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"ABSTRAKFokus dari tesis ini adalah mengenai faktor-faktor apa saja yang mempengaruhi keberhasilan gelombang demokratisasi Arab Spring di Mesir tahun 2011 dalam menciptakan demokratisasi dann menumbangkan rezim otoriter Housni Mubarak. Penelitian yang digunakan dalam penulisan tesis ini adalah penelitian kualitatif. Untuk menganalisa hal tersebut, penelitian ini menggunakan konsep the thrid wave democratizationdan social movement. Penelitian ini menghasilkan temuan bahwa keberhasilan egyptian revolution dipengaruhi oleh perpaduan faktor internal dan eksternal. Perkembangan new public sphere dan teknologi media sosial di kawasan MENA, dominasi angkatan muda di Mesir, adanya peranan militer serta perkembangan islam politik di Mesir yang memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap keberhasilan gerakan arab spring di Mesir berhasil menumbangkan rezim otoriter sebagai bentuk awal terciptanya demokratisasi di Mesir.

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ABSTRACTThe focus of this thesis is about the factors that influence the success of the Arab Spring wave of democratization in Egypt in 2011 to create and overthrow democracy Housni Mubarak's authoritarian regime. Research used in this thesis is a qualitative study. To analyze this, this study uses the concept of the third wave Democratization and social movements. The research resulted in findings that the success of Egyptian revolution influenced by a combination of internal and external factors. Development of new public sphere and social media technologies in the MENA region, the dominance of the young generation in Egypt, the role of the military as well as the development of political Islam in Egypt which has a significant impact on the success of the Arab Spring movement in Egypt succeeded in overthrowing the authoritarian regime as an early form of democratization in Egypt ."

"In a novel approach to the field of Islamic politics, this provocative new study compares the evolution of Islamic populism in Indonesia, the country with the largest Muslim population in the world, to the Middle East. Utilising approaches from historical sociology and political economy, Vedi R. Hadiz argues that competing strands of Islamic politics can be understood as the product of contemporary struggles over power, material resources and the result of conflict across a variety of social and historical contexts. Drawing from detailed case studies across the Middle East and Southeast Asia, the book engages with broader theoretical questions about political change in the context of socio-economic transformations and presents an innovative, comparative framework to shed new light on the diverse trajectories of Islamic politics in the modern world."

"Sebagian besar pemikir politik Islam klasik, memandang bahwa hubungan agama dan negara adalah satu kesatuan yang organis, yang tidak dapat dipisahkan satu dengan yang lainnya. Bentuk kelembagaan bagi hubungan yang organik tersebut, muncul dalam bentuk khilafah, yang dianggap sebagai representasi sebuah sistem kekuasaan dan pemerintahan Islam, sejak dari zaman Abu Bakar Shidiq hingga berakhirnya kekhalifahan Usmani di Turki. Selama itulah kedudukan khalifah tetap aman dan selalu mendapat legitimasi dari para ulama yang memegang otoritas keagamaan dalam Islam. Kondisi tersebut menggambarkan hubungan antara politik atau kekuasaan dengan agama, sebagai hubungan simbiosis yang sating menguntungkan.Seiring dengan masuknya bangsa Eropa ke Timur Tengah, maka masuk pulalah pemikiran-pemikiran modern di kawasan tersebut. Salah satu diantara pemikiran tersebut adalah Sekularisme. Dengan faham itulah Ataturk di Turki mengejutkan dunia politik Islam dengan menggusur kekhalifahan Usmani yang memang sudah lemah. Menyusul satu tahun kemudian AIi Abd Raziq di Mesir dengan menerbitkan bukunya "Islam wa Ushul al-hukmmr ; Buhl fi al-Khila_;ah wa al-Hukumah fi al-Islam", yang juga inengkritisi eksistensi khilafah yang selama itu "disucikan". Namun keduanya menganggap bahwa khilafah adalah rezim otoritarianisme dan absolutisme yang tidak lagi relevan di zaman modem ini.

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Mostly classical Islamic political scholar, looking that the relation of religion and state is one organic union, inseparable one with other. Form of the institutution for those relation, emerge in the form of khilafah, what is considered_ to be representation a system of power and Islamic, governance, since Abu Bakar Shidiq till the end of Usmani Emperor in Turki. During that's dimiciling khalifah remain to be peaceful and always get the legitimation from all moslem scholar, whom had holding religious authority in Islam, The Condition depict the relation of between politics or power with religion, as mutual symbiosis a profiting relation.

With the arrival of Europe people to Mid-East area, they bring the new ideology to the area, one of that ideology is Secularisme. With that ideology Ataturk in Turki set the river on fire the Islamic politics by aborting imperium Usmani which is true have weak. One year later, then Ali Abd Raziq in Egypt, also critizied the khilafah power by publishing his book " Islam of Ida Ushul alhuk'n ; Bahs El al-Khilafah wa al-Hukumah fr al-Islwn", which is during that "sanctified". But both assuming that khilafah is regime of otoritarianisme and absolutisme which shall no longger be relevant in this modem epoch.

Both emerging almost at the same time, with the same opinion, and global political in a same condition, regional and national which more or less is equal. Even both dissociated by far distancer, owning different personality, with the different of intellectual background, and of course own the different target, hence non an matter which coincidence happened, if both sudden emerge at the time of and same condition. This is one of reason disturbing to be checked in this thesis."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh liberalisasi finansial dan perubahan struktur kepemilikan terhadap efisiensi biaya bank komersial yang terdaftar di bursa efek pada sepuluh negara di wilayah Timur Tengah dan Afrika Utara MENA selama periode tahun 2011 hingga 2015. Pengukuran nilai efisiensi biaya dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode Stochastic Frontier Approach SFA . Salah satu kontribusi dari penelitian ini adalah menambahkan loan loss provisions sebagai salah satu input efisiensi. Komponen Financial Freedom dari Heritage Foundation 39;s Index of Economic Freedom digunakan sebagai proksi dari liberalisasi finansial. Perubahan struktur kepemilikan bank merupakan perubahan persentase kepemilikan saham terbesar oleh pemerintah, domestik dan asing dengan minimum kepemilikan sebesar 10 . Dengan menggunakan metode regresi Tobit, hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa liberalisasi finansial dan peningkatan kepemilikan domestik berpengaruh negatif terhadap efisiensi biaya bank, dan sebaliknya, peningkatan kepemilikan asing berpengaruh positif terhadap efisiensi biaya bank.

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ABSTRACTThis study aims to identify the influence of financial liberalization and changes in ownership structure on the efficiency of listed commercial banks in ten countries of the MENA region. Bank cost efficiency is measured using Stochastic Frontier Approach SFA . This study makes several contributions to the literature, including the addition of loan loss provisions as an input used in measuring efficiency. Financial Freedom Index of Heritage Foundation 39 s Index of Economic Freedom is used as a proxy of financial liberalization. Changes in ownership structure are the changes of the percentage of bank shares owned by the government, domestic or foreign investors with minimum ownership of 10 . Using Tobit regression model, the results of this study shows that financial liberalization and increase in domestic ownership negatively affect bank cost efficiency, whereas the increase in foreign ownership positively affects bank cost efficiency."