelitian ini memliki skor maternal responsiveness yang cukup tinggi.

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Maternal responsiveness is a domain of parent interaction. Maternal responsiveness describes the mother's response to signs, emotions, words, interests, and behavior displayed by children (Roggman & Innocenti, 2008). This study was conducted to look at the differences in maternal responsiveness in Mother and Preschool Age Children’s Interaction When Playing with Non-electronic Toys Media and Electronic Toys Media.

The participants are 61 pairs of mother-preschool children. Maternal Responsiveness in the interaction when playing were measured using an instrument called PICCOLO (The Parents Interacting with Children: Checklist of Observation Linked to Outcomes) on responsiveness domains. Researcher also used questionnaire to collect information about children playing activity in general.

The results of this study showed a significant mean difference in maternal responsiveness. Maternal responsiveness when the children are playing electronic toys media is lower than when they are playing non-electronic toys media. However, the subjects in this study possess the quite high score maternal responsiveness."

"Penelitian ini ingin melihat perbedaan perilaku afeksi ibu dalam interaksi ibu dan anak usia prasekolah ketika bermain menggunakan media permainan elektronik dan non-elektronik. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada 61 pasang ibu dan anak prasekolah yang berusia dari 3 sampai dengan 6 tahun. Data tentang perilaku afeksi ibu pada anak diukur dengan Skala PICCOLO (Parenting Interactions with Children: Checklist of Observations Linked to Outcomes) melalui metode observasi. Sebagai data tambahan, kuesioner yang berisi pertanyaan seputar kegiatan bermain anak dan alat permainan yang dimiliki, diberikan kepada Ibu untuk mengetahui gambaran kegiatan bermain anak baik dengan media elektronik maupun non-elektronik. Kesimpulan yang diperoleh adalah terdapat perbedaan perilaku afeksi ibu dalam interaksi ibu dan anak usia prasekolah ketika bermain menggunakan media permainan elektronik dan non-elektronik. Afeksi Ibu saat bermain dengan media permainan elektronik lebih rendah dibandingkan saat bermain dengan media permainan non-elektronik.

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The objective of this research is to find the differences of maternal affection in interaction between mother and preschool children when playing with electronic toys and non-electronic toys. This research was conducted to 61 pairs of mother and preschool children, whose ages are between three to six years. The affection was measured by PICCOLO (Parenting Interactions with Children: Checklist of Observations Linked to Outcomes) scale with observation method. To support the research, questionnaire about children’s playing activities were given to the mothers to get the description of the media which children play, whether the children playing with electronic media or not.

The result of the study showed that there is a significant differences of maternal affection in interaction between mother and prsechool children when they were playing together with electronic and non-electronic toys. Mother’s affection when they were playing with their children, using electronic toys is less significantly than when they were playing with a non-electronic one."

"Kompetensi sosial merupakan tugas perkembangan yang krusial serta perlu untuk dioptimalkan bagi anak usia prasekolah karena pada rentang usia ini terjadi peningkatan kompleksitas dan variasi interaksi sosial. Penelitian sebelumnya sudah menemukan bahwa stres pengasuhan dan perilaku pengasuhan orangtua secara signifikan memengaruhi perkembangan kompetensi sosial anak usia prasekolah. Hanya saja, mekanisme hubungan antara stres pengasuhan, perilaku pengasuhan orangtua, dan perkembangan kompetensi sosial anak belum banyak diteliti. Penelitian kali ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari peran autonomy support Ibu sebagai mediator dalam hubungan antara stres pengasuhan dan kompetensi sosial anak prasekolah. Metode convenience sampling digunakan untuk merekrut partisipan. Terdapat 56 anak usia 48-72 bulan beserta Ibunya yang berpartisipasi dalam penelitian ini. Autonomy support Ibu diobservasi melalui kegiatan interaksi bersama anak dalam mengerjakan puzzle. Kompetensi sosial anak diukur dengan kuesioner Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scale – Skala A yang diisi oleh orangtua, sedangkan stres pengasuhan diukur dengan kuesioner Parental Stress Scale. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa autonomy support memediasi penuh hubungan stres pengasuhan dan kompetensi sosial anak usia prasekolah. Penelitian ini memperluas temuan sebelumnya tentang pengaruh tidak langsung stres orang tua terhadap kompetensi sosial anak prasekolah yang dimediasi oleh perilaku pengasuhan autonomy support. Hasil penelitian ini dapat menjadi dasar bagi profesional untuk mengembangkan program intervensi yang berfokus pada peningkatan kemampuan Ibu untuk mengelola stres pengasuhan serta peningkatan keterampilan pengasuhan autonomy support.

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Social competence is a crucial developmental task for preschool children that needs to be optimized due to the increasing complexity and variety of the social interactions. Research has revealed the significance of parental stress and parenting behavior in influencing the development of social competence during the preschool period. Nonetheless, the mechanism of relationship between parental stress, parenting behavior, and child's social competence development has not been well explored. Furthermore, limited studies have investigated the mediating role of mother’s parenting practice in the relationship between parental stress and child's social competence. This research aims to explore the role of mother’s autonomy support as one of parenting behavior as a mediator in the relationship of parental stress and preschool child's social competence. Children aged 48-72 months old (N = 56) and their mothers participated in the current study. Children's social competence and parents' level of parental stress were measured through two different parent-report questionnaires, Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scale – Skala A dan Parental Stress Scale. Mother’s autonomy support was observed during the dyadic interaction between the mother and the child in the context of structured play. Data collection and observations are conducted online. Results indicate that mother’s autonomy support fully mediates the relationship of parental stress and preschool children's social competence. This research extends previous studies about the indirect effect of parental stress on preschool children's social competence mediated by parenting behavior in a pandemic condition. The results of this study can become a basis for professionals to develop program interventions that focus on increasing mothers' ability to manage parenting stress and increase the level of autonomy support."

"Pengasuhan merupakan salah satu faktor yang krusial dalam perkembangan executive function EF anak usia dini. Meskipun demikian, penelitian-penelitian yang telah dilakukan sebelumnya hanya fokus kepada figur ibu dan mengabaikan peran dari pengasuhan ayah. Selain itu, masih sangat sedikit penelitian yang mempelajari peran pengasuhan ibu dan ayah secara bersamaan dalam kaitannya dengan performa EF anak di periode usia dini. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari kontribusi pengasuhan autonomy support dan control dari ibu dan ayah terhadap performa EF anak usia 4-6 tahun. Sebanyak 108 anak bersama kedua orang tuanya mengikuti kegiatan penelitian ini. Keterampilan EF anak diukur melalui 3 tes performa sementara kualitas pengasuhan ibu dan ayah diobservasi melalui kegiatan interaksi bersama anak dalam mengerjakan balok dan puzzle. Autonomy support ibu memprediksi keterampilan EF anak, dengan mengontrol variabel usia anak, tingkat pendidikan orang tua dan tingkat ekonomi keluarga. Di sisi lain, control ayah memberikan kontribusi negatif kepada EF anak setelah mengontrol kovariat dan pengasuhan ibu. Pengaruh pengasuhan ibu dan ayah terhadap komponen-komponen EF secara terpisah juga ditemukan. Penelitian ini memberikan informasi penting tentang pentingnya pengasuhan ibu dan ayah terhadap perkembangan EF anak di periode usia prasekolah.

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Parenting is one of the crucial factors in the early children executive function EF development. Nonetheless, numerous researches realetd to EF children development, had focused only on the mother figures, omitting that of father's. On top of that, there is still a limited number of studies covering the uprearing of both mothers and fathers in relation to the EF performance in early aged children. The current study investigated the contribution of mothers and fathers rsquo autonomy suppot and control to 4 6 year old children's EF performance. 108 chilren with both their parents participated in this study. Children's EF performance were measured using 3 performance tests, while the parenting styles from mother and father were observed thorugh their interaction in block and puzzle activities. It was revealed that mother's autonomy support could predict children's EF, taking into account their age, parents rsquo education level, and family social economic status. On the other hand, father's control had a negative contribution to children's EF after controlling covariate variables and mother's parenting styles. The impact of mother and father parenting styles to separated EF components were also found. This study gave new insights regarding the importance of mother and father parentings to EF development in preschool children. "

"Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mendapatkan gambaran mengenai pengaruh parental autonomy support, parental involvement, dan parental structure terhadap domain kemandirian pada remaja penyandang sindroma down. Penelitian ini juga melihat variabel yang memiliki pengaruh paling signifikan terhadap domain remaja penyandang sindroma down. Pengukuran parental autonomy support, parental involvement, dan parental structure menggunakan alat ukur Parents as Social Context Questionnaire (PSCQ) (Skinner, dkk., 2005) dan pengukuran kemandirian remaja penyandang Sindroma Down menggunakan alat ukur AAMD Adaptive Behavior Scale (Bagian Psikologi Anak dan Perkembangan Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Indonesia, 1983). Partisipan berjumlah 32 orang dengan karakteristik sebagai orang tua dari remaja penyandang sindroma down. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan terdapat pengaruh parental autonomy support, parental involvement, dan parental structure terhadap kemandirian pada fungsi berdikari, aktivitas ekonomi, perkembangan bahasa, perkembangan angka dan waktu, kegiatan rumah tangga, dan sosialisasi remaja penyandang sindroma down. Parental structure secara signifikan mempengaruhi domain perkembangan bahasa (Beta = 0.517; p = 0.014; signifikan pada L.o.S 0.05) dan perkembangan angka dan waktu (Beta = 0.560; p = 0.011; signifikan pada L.o.S 0.05), sedangkan parental involvement secara signifikan mempengaruhi sosialisasi (Beta = 0.482; p = 0.013; signifikan pada L.o.S 0.05) pada remaja penyandang Sindroma Down. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, orang tua perlu meningkatkan parental autonomy support, parental involvement, dan terutama parental structure untuk membantu meningkatkan kemandirian anak.

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This research was conducted to find the effects of parental autonomy support, parental involvement, and parental structure on domains of independence on adolescents with Down Syndrome and to find out which variable contributes significantly. Parental autonomy support, parental involvement, and parental structure was measured using an adapted instrument called Parents as Social Context Questionnaire (PSCQ) (Skinner, et al., 2005) and independence of of adolescents with Down Syndrome was measured using an adapted instrument called AAMD Adaptive Behavior Scale (Bagian Psikologi Anak dan Perkembangan Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Indonesia, 1983). The participants of this study are 32 parents of adolescents with Down Syndrome. The main results of this study show that parental autonomy support, parental involvement, and parental structure significantly affect domains of independence namely independent functioning, economic activity, language development, numbers and time, domestic activity, and socialization of adolescents with Down Syndrome. Parental structure significantly affects two domains which are language development (Beta = 0.517; p = 0.014; significant on L.o.S 0.05) and numbers and time (Beta = 0.560; p = 0.011; significant on L.o.S 0.05), while parental involvement significantly affects socialization domain (Beta = 0.482; p = 0.013; significant on L.o.S 0.05). Based on those results, it is necessary for parents to increase their parental autonomy support, parental involvement, and especially parental structure to help increase their children’s independence."

"ABSTRAKPembentukan perilaku diit dimulai pada masa prasekolah dan dipengaruhi olehfaktor keluarga. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui hubungan karakteristikindividu dan praktik pemberian makan dalam keluarga dengan perilaku konsumsibuah dan sayur pada anak usia prasekolah. Desain deskriptif korelasi denganpendekatan cross sectional dilakukan pada keluarga yang memiliki anak usiaprasekolah. Hasil menunjukkan terdapat hubungan bermakna antara pendidikanibu, kontrol makanan, model peran, pelibatan anak, edukasi nutrisi, sertapenyediaan buah dan sayur terhadap perilaku konsumsi buah dan sayur anak usiaprasekolah dengan p value < 0,05. Pendidikan kesehatan dan konseling praktikpemberian makan sesuai tahapan usia anak perlu dilakukan sebagai upayapromotif dan preventif

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ABSTRACTDietary behavior and patterns are established during pre-school years andinfluenced by parents. The study aim is to determine the association betweenindividual characteristics and parenting feeding practices to promote fruit andvegetable and its consumption among pre-school children. A cross sectionaldesign with descriptive correlation was used to 89 family with pre-school agedchildren. It showed statistically significant relationship of education level ofmother, food control, role model, the involvement of children, nutrition education,fruit and vegetable provision (p value < 0,05) with a fruit and vegetableconsumption pre-school aged children. Health education and counseling aboutparental feeding practices needs to be done as promotion and preventionintervention."

"Coleman & Karraker (2000) menyebutkan elemen kognitif utama yang potensial dari kompetensi pengasuhan salah satunya adalah parenting self-efficacy. Salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi parenting self-efficacy tersebut adalah dukungan sociomarital. Belsky's juga menyatakan bahwa hubungan pernikahan adalah dukungan social utama dalam mekanisme kompetensi parenting (dalam Bogenschneider, Small, Tsay, 1997). Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui mengenai perbedaan parenting self-efficacy pada ibu tunggal bekerja dan ibu menikah bekerja penuh waktu dengan anak usia kanak-kanak madya. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan mengunakan alat ukur "Self-Efficacy for Parenting Task Index" (Coleman & Karraker, 2000). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan parenting self-efficacy antara ibu tunggal dan ibu menikah bekerja dengan anak usia kanak-kanak madya dengan nilai (t = 2.019, p = 0.048, signifikan pada L.o.S 0.05).

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Coleman & Karraker (2000) states that one of the potential main cognitive element of parenting competence is parenting self-efficacy. Sociomarital support is one of the factors that affects parenting self-efficacy. Belsky's also explains that marital relation is the focal social support in parenting competence mechanism (in Bogenschneider, Small, Tsay, 1997). The research aims to know the difference between single working mother and married working mother who both working full time and having middle-aged children. The research is conducted using the "Self-Efficacy for Parenting Task Index" measuring instrument (Coleman & Karraker, 2000). The result concludes there is significant difference in parenting self-efficacy between single working mother and married working mother who both have middle-aged children with score (t = 2.019, p = 0.048, significant in L.o.S 0.05)."

"Tingginya angka penggunaan media elektronik pada anak tipikal dan autism spectrum disorder (ASD) di Indonesia sudah tergolong pada level mengkhawatirkan. Hal ini berkontribusi terhadap penurunan performa executive function (EF). Meskipun demikian, sejumlah penelitian terkini menemukan hubungan yang positif antara penggunaan media elektronik dan performa EF. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kontribusi kondisi perkembangan anak (tipikal dan ASD) dan durasi penggunaan media elektronik terhadap performa EF, dengan sebelumnya melakukan uji regresi antara kondisi perkembangan anak dan durasi penggunaan media elektronik. Partisipan terdiri dari 24 anak tipikal dan 9 anak ASD yang berusia 48-96 bulan dan memiliki tingkat inteligensi ≥ 70. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kondisi perkembangan anak yang mengalami gangguan ASD berasosiasi secara signifikan dengan peningkatan durasi penggunaan media elektronik dan penurunan performa EF, namun durasi penggunaan media elektronik tidak berkontribusi dengan performa EF. Penelitian ini menekankan pentingnya mengatur penggunaan waktu media elektronik pada anak, baik tipikal maupun ASD, untuk mengoptimalkan EF mereka.

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The high rate of electronic media usage in typical and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) children in Indonesia were highly concerning, which could contribute to the lowering executive function (EF) performance. However, recent studies found positive association between the use of electronic media and childrens EF performance.

This study aims to determine of the contribution of childrens development state (typical and ASD) and duration of electronic media use in childrens EF performance, with prior measurement using regression analysis for childrens development state and their duration of electronic media use. The participants of this study were 24 typical children and 9 children with ASD, which were 48-96 months of age and had IQ score of ≥ 70.

The results showed that childrens development state with ASD significantly associated with increasing in duration of electronic media use and decreasing in childrens EF performance. However, the duration of electronic media use was not contributed in childrens EF performance. This study emphasized in the importance of managing the duration of electronic media use in typical and ASD children, to promote optimum EF development."