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"Cooling tower adalah komponen penting dalam sistem pendinginan industri yang mengandalkan perpindahan panas melalui air. Kualitas air sangat memengaruhi kinerja dan efisiensi sistem. Penelitian ini membandingkan kualitas air cooling tower dengan teknologi ozonasi dan senyawa kimia. Teknologi ozonasi diharapkan menjadi solusi ramah lingkungan dan efektif. Metode penelitian melibatkan analisis sampel air dari cooling tower dengan kedua teknologi, mengukur parameter seperti TDS, blowdown rate, electric conductivity (EC), pH, LSI, RSI, dan POSI. Hasil menunjukkan ozonasi lebih unggul dalam beberapa parameter. TDS dengan ozon turun dari 315,1 ppm menjadi 229,6 ppm, dibandingkan 297,6 ppm dengan bahan kimia. Blowdown rate naik dengan ozon (0,00169 m³/hari menjadi 0,00293 m³/hari) dibandingkan bahan kimia (0,00233 m³/hari). EC dengan ozon menurun dari 525,93 μS/cm menjadi 299,93 μS/cm, sementara bahan kimia meningkat menjadi 610,07 μS/cm. pH dengan ozon stabil (7,27 menjadi 7,28), sedangkan bahan kimia menurun menjadi 7,20. Indeks LSI dan RSI menunjukkan ozon lebih baik dalam mengurangi kerak. POSI juga menunjukkan siklus konsentrasi maksimum lebih tinggi dengan ozon (0,802) dibanding bahan kimia (0,727).

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Cooling tower is an important component in industrial cooling systems that rely on heat transfer through water. Water quality greatly affects the system's performance and efficiency. This study compares the water quality of cooling towers with ozone treatment and chemical compounds. Ozone technology is expected to be an environmentally friendly and effective solution. The research method involves analyzing water samples from cooling towers with both technologies, measuring parameters such as TDS, blowdown rate, electric conductivity (EC), pH, LSI, RSI, and POSI. The results show that ozone treatment is superior in several parameters. TDS with ozone decreased from 315.1 ppm to 229.6 ppm, compared to 297.6 ppm with chemicals. Blowdown rate increased with ozone (0.00169 m³/day to 0.00293 m³/day) compared to chemicals (0.00233 m³/day). EC with ozone decreased from 525.93 µS/cm to 299.93 µS/cm, while chemicals increased to 610.07 µS/cm. pH with ozone remained stable (7.27 to 7.28), while chemicals decreased to 7.20. The LSI and RSI indices show ozone is better at reducing scaling. POSI also shows a higher maximum concentration cycle with ozone (0.802) compared to chemicals (0.727). "

"Skripsi ini membahas tentang pengaruh pemakaian Portland Composite Cement (PCC) terhadap ketahanan sulfat pada Self Compacting Concrete (SCC). Pada penelitian ini dilakukan uji kuat tekan, kuat tarik belah, kuat lentur dan permeabilitas pada metode perendaman air suling, air laut kadar sulfat 0.2%, larutan magnesium sulfat 5%, dan larutan magnesium sulfat 5% pasang surut pada umur 28, 42, dan 56 hari. Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa semakin besar kandungan sulfat dan semakin lama perendaman dalam sulfat, maka kekuatan beton yang diperoleh semakin menurun dan penetrasi semakin besar. Karena beton sensitif terhadap sulfat. Besar persentasi penurunan kuat tekan, kuat tarik belah, kuat lentur berurutan pada perendaman air laut sebesar 2.92%, 2.56%, -8.04%, pada larutan magnesium sulfat 5% sebesar 3.86%, 7.51%, -2.68%, pada larutan magnesium sulfat 5% sistem pasang surut sebesar 9.66%, 18.09%, 24.11%. Besar persentasi peningkatan penetrasi pada perendaman air laut sebesar 6.41%, dan pada perendaman larutan magnesium sulfat sebesar 6.41%.

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The focus of this study discusses about the effect of using Portland Composite Cement (PCC) to the sulphate resistance of Self Compacting Concrete (SCC). On this research, some tests were done to determine the concrete?s compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength and permeability of the immersion method of distilled water, sea water with 0.2% sulphate concentration, magnesium sulphate solution 5%, and tidal of magnesium sulfate solution 5% at 28, 42, and 56 days. The result showed that the larger the concentrate of sulphate and the longer the immersion of the concrete in sulphate solution, the strength of concrete obtained decreases and the concrete penetration increases. This happens because concrete is basically sensitive of sulphate. The reduction rate of compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength respectively in sea water immersion for 2.92%, 2.56%, -8.04%, in the solution of magnesium sulphate are 5% of 3.86%, 7.51%, -2.68%, while in the solution of magnesium sulphate 5% with tidal of 9.66%, 18.09%, 24.11%. The increasing rate of the concrete penetration for the samples immersed in sea water is 6.41%, while the increasing rate for the samples immersed in solution of magnesium sulfate is 6.41%."

"Integrating coverage of the new American Concrete Institute codes, Concrete Structures presents a practical step-by-step approach to understanding the fundamental concepts and procedures involved in the analysis and design of reinforced concrete elements and systems. It covers concrete technology, analysis, and design of reinforced concrete beams, slabs, columns, footings, and walls as well as an introduction to the different types of reinforced concrete floor systems and fundamentals of pre-stressed concrete structures"