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"Latar Belakang: Identifikasi risiko mortalitas pasien non bedah yang masuk ke ruang gawat darurat sangat penting dilakukan karena banyaknya pasien yang datang dengan berat penyakit bervariasi. Rapid Emergency Medicine Score (REMS) dikembangkan untuk memprediksi mortalitas pasien secara cepat sehingga dapat membantu dokter membuat keputusan klinis berdasarkan data yang objektif. Perbedaan karakteristik pasien di Indonesia dapat memengaruhi performa skor tersebut, sehingga perlu dilakukan validasi sebelum sistem skor tersebut digunakan. Tujuan: Menilai performa kalibrasi dan diskriminasi REMS dalam memprediksi mortalitas pasien gawat darurat non bedah di Instalasi Gawat Darurat Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo (IGD RSCM). Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan studi kohort prospektif dengan subjek pasien non bedah yang masuk ke IGD RSCM pada bulan Oktober-Desember 2012. Usia, suhu tubuh, mean arterial pressure, denyut jantung, frekuensi pernapasan, saturasi oksigen perifer, dan Glasgow coma scale dinilai saat pasien masuk ke IGD untuk penilaian REMS. Luaran dinilai saat pasien keluar dari RSCM (hidup atau meninggal). Performa kalibrasi dinilai dengan plot kalibrasi dan uji Hosmer-Lemeshow. Performa diskriminasi dinilai dengan area under the curve (AUC). Hasil: Sebanyak 815 pasien non bedah masuk ke IGD RSCM selama penelitian. Terdapat 741 (90,9%) pasien yang berhasil diikuti sampai terjadi luaran dengan angka mortalitas sebanyak 145 pasien (19,57%). Plot kalibrasi REMS menunjukkan koefisien korelasi r = 0,913 dan uji Hosmer-Lemeshow menunjukkan p = 0,665. Performa diskriminasi ditunjukkan dengan nilai AUC 0,77 (IK 95% 0,723; 0,817). Simpulan: Rapid Emergency Medicine Score memiliki performa kalibrasi dan diskriminasi yang baik untuk memprediksi mortalitas pasien non bedah yang masuk ke IGD RSCM.

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Background: Identifying the mortality risk of nonsurgical emergency department (ED) patients is essential as a consequence of increasing number of attendence with diverse severity of disease. Rapid Emergency Medicine Score (REMS) was developed to predict patient?s mortality rapidly, therefore it can help doctors to make clinical decision based on objective data. Difference in characteristic of patients in Indonesia may influence the score?s performance, therefore validation of REMS is needed before applying this scoring system in Indonesia.

Objective: To evaluate calibration and discrimination of REMS in predicting mortality of nonsurgical ED patients in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital.

Methods: This is a prospective cohort study of nonsurgical patients who attended to ED of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital in October-December 2012. Age, body temperature, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, peripheral oxygen saturation, and Glasgow coma scale were obtained when the patient was arrived at emergency room to perform the calculation of REMS. Outcome was assessed when patients were discharge from the hospital (alive or dead). Calibration was evaluated with calibration plot and Hosmer-Lemeshow test. Discrimination was evaluated with area under the curve (AUC).

Results: A total of 815 nonsurgical patients attended to ED of Cipto Mangunkusmo Hospital during the study. As many as 741 (90.9%) patients were followed through the outcome. Mortality was observed in 145 patients (19.57%). Calibration plot of REMS showed r = 0.913 and Hosmer-Lemeshow test showed p = 0.665. Discrimination was shown by ROC curve with AUC 0.77 (95% CI 0.723; 0.817).

Conclusion: Rapid Emergency Medicine Score showed a good calibration and discrimination in predicting mortality of nonsurgical emergency department patients in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital."

"Latar Belakang: Rapid Emergency Medicine Score (REMS) merupakan sistem skor yang sudah tervalidasi dengan baik dalam memprediksi mortalitas selama rawat untuk pasien non bedah yang mengunjungi instalasi gawat daruat (IGD). Namun penggunaanya pada populasi usia lanjut yang umumnya menunjukkan tanda vital normal walaupun kondisi medik berat masih belum diketahui. Kami bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi performa REMS dengan menambahkan nilai kadar natrium dan lingkar lengan atas yang rendah dalam memprediksi mortalitas di rumah sakit pada pasien usia lanjut non bedah yang datang ke IGD. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui nilai tambah kadar natrium dan lingkar lengan atas pada skor REMS dalam memprediksi mortalitas di rumah sakit pada pasien usia lanjut non bedah yang datang ke IGD. Metode: Studi kohort prospektif dengan subjek penelitian pasien usia ³60 tahun, non bedah, yang datang ke IGD RS Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM) periode September- Oktober 2018. Subjek diikuti sampai diketahui luaran selama rawat di rumah sakit. Uji Hosmer-Lemeshow dan kurva ROC digunakan untuk mengetahui performa kalibrasi dan diskriminasi dari REMS dan modifikasi REMS. Hasil: Dari 272 subjek, median usia adalah 66 tahun (rentang 7). Insiden kematian selama rawat di rumah sakit sebesar 22,1%. Nilai Area Under Curve (AUC) untuk REMS adalah 0,72 (95% CI 0,56-0,74), dan modifikasi REMS dengan menambahkan kadar natrium dan lingkar lengan atas adalah 0,79, p=,000 (IK95% 0,72-0,85), dengan nilai performa kalibrasi menggunakan uji Hosmer-Lemeshow yaitu p=0,759. Simpulan: Kadar natrium dan lingkar lengan atas memiliki nilai tambah pada skor REMS dalam memprediksi mortalitas selama rawat di rumah sakit pada pasien usia lanjut non bedah yang datang ke IGD RSCM.

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Background. Rapid Emergency Medicine Score (REMS) is a well validated scoring system in predicting in-hospital mortality for non-surgical patients visiting Emergency Department (ED). None has been known about its use in elderly population who frequently shows normal vital signs despite of severe condition. We aim to evaluate the performance of REMS by adding value of sodium level and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), to predict in hospital mortality of elderly visiting ED in Indonesia.

Objective. To evaluate added value of sodium serum level and mid-upper arm circumference to REMS in predicting in-hospital mortality for non-surgical elderly patients visiting Emergency Department (ED).

Methods. A prospective cohort study in non-surgical elderly aged 60 years or older visiting ED of Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital (RSCM) between September to October 2018 was performed. Subjects were followed during hospitalization for outcome assesment. Hosmer-Lemeshow test and area under receiving operating characteristic (ROC) curve were used to determine the calibration and discrimination of REMS and modified REMS.

Results. From the 272 partcipants, the median age was 66 years (range 10). The incidence of in-hospital mortality was 22.1%. The area under curve (AUC) score of REMS was 0,72 (95% CI 0.65-0.80), and the modified REMS by adding sodium level and mid-upper arm circumference was 0.79, p=.000 (IK95% 0.72-0.85), with calibration performance using Hosmer-Lemeshow test showed p=0,759.

Conclusion. Serum sodium level and mid-upper arm circumference have added value to REMS in predicting in-hospital mortality of non-surgical elderly patient visiting RSCM ED."

"Latar Belakang: Pasien yang datang ke IGD memiliki penyakit yang berbeda dan tingkat keparahan yang juga berbeda. Sistem skor dapat digunakan untuk menilai tingkat keparahan pasien IGD dan dapat memprediksi mortalitas pasien. Simple Model Score (SMS) yang merupakan sistem skor yang menggunakan data laboratorium dasar disertai umur sebagai variabelnya, telah terbukti memiliki performa yang baik. Namun untuk dapat digunakan pada karakteristik pasien yang berbeda, SMS perlu divalidasi.Tujuan: Menilai performa kalibrasi dan diskriminasi SMS dalam memprediksi mortalitas tujuh hari perawatan pasien gawat darurat non bedah yang masuk ke Instalasi Gawat Darurat Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo (IGD RSCM).Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan studi kohort retrospektif dengan subjek pasien non bedah yang masuk ke IGD RSCM pada bulan Oktober-November 2012. Data usia, hemoglobin, trombosit, leukosit, ureum, natrium, dan glukosa saat pasien masuk ke IGD digunakan untuk penilaian SMS. Luaran dinilai pada tujuh hari perawatan (hidup atau meninggal). Performa kalibrasi dinilai dengan plot kalibrasi dan uji Hosmer-Lemeshow. Performa diskriminasi dinilai dengan area under the curve (AUC).Hasil: Terdapat 701 pasien yang memenuhi kriteria penelitian ini. Pasien yang meninggal sebanyak 92 pasien (13,12%). Plot kalibrasi SMS menunjukkan koefisien korelasi r=0,639 dan uji Hosmer-Lemeshow menunjukkan p = 0,749. Performa diskriminasi ditunjukkan dengan nilai AUC 0,665 (IK 95% 0,610; 0,719).Simpulan: Simple Model Score memiliki performa kalibrasi yang baik namun performa diskriminasi yang kurang baik untuk memprediksi mortalitas tujuh hari perawatan pasien non bedah yang masuk ke IGD RSCM.

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Background: Patients who came to emergency department (ED) had different diagnosis and severity spectrums. Scoring system could stratify the risk of ED patients and predict their mortality. Simple Model Score (SMS) utilizing age and laboratory data as variables was already proven as a instrument with good performance. Nevertheles, the application of SMS in different characteristic population, should be validated.

Objective: To evaluate calibration and discrimination of SMS in predicting seven day in hospital mortality of nonsurgical ED patients at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital.

Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of nonsurgical patients who attended to ED of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital in October-November 2012. The data of age, hemoglobin, platelet count, white blood count, ureum, sodium and blood glucose level when the patient was admitted to emergency room used to perform the calculation of SMS. The primary outcome was seven day in hospital mortality. Calibration was evaluated with calibration plot and Hosmer-Lemeshow test while discrimination was evaluated with area under the curve (AUC).

Results: There were 701npatients who met the criteria were recruited to this study. Mortality was observed in 92 patients (13.12%). Calibration plot of SMS showed r = 0.639 and Hosmer-Lemeshow test showed p = 0.749. Discrimination was shown by ROC curve with AUC 0.665 (CI 95% 0.610; 0.719).

Conclusion: Simple Model Score showed a good calibration despites less satisfying discrimination in predicting seven day in hospital mortality of nonsurgical ED patients at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital."

"ABSTRAKLatar belakang : Kunjungan dan angka mortalitas pasien di Instalasi Gawat Darurat (IGD) semakin meningkat dengan kondisi penyakit yang bervariasi, sehingga deteksi yang cepat dan tepat pada pasien dengan risiko mortalitas tinggi sangat penting. Skor Hypotension, Oxygen Saturation, Low Temperature, ECG Changes, and Loss of Independence (HOTEL) sangat baik dan penting untuk diterapkan pada pasien gawat darurat karena menggunakan variabel-variabel yang mudah dan cepat diperoleh. Namun demikian skor tersebut belum divalidasi di Indonesia.Tujuan : untuk menilai performa skor HOTEL dalam memprediksi mortalitas 24 jam pasien non bedah di IGD Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM).Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan studi kohort retrospektif. Subjek penelitian adalah pasien non bedah yang masuk ke IGD RSCM pada bulan Oktober hingga November 2012. Variabel bebas yang dinilai adalah tekanan darah sistolik, saturasi oksigen perifer, suhu tubuh, perubahan elektrokardiogram (EKG), dan kemampuan berdiri tanpa bantuan. Luaran yang dinilai adalah mortalitas dalam 24 jam setelah masuk IGD. Performa kalibrasi dinilai dengan uji Hosmer-Lemeshow. Performa diskriminasi dinilai dengan area under the curve (AUC).Hasil: Terdapat 815 pasien non bedah yang datang ke IGD RSCM selama bulan Oktober hingga November 2012. Sebanyak 804 (98,7%) subjek memenuhi kriteria inklusi dengan mortalitas 24 jam sebesar 30 (3,7%) subjek. Performa kalibrasi HOTEL dengan uji Hosmer-Lemeshow menunjukkan p = 0,753. Performa diskriminasi ditunjukkan dengan nilai AUC 0,86 (IK 95% 0,781; 0,931).Simpulan: Skor HOTEL memiliki performa kalibrasi dan diskriminasi yang baik dalam memprediksi mortalitas 24 jam pada pasien non bedah yang masuk ke IGD RSCM.

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ABSTRACT

Background: The number of visit and mortality rate of emergency patients at Emergency Department (ED) have been increasing from time to time. Those patients have wide spectrum conditions. Appropriate identification of the patients with high mortality risk is crucial. The Hypotension, Oxygen Saturation, Low Temperature, ECG changes, and Loss of Independence (HOTEL) score is easy and important to be applied in the ED, however, the score has not been validated in Indonesia.

Objective: to evaluate performance of HOTEL score in predicting the 24-hour mortality non-surgical patients in ED of Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital.

Method: This was a retrospective cohort study. The research subjects were the non-surgical patients who admitted to ED of RSCM between October-November 2012. We collected systolic blood pressure, peripheral oxygen saturation, body temperature, ECG changes, and loss of independence. Those data were evaluated based on the HOTEL scoring system. The outcome were evaluated in 24- hour after admission (alive or dead). The calibration was evaluated with the Hosmer-Lemeshow test. The discrimination performance was evaluated with area under the curve (AUC).

Results: There were 815 non-surgical patients admitted to the ED between October until November 2012. There were 804 (98,7%) subjects included. The 24-hour mortality rate was 30 subjects (3,7%). The calibration performance with the Hosmer-Lemeshow test showed p = 0,753. The discrimination performance was shown with the AUC score 0,86 (95% CI 0.781; 0.931).

Conclusion: The HOTEL score has a good calibration and discrimination performance in predicting the 24-hour mortality of the non-surgical patients in ED of Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital."

"Latar Belakang : Pasien anak merupakan pasien yang memiliki resiko tinggi mengalami penurunan kondisi klinis secara tiba-tiba yang disebabkan oleh gangguan pernapasan atau gangguan jantung (cardiac arrest) dan bisa menyebabkan kematian, tanggung jawab yang besar dimulai dari penerimaan, triase, penilaian awal, stabilisasi, kondisi akut, cedera, perawatan dan rujukan dan keperawatan berkelanjutan, Kematian anak di rumah sakit sering terjadi 24 jam pertama dalam penerimaan. Kematian dapat dicegah dengan identifikasi yang benar Salah satu strategi untuk mendeteksi kegawatan pasien seperti cardiac arrest pada anak saat masuk ke rumah sakit adalah dengan adanya instrumen yang baik dan akurat.Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengatehui perbandingan penggunaan Emergency Severity Index dan Emergency Department Paediatric Early Warning Score dalam mengidentifikasi kegawatan pasien anak Rumah Sakit.Metode : Penelitian menggunkaan desain cross sectional study rumus besar sampel komparatik kesesuain kategorik yang akan di uji dengan uji kappa ini melibatkan 174 anak yang dirawat dirumah sakit berusia 1 bulan hingga 18 tahun.Hasil : hasil uji menunjukan bahwa uji nilai p value < 0,05 (0,000) yang artinya terdapat kesepakatan antara penggunaan ESI dengan kegawatan anak di UGD Rumah Sakit Primaya Tangerang dan hasil yang di dapatkan nilai 1,000 yang artinya excellent agreement, dengan kesemuanya tidak ada yang menilai berbeda.Kesimpulan :Penggunaan Paediatric Early Warning Score masih perlu dikembangkan dan diperbaiki kembali untuk penyempurnaan. Penelitian memberikan implikasi supaya hasil penelitian dapat dijadikan evidence base dalampengelolaan asuhan keperawatan anak di Instalasi Gawat Darurat.

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Background : Pediatric patients are patients who have a risk of experiencing a sudden decline in clinical conditions caused by respiratory disorders or heart problems (cardiac arrest) and can cause death. The big responsibility starts from admission, triage, initial assessment, stabilization, acute conditions, injuries, care and referrals and ongoing nursing, Child mortality in hospital often occurs in the first 24 hours of admission. Death can be prevented by correct identification. One strategy to detect patient emergencies such as cardiac arrest in children upon admission to the hospital is to have good and accurate instruments. The study was conducted to determine the use of Emergency Severity Index and emergency department Paediatric Early Warning Score in identifying emergency pediatric hospital patients.

The research method used a cross-sectional study design. The formula for the comparative sample size of the categorical suitability to be tested with the kappa test involved 174 children who were hospitalized from 1 month to 18 years of age.

Results : the test results show that the test value of p value <0.05 (0.000) which means that there is an agreement between the use of ESI with pediatric emergencies in the Emergency Room of Primaya Hospital Tangerang and the results obtained are a value of 1,000 which means excellent agreement, with none of them rate differently.

Conclusion : The use of ED PEWS still needs to be developed and improved again to refinement. The research has implications so that research results can be used as an evidence base in managing child nursing care in the Emergency Room

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"Kegawat daruratan sistem respirasi pada anak merupakan kondisi yang mengancam nyawa. Penatalaksanaan yang cepat dan tepat dibutuhkan untuk memenuhi kebutuhanoksigenasi. Pemberian asuhan keperawatan secara komprehensif dibutuhkan untuk mengoptimalkan proses tumbuh kembang yang dialami pasien anak. Tujuan penulisan karya ilmiah ini adalah menggambarkan aplikasi teori Caring Swanson dalam pemberian asuhan keperawatan anak dengan kegawat daruratan respirasi. Lima proses Caring Swanson yaitu knowing, enabling-empower-ing, doing for,dan maintaining belief dalam mengelola lima kasus terpilih anak dengan kegawat daruratan respirasi.Hasil dari penerapan teori Caring Swanson yaitu pasien dilakukan pengkajian secara komprehensif. Teori Caring Swanson merupakan dasar bagi perawat dalam menerapkan proses keperawatan, teori ini juga dapat memfasilitasi teori keperawatan lain yang menjelaskan secara spesifik tahapan dalam proses keperawatan. Penerapan penandaan tempat tidur pasien di ruang emergensi merupakan salah satu cara yang dapat mempermudah mengidentifikasi pasien anak. Identifikasi pasien secara mudah dapat mempercepat penatalaksanaan dan meningkatkan kualitas pelayanan yang diberikan kepada pasien.

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Emergency respiratory system in children is a life-threat ening condition. Fast and appropriate management is needed tofulfill theoxygenation needs. The provision of comprehensive nursing care is needed to optimize the growth process experienced bypediatric patients. The purpose of writing this scientific paper is to describe the application of Caring Swanson's theory in providing child care with emergency respiration. The five processes of Caring Swanson are knowing, enabling-empowering,doing for, and maintaining belief in managing five selected cases of children withemergency respiration. The results of applying the theory of Caring Swanson, namely patients carried out a comprehensive study. Swanson's Caring theory is the basis fornurses in applying the nursing process, this theory can also facilitate other nursingtheories that explain specifically the stage in the nursing process. The application of patient bed markings in the emergency room is one way that can facilitate identifyingpediatric patients. Patient identification can easily accelerate management and improvethe quality of services provided to patients."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Banyaknya pasien yang masuk ke Instalasi Gawat Darurat dengan spektrum penyakit serta derajat berat penyakit yang bervariasi, menimbulkan kesulitan bagi para dokter melakukan penilaian cepat berdasarkan data subjektif saja. Sistem skor Worthing Physiological Scoring System dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi mortalitas pasien non bedah karena menggunakan variabel-variabel yang mudah dan cepat diperoleh, sehingga lebih praktis dalam penggunaannya Oleh karena terdapat perbedaan karakteristik populasi pasien, maka perlu dilakukan validasi untuk mengetahui performa Worthing Physiological Scoring System tersebutTujuan: Menilai performa kalibrasi dan diskriminasi WPS dalam memprediksi mortalitas pasien non bedah selama di IGD Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM).Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan studi kohort retrospektif pada populasi pasien non bedah yang masuk ke IGD RSCM dari bulan Oktober sampai November 2012. Variabel yang diukur adalah frekuensi pernapasan, denyut jantung, tekanan darah sistolik, suhu tubuh, saturasi oksigen perifer, dan tingkat kesadaran. Luaran yang dinilai adalah kondisi pasien (hidup atau meninggal) selama di IGD RSCM. Performa kalibrasi dinilai dengan uji Hosmer-Lemeshow. Performa diskriminasi dinilai dengan area under the curve (AUC).Hasil: Selama penelitian didapatkan 774 subjek memenuhi kriteria penerimaan dengan 78 (9,6%) subjek di antaranya meninggal. Uji Hosmer-Lemeshow menunjukkan χ2 = 0,84 (p = 0,840). Nilai AUC 0,78 (IK 95% 0,723-0,847).Simpulan: Worthing Physiological Scoring System memiliki performa yang baik dalam memprediksi mortalitas pasien non bedah yang masuk ke IGD RSCM.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Patients referred to Emergency Room (ER) represent a broad spectrum of disease severity, led difficulties for a physicians to conduct rapid assessments based on subjective data only.Worthing Physiological Scoring System could be use to predict mortality in non-surgical patients using variables which are obtained easily and rapidly, making it more practical in use. Because there are differences in the characteristics of the patient population, Worthing Physiological Scoring System should be validated.Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the performance of Worthing Physiological Scoring System in predicting mortality of non-surgical ER in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (RSCM).Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study. We collected data of non-surgical patients who admitted ER during October to November 2012. The variables measured were respiratory rate, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, body temperature, peripheral oxygen saturation, and level of consciousness. The primary outcomes was death in ER RSCM. Hosmer-Lemeshow test were used to evaluate calibration of Worthing Physiological Scoring System. Discrimination was evaluated with area under the curve (AUC).Result: A total of 774 non surgical patients were included in this study, from the patients, 78 (9.6%) subjects died. Calibration was resulted by Hosmer-Lemeshow test showed χ2 = 0.84 (p = 0.840). The AUC was 0.78 (95% CI 0.723 to 0.847).Conclusion: Worthing Physiological Scoring System had a good performance in predicting mortality of non-surgical patients in ED RSCM. "

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