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"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Perawat mempunyai risiko terinfeksi virus yang ditularkan melaluidarah seperti virus HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis B dan Hepatitis C. Penularan dapat dicegahdengan penerapan prinsip kewaspadaan universal.Tujuan : Diketahuinya gambaranpraktik kewaspadaan universal oleh perawat di RSUD Karawang dan hubungannyadengan faktor predisposisi, faktor pemungkin dan faktor penguat. Metode Penelitian:Penelitian deskriptif analitik dengan metode potong lintang yang dilaksanakan padabulan Juni-Juli 2013. Data diperoleh dari 77 responden melalui self administeredquestionnaires dan observasi. Hasil : Penelitian menunjukkan hanya 44,2% respondenyang melakukan praktik kewaspadaan universal dengan baik. Dari hasil uji chi square,variabel yang secara signifikan berhubungan dengan praktik kewaspadaan universaladalah pengetahuan (p = 0,045) dan pengawasan atasan (p = 0,011) serta dukunganteman sekerja (p = 0,037). Variabel yang tidak berhubungan adalah adalah pendidikan,lama masa kerja, sikap, ketersediaan SOP, ketersediaan fasilitas dan pelatihan.Kesimpulan : Faktor yang paling berhubungan dengan praktik kewaspadaan universaladalah pengawasan atasan. Responden yang mendapatkan pengawasan atasanmempunyai peluang lebih dari 3 kali untuk melakukan praktik kewaspadaan universaldibandingkan yang tidak mendapatkan pengawasan atasan.

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ABSTRACTBackground : The nurse has a risk to be invected by the virus that is infected bloodborne pathogens through the blood such as the virus of HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis B andHepatitis C. The infection can be prevented by the principle of Universal Precautions.Objective: Knowledgeable overview of the practice of universal precautions by nursesin RSUD Karawang and the associated with predisposition factor, enabling factors andreinforcing factors. Methods: The research uses the analytic descriptive with a crosssectionalmethod which is held on June-July 2013. The data is obtained from 77respondents through self administered questionnaires and observation. Results: Resultof research shows only 44.2% of respondents who practice universal precautions aswell. From the results of the chi square test, the variables that were significantlyassociated with the practice of universal precautions is knowledge (p = 0.045) andcontrol superiors (p = 0.011) as well as the support of co-workers (p = 0.037).Variables are unrelated is education, length of service, attitude, availability of SOP,availability of facilities and training. Conclusions: Factors most associated with thepractice of universal precautions is superior supervision. Respondents who have achance of getting control superiors more than 3 times to practice universal precautionsthan not getting control superiors."

"Petugas kamar bedah merupakan salah satu jenis tenaga kesehatan yang mempunyai resiko tinggi terhadap kemungkinan terpapar oleh berbagai kuman penyakit, terutama HIV/AIDS yang saat ini sangat ditakuti. Salah satu upaya perlindungan diri adalah dengan menerapkan kewaspadaan universal melalui tindakan cuci tangan secara benar, penggunaan alat pelindung, desinfektan, mencegah tusukan alat/benda tajam. Adapun konsep yang dianut adalah, bahwa semua darah dan cairan tubuh tertentu harus dikelola sebagai sumber yang dapat menularkan HIV, Hepatitis dan berbagai penyakit lain melalui darah.Departemen Kesehatan telah menetapkan upaya peningkatan mutu layanan kesehatan dengan memprioritaskan upaya pengendalian infeksi nosokomial bagi seluruh rumah sakit di seluruh Indonesia, antara lain dengan menerapkan kewaspadaan universal. Sejalan dengan ketetapan Departemen Kesehatan tersebut, maka Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan berupaya meningkatkan mutu layanan antara lain dengan upaya pengendalian infeksi nosokomial, salah satu upaya yaitu dengan menerapkan kewaspadaan universal secara baik dan benar di seluruh ruang termasuk kamar bedah.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat kepatuhan petugas kamar bedah dalam menerapkan kewaspadaan universal dan untuk mengetahui seberapa jauh faktor predisposisi, faktor pemungkin, dan faktor penguat berpengaruh terhadap kepatuhan.Responden adalah seluruh petugas kamar bedah (IGD dan IBS) berjumlah 78, yang terdiri dari dokter dan perawat yang bersifat tenaga tetap, berhubungan langsung dalam penanganan pasien, dan telah bekerja minimal 1 (satu) bulan.Metoda penelitian menggunakan rancangan kros seksional. Data diperoleh melalui penyebaran kuesioner dan pengamatan langsung di rumah sakit. Pengumpulan data dilakukan selama periode Maret sampai Mei 2001 (satu bulan lima belas hari) di Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, bahwa sebagian besar (73,1%) responden memiliki tingkat kepatuhan sedang. Ketidak patuhan lebih banyak ditemukan di IGD dibandingkan dengan IBS, terutama dalam hal tidak mencuci tangan saat datang di kamar bedah (9,5%), saat meninggalkan kamar bedah (15,4%), sebelum melakukan tindakan (12,8%), setelah melakukan tindakan (7,7%), tidak menggunakan alas kaki (12,8%), masih melakukan pemasangan kembali tutup jarum suntik (recapping =87,1%). Pengetahuan responden tentang kewaspadaan universal. sebagian besar masih kurang (73,1) dengan nilai rata-rata 65,995 (p-wald = 0,0448 OR 1,7744).Hasil analisis ditemukan ada hubungan antara variabel pengetahuan, tempat kerja, dan lama kerja di kamar bedah dengan kepatuhan dalam menerapkan kewaspadaan universal. Pengetahuan dan lama kerja merupakan variabel yang paling menentukan kepatuhan dalam menerapkan kewaspadaan universal. Responden yang memiliki pengetahuan kurang berpeluang untuk tidak patuh hampir 2 kali dibandingkan yang memiliki pengetahuan baik setelah variabel lama dan tempat kerja dikendalikan.Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tersebut peneliti menyarankan agar dilakukan upaya meningkatkan pengetahuan petugas melalui sosialisasi kewaspadaan universal dengan pelatihan, penyebaran leaflet, atau mengadakan pekan kewaspadaan universal.Di samping itu mungkin perlu diadakan evaluasi terhadap kcpatuhan secara berkala, bila memungkinkan adakan reward dan punishment. Untuk menjaga kesehatan petugas agar tetap terpelihara sesuai standar kesehatan yang dibutuhkan, perlu adanya pemeriksaan kesehatan secara berkala bagi seluruh petugas kamar bedah.

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Factors Related to Obedience Level of Surgery Room Staff in Applying Universal Precautions on Persababatan General HospitalStaff on surgery room is one of health personal who has high risk to possibly contaminate by any of germ disease, especially the frightening HIV/AIDS. One effort of self protection is applying universal precautions through real action such as washing hands properly, using protection tools, disinfectants, prevented any stab from sharp-pointed tools. The adherent concept is all blood and particular body liquid has to be managed as a source, with can infect HIV, hepatitis and other disease through blood.Department of Health has determined effort to increase health service quality with prioritizing effort of restrained nosocomial infection for all hospital in Indonesia, like applying universal precautions. Along with department of Health's determination, Persahabatan General Hospital tries to increase service quality on restraining nosocomial infection with applying universal precaution properly in all room including surgery room.The objective of this research is to understand the obedience level of surgery room's staff in applying universal precautions and to understand how far predisposition factors, enabling factors, and reinforcement factors is influencing the obedience. The cross sectional design is used for research method. Data was obtained by distributing questionnaires and direct observation in the hospital. Data was collected during March to May 2001 (one month and 15 days) on Persahabatan General Hospital.The result indicated that most of respondent (73, 1%) has medium level of obedience. The obedient staff was found on not washing their hands when they arrived at surgery room (9, 5%), when they left surgery room (15, 4%), before they did actions (12, 8%), after they did action (7, 7%), not using fear footwear (12, 8%), still recapped the injection needle (90, 8%). Most respondent have less knowledge on Universal Precautions (73, 1%), mean 65,995.Statistical analyst result indicated that p-wald =0, 0448 OR 1,7744 wich means that there is a meaningful relations between knowledge with obedience level. Respondent who has less knowledge is likelihood to be disobedient more than twice if compare to those who has better knowledge after controlling old working variable.Based on those result, research recommend doing more effort in increasing knowledge of staff through socializing the universal precautions with training, leaflet or Universal Precautions week.The obedience level should be evaluated periodically, present reward and punishment if possible. Health examination has to be done periodically to all surgery room staff."

"Preterm low birth weight (PLBW) infants are more likely to die during the neonatal period and PLBW survivors face neurodevelopmental problems, respiratory problems, and congenital anomalies. It is said that the poor periodontal health of the pregnant woman is a potential risk factor of PLBW. This investigation aims to study the oral hygiene and gingival inflammation condition of 2nd and 3rd trimester of pregnancy women and relate to the putative periodontal pathogen bacteriae as the probable cause of PLBW. The plaque index (Pll), calculus index (CI), and bleeding on probing (BOP) of the subjects ofboth groups were measured and compared. Maternal infection during pregnancy has been demonstrated to perturb cytokines and hormone- regulated gestation because of the translocation of the infection. The level of gingival cervicular fluid prostaglandin E2 (PG E2), interleukin 1β (lL-1β), lL-6, tumor necrotizing factors a (TNF-a) are usually highly correlated with those in amnion fluid of pregnant women withoutbacterial vaginosis (BV) and with intact placental membrane. It is concluded that the periodontal health of pregnant women must be in good condition to prevent the risk of having PLBW still need to beanticipated due to the presence of the inflammation signs."

"The objective of this research was to determine the pathogenicity of Nomuraea rileyi on larvae of Spodoptera litura. The isolate was from the infected Crocidolomia binotalis. This fungus was reproduced in rice, corn, and mixture of rice and bran media. The results showed that rice was the best medium for N. rileyi. The spore production in the media of rice, corn, and mixture of rice and bran media after three weeks cultivation age were 7,65 x 10"; 1, 78 x 1013; and 1,06 x 1013 spore-/ml, respectively.The pathogenicity tests of N. rileyi were employed against three instars (first, third, and fifth instar) of S. litura by spraying the soybean leaves with different concentration of spores. The spray volume was calculated based on the recommended field rate (500 I/ha). No mortality was observed on the first instar of S. litur. However, the third and fifth instar were found to be more susceptible to N. rileyi than the first instar with the LC50 values of 1,471 x 10° and 1,754 x 106 spore/ml respectively. Furthermore the LC95 of N. rileyi against the third and fifth instar was 1,319 x 10" and 2,574 x 1017 spore/respectively."

"Kewaspadaan universal dipandang sangat strategis untuk mengendalikan infeksi HIV/AIDS di sarana pelayanan kesehatan (Depkes, 2010). Berdasarkan wawancara dan observasi penulis pada 10 bidan di Kabupaten Badung, penulis menemukan bahwa 80% bidan belum menerapkan kewaspadaan universal dengan baik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan perilaku penerapan kewaspadaan universal pada pertolongan persalinan oleh bidan di puskesmas wilayah kerja Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Badung pada tahun 2012. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain cross sectional, dengan sampel adalah bidan yang melaksanakan persalinan yang berjumlah 86 orang. Data dianalisis dengan uji chi square dengan tingkat kepercayaan 95% sehingga α = 5%. Hasil penelitian didapatkan proporsi responden yang berperilaku menerapkan kewaspadaan universal dengan baik pada saat pertolongan persalinan adalah sebesar 18,6%, ada hubungan antara faktor predisposisi yaitu pengetahuan (p=0,000,OR=20,40) dan sikap (p = 0,000, OR = 21,207), faktor pemungkin yaitu ketersediaan sarana prasarana (p=0,000) terhadap perilaku penerapan kewaspadaan universal. Dari penelitian ini disarankan untuk melakukan refreshing training, melengkapi fasilitas, sarana dan prasarana, dibuat kebijakan kewaspadaan universal yang disosialisasikan pada seluruh tenaga kesehatan serta selanjutnya dilaksanakan pengawasan dan pemberian sanksi yang tegas dalam penerapan kewaspadaan universal.

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Universal precautions is deemed strategic for the control of HIV / AIDS in health care facilities (MOH, 2010). Based on interviews and observations of the author on 10 midwives in Badung regency, the authors found that 80% of midwives have not implemented universal precautions as well.

This study aims to determine the factors associated with the behavior of the application of universal precautions to help labor by a midwife at the health center working area Badung Health Agency in 2012.

The study was a quantitative study with cross sectional design, the sample is a midwife who perform labor, amounting to 86 people. Data were analyzed with chi square test with 95% confidence level so that α = 5%.

The study found the proportion of respondents that is behaving properly implement universal precautions at the time of delivery assistance amounted to 18.6%, there is a relationship between predisposing factors, namely knowledge (p = 0.000, OR = 20.40) and attitude (p = 0.000, OR = 21.207), enabling factors, namely the availability of infrastructure facilities (p = 0.000) on the behavior of the application of universal precautions.

From this study it is advisable to conduct refresher training, complete amenities, facilities and infrastructure, created a policy that promoted universal precautions in all health personnel and subsequently conducted surveillance and sanctions in the strict application of universal precautions."

"Terbatasnya waktu respon, penurunan daya tahan tubuh, serta banyaknya prosedur invasif yang dilakukan perawat kepada pasien menjadi penyebab tingginya risiko infeksi terkait pelayanan kesehatan di instalasi gawat darurat dan ruang perawatan intensif. Insiden infeksi terkait pelayanan kesehatan dapat dicegah dan dihindari melalui penerapan kepatuhan kewaspadaan standar. Namun, tingkat kepatuhan kewaspadaan standar pada perawat masih tergolong rendah. Perilaku kepatuhan kewaspadaan standar pada perawat dapat dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor, seperti faktor demografi, predisposisi, pemungkin, dan penguat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kepatuhan kewaspadaan standar pada perawat. Desain riset menggunakan deskriptif korelasi dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Penelitian ini melibatkan 100 perawat ruang perawatan intensif dan IGD yang dipilih dengan menggunakan metode convenience sampling. Data penelitian dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan kuesioner. Nilai kepatuhan kewaspadaan standar perawat relatif cukup rendah yaitu sebesar 54.66 (SD = 4.68) atau sekitar 67.89 persen dari total nilai kepatuhan tertinggi. Hasil penelitian lebih lanjut menunjukkan bahwa usia (p = 0.939), lama bekerja (p = 0.564), jenis kelamin (p = 0.064), tingkat pendidikan (p = 0.870), unit kerja (p = 0.078), jenjang karir (p = 0.919), pelatihan (p = 0.065), pengetahuan (p = 0.137), sikap (p = 0.738), ketersediaan fasilitas (p = 0.810), standar prosedur operasional (p = 0.229), dan dukungan atasan (p = 0.436) tidak memiliki hubungan yang bermakna. Hanya efikasi diri (p = 0.009) yang memiliki hubungan yang bermakna dengan kepatuhan kewaspadaan standar. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa efikasi diri merupakan faktor yang esensial untuk meningkatkan kepatuhan kewaspadaan standar. Hasil penelitian ini merekomendasikan rumah sakit untuk menyelenggarakan atau menggiatkan program atau aktivitas yang mampu meningkatkan efikasi diri perawat agar tingkat kepatuhan kewaspadaan standar perawat dapat meningkat.

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The limited response time, decreased immune system, and many invasive procedures performed by nurses to the patient are responsible for the high risk of healtcare-associated infections (HAIs) in the emergency and intensive care units. The incidence of HAIs can be prevented and avoided through compliance on standard precautions. However, the level of nurses compliance on standard precautions is still low. The compliance on standar precautions can be influenced by several factors, such as demographic, predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors. This study aimed to identify factors affecting nurses compliance on standard precautions.  This study used descriptive correlation with cross sectional approach. The study involved 100 intensive care and emergency care nurses who were selected using convenience sampling method. Data were collected using questionnaires. The study revealed that the mean score of nurses compliance on standard precaution was 54.66 (SD = 4.68) or 67.89 percent of the total correct score. The results of the study, furthermore, showed that there was no significant correlation between age (p = 0.939), working experience (p = 0.564), gender (p = 0.064), level of education (p = 0.870), working unit (p = 0.078), level of career (p = 0.919), training (p = 0.065), knowledge (p = 0.137), attitude (p = 0.738), facility (p = 0.810), standard operational procedure (p = 0.229), managerial support (p = 0.436) with standard precaution compliance. Only self-efficacy showed significant correlation with standard precaution compliance (p = 0.009). The study concluded that self- efficacy could increase nurses compliance on standard precautions. The results of the study recommended the hospitals conducting programs or activities that may enhance nurses efficacy, because it can improve nurses compliance on standar precautions."

"Kewaspadaan Universal/Standar direkomendasikan untuk mencegah pajanan penyakit infeksi lewat darah seperti HIV, Virus Hepatitis B, dan Virus Hepatitis C di pelayanan kesehatan. Di RS PMI Bogor, kepatuhan penerapan Kewaspadaan Universal/Standar diantara perawat dan bidan adalah rendah, dilihat dari kasus kecelakaan tertusuk jarum suntik yang terjadi diantara perawat tahun 2009-2011, masing-masing 6, 4, dan 8 kasus. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif dengan menggunakan rancangan cross sectional. Sebanyak 100 self administered questionnaires disebarkan dan hanya 82 kuesioner lengkap yang kembali. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui gambaran tingkat kepatuhan perawat dan bidan dalam penerapan Kewaspadaan Universal/Standar dan faktor ? faktor yang berhubungan. Dalam penelitian ini, hanya 52,4 % perawat dan bidan yang memiliki tingkat kepatuhan yang baik. Dari hasil uji chi square, variabel yang secara signifikan berhubungan dengan kepatuhan penerapan Kewaspadaan Universal/Standar adalah iklim keselamatan kerja dan pelatihan dan ketersediaan APD. Peneliti menyarankan diadakan pelatihan dan sosialisasi SOP dan kebijakan terkait kewaspadaan universal.Universal/Standard Precautions are recommended to prevent blood-borne infections (e.g. HIV, HBV, and HCV) exposure in health care setting. Compliance with Universal/Standard Precautions among nurses and midwives is suboptimal at PMI Hospital, Bogor. It was showed from needle stick injury cases occurred among nurses each of 6, 4, and 8 cases in 2009 ? 2011. This research is descriptive using cross sectional design. A total of 100 self administered questionnaires were distributed to nurses and midwives, and 82 completed questionnaires were returned. The purpose of this study is to find out compliance rate with Universal/Standard Precautions among nurses and midwives and factors related. In this research, only 52.4 % nurses and midwives who had a high compliance rate. Based on chi square test, safety climate and training and availability of PPE were significantly associated with compliance to Universal/Standard Precautions. The researcher suggests establishing the training and socializing SOP and policy related to Universal/Standard Precautions"

"Perawat memiliki peran penting dalam mengatasi masalah tidur pasien melalui pemberian intervensi keperawatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi faktor yang berhubungan dengan penerapan intervensi keperawatan untuk mengatasi masalah tidur. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah analitik korelasi dengan pendekatan cross sectional dan teknik proportional random sampling. Penelitian ini melibatkan 99 perawat di instalasi rawat inap di salah satu rumah sakit di Jakarta Pusat. Data dianalisis dengan uji chi square. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat hubungan antara pengetahuan dan motivasi dengan penerapan intervensi keperawatan (berturut-turut p=0,022, p=0,012; =0,05). Sebanyak 53,5% perawat belum mengatasi masalah tidur pasien dengan baik. Pengetahuan dan motivasi perawat perlu ditingkatkan melalui pelatihan yang terintegrasi dengan topik keamanan pasien.

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Nurses have an important role in addressing hospitalized patients? sleeping disorder. This study aimed to identify factors associated with nursing interventions to overcome sleeping disorder in inpatient unit of one hospital in Central Jakarta. This study applied correlative-analytical with cross sectional design approach. There were 99 nurses recruited by proportional random sampling. Data was analyzed using chi square test method. Results showed that there were correlation between knowledge and motivation with implementation of nursing interventions for sleeping disorder (successively p=0,022, p=0,012; α=0,05). There were 53.5% of the nurses that were unable to provide the intervention well. The nurses? knowledge and motivation need to be improved by integrated training of patient safety."

"Tesis ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor apa saja yang berhubungan dengan keinginan pindah kerja perawat RSU Bhakti Yudha. Variabel yang diteliti adalah karakteristik perawat, faktor pendorong dan faktor penarik. Karakteristik meliputi umur, jenis kelamin, status perkawinan, pendidikan terakhir, jarak rumah ke tempat kerja, jumlah anak yang dimiliki, lama kerja dan status kepegawaian. Faktor pendorong antara lain meliputi persepsi terhadap kompensasi RS, sistem kerja keperawatan, pengembangan karir dan lingkungan kerja. Faktor penarik meliputi persepsi terhadap kesempatan kerja dan kompensasi perawat RS lain. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kuantitatif secara cross sectional pada 95 perawat. Analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis univariat, bivariat, dan multivariat. Analisis bivariat menggunakan T Test, Annova dan Korelasi Regresi, sedangkan multivariat menggunakan Regresi Linear Ganda. Pemodelan bivariat dengan menggunakan metode enter. Hasil analisis didapatkan kompensasi RS dan kompensasi perawat RS lain yang paling dominan berhubungan dengan keinginan pindah kerja perawat.Saran untuk rumah sakit berdasarkan hasil penelitian adalah RS perlu meninjau ulang mengenai cara pemberian kompensasi terutama uang lembur kepada perawat dan RS diharapkan mempertimbangkan standar kompensasi perawat RS lain dalam memberikan kompensasi.

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The aim of this thesis is to analyze of factors associated with desire to move (Turnover Intention) of Nurse In Bhakti Yudha Public Hospital In 2013. Variable which researched is charactheristics of nurse are age, sex, marrital state, the last education, the distance between house and hospital, the amount of children, the lenght of employment, and the state of employment . The Push factors which the perceptions of compensation oh hospital, nursing work system, career development, and work environment. The pull factors containe the opportunity of job and the level compensation of the other hospital. The methode of research which used is quantitatively with cross sectional design which done for ninety five nurses. The analyses which used is univariate, bivariate, multivariate. Bivariat Analysis use T Test, Anova and Regression Correlation, whereas multivariate Regreesion of Binary Logistic. Bivariate model use enter methode. The result of analysis is gained The perseption of Compensation of hospital and the other hospital have the most infuence variable which correlated with turnover intention. The suggestions for Bhakti Yudha hospital are based on the result of analysis are reviewing about its compensation especialliy overtime payment compensation to the nurses and Bhakti Yudha hospital is expected reviewing about the compensation of the other hospital in compensation giving"