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"It is a commonplace that scientific inquiry makes extensive use of probabilities, many of which seem to be objective chances, describing features of reality that are independent of our minds. Such chances appear to have a number of paradoxical or puzzling features: they appear to be mind-independent facts, but they are intimately connected with rational psychology; they display a temporal asymmetry, but they are supposed to be grounded in physical laws that are time-symmetric; and chances are used to explain and predict frequencies of events, although they cannot be reduced to those frequencies. This book offers an accessible and non-technical introduction to these and other puzzles. Toby Handfield engages with traditional metaphysics and philosophy of science, drawing upon recent work in the foundations of quantum mechanics and thermodynamics to provide a novel account of objective probability that is empirically informed without requiring specialist scientific knowledge."

"Penelitian ini berpijak pada sebuah studi tentang ilmu pengetahuan. Di mana ilmu pengetahahuan seperti matematika, fisika, kimia, biologi, psikologi dan yang lain ada karena sebuah kans. Konsep kans yang memberikan peluang posibilitas bagi ilmu pengetahuan. Melalui kans, ilmu pengetahuan dapat dibedakan realis dan anti realis. Toby Handfield sebagai salah satu pemikir konsep kans. Konsep itu tidak lepas dari egosentris manusia yang akhirnya akan memberikan simpul filosofis di dalam keseharian hidup manusia.

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This study rests on a study of science. Where science such as mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, psychology and others exist because of a chance. The concept of chance that poses possibility opportunities for science. Through chance, science can be distinguished realist and anti realist. Toby Handfield as a one thinker of the concept of chance. The concept is not separated from the human egocentric who will eventually provide the node philosophical of everyday human life."

"The book focusing on philosophical faith, it assesses Jaspers? interpretations of key philosophers such as Kant, Hegel, Schelling, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, and Rosenzweig, as well as examining his personal relationships with Bultmann and Heidegger. Contributors also look at Jaspers? philosophies of religion and history, his hypothesis of the ?axial age? (Achsenzeit), and his contributions to metaphysics, periechontology, and economics. Finally, chapters cover Jaspers? philosophy of communication and world history. The latter are informed by a burgeoning interest in Kantian ?Freiheitphilosophie? that influenced Jaspers, as well as concerns over the future of humanity. These concerns in part account for Jaspers? growing popularity in the Middle East, Eastern Europe, Central/South America, and Asia. Also included are lucid clarifications of the difference between religious and philosophical faith, and the relevance of certainty, trust, and communication for a future of mankind."