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"George W Bush was he 43rd president of the United States of America,. Under his leadership and decision making, the united states got itself trapped in a winding conflict in the Middle East, and set off the region into a downwoards spiral of chaos and instability. many said that his decision and policies were reckless. in fact, on an individual level, these decision were fueled by his need to fullfil his masculine duties in accordance to the masculine gender role, which is to be competitive, aggresive and dominant, to name a few. like namy white and privilaged persons in the United states, Bush's background was socially conservative. in a scoially concervative culture, men are expected to behave according to masculine roles, or risk being ridiculed and mocked. yet, as a young man, Bush never did manage to estabilish himself and rise out his father's footsteps. this would have caused a lot of masculine anxiety for Bush. This anxiety would translate itslef into his decision making process when he served as President, where he challenged those who went againts his proceptions of what was right, ofthe with threat declaration and force. He wanted to proof that he was the man and proceeded to base his decisions off how manly it would make him look, even if it meant risking innocent lives. "

"Tesis ini akan membahas kewarganegaraan ditinjau dari perspektif hukum nasional Indonesia dan hukum internasional, dampak hak kewarganegaraan terhadap warga negara Indonesia yang turut serta sebagai Foreign Terrorist Fighters (FTF), serta saran perlindungan terhadap kewarganegaraan anak-anak dari warga Negara Indonesia yang terlibat sebagai FTF di Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) yang dapat menjamin kepastian hukum dan mendukung kepentingan hak asasi manusia di Indonesia. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian hukum normatif dan menggunakan data sekunder yang dianalisis secara deskriptif dengan metode penafsiran sistematis. Hasil penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa kebijakan untuk mencabut kewarganegaraan eks ISIS di Indonesia masih menimbulkan kontradiksi. Hukum internasional tidak memaksakan Negara kebangsaan secara langsung kewajiban untuk memulangkan anggota keluarga FTF. Meskipun demikian, beberapa komitmen yang relevan didirikan di bawah berbagai bidang internasional, hukum nasional yang mendukung repatriasiasi, sebagai pilihan terbaik untuk bertindak sesuai dengan internasional yang ada dalam kerangka kerja nasional. Dalam mengkaji status kewarganegaraan eks ISIS ini, penting untuk membedakan anak-anak dari orang dewasa karena hak atas kewarganegaraan telah diatur dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2006 tentang Kewarganegaraan Republik Indonesia, dan peraturan internasional Article 15 Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 dan Article 24 Section 3 the International Covenant on Civil and Political Right, serta Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness 1961. Meskipun demikian, pemerintah perlu mengkaji ulang kebijakan mencabut kewarganegaraan anak-anak dari warga negara Indonesia eks ISIS, bisa saja mereka melakukan hal itu karena tidak dalam kondisi bisa memilih. Jika mereka diterima, maka pemerintah harus siap dengan beberapa konsekuensi. Pertama, pemerintah perlu melakukan identifikasi dan pemilahan anak-anak yang dapat dibawa kembali ke Indonesia. Kedua, menyediakan fasilitas pelayanan Kesehatan dengan sumber daya manusia kesehatan jiwa yang memadai untuk intervensi psikologis anak-anak tersebut. Ketiga, menyiapkan program sosialisasi dan dukungan agar masyarakat dapat menerima anak yatim piatu kombatan ISIS, sebagai bentuk pemenuhan kewajiban pelindungan anak yang diatur dalam UU No. 17 Tahun 2016 tentang Perubahan Kedua atas UU No. 23 Tahun 2002 tentang Perlindungan Anak. Pemerintah perlu memandang anak-anak sebagai korban, bukan pelaku. Jangan sampai mereka harus menanggung dosa yang dilakukan orang tua mereka, seperti yang terjadi pada anak-anak bekas tahanan politik.

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This thesis is aimed to discuss citizenship from the perspective of Indonesian national law and international law, the impact of citizenship rights on Indonesian citizens who participate as Foreign Terrorist Fighters (FTF), as well as advice on protecting the citizenship of children from Indonesian citizens who are involved in the FTF in the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) which can guarantee legal certainty and support the interests of human rights in Indonesia. This research is a normative legal research and uses secondary data which is analyzed descriptively with a systematic interpretation method. The results of the study revealed that the policy to revoke ex-ISIS citizenship in Indonesia still creates contradictions. International law does not impose a national State directly on the obligation to repatriate FTF family members. Nonetheless, several relevant commitments were established under various international, national laws supporting repatriation, as the best option for acting in accordance with existing international frameworks. In reviewing the ex-ISIS citizenship status, it is important to distinguish children from adults because the right to citizenship has been regulated in Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2006 tentang Kewarganegaraan Republik Indonesia, and international regulations Article 15 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 and Article 24 Section 3 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, as well as the Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness 1961. Nonetheless, the government needs to review the policy of revoking the citizenship of children of ex- ISIS Indonesian citizens, not in a state of being able to choose. If they are accepted, then the government must be prepared with some consequences. First, the government needs to identify and sort out children who can be brought back to Indonesia. Second, providing health service facilities with adequate mental health human resources for psychological intervention for these children. Third, prepare a socialization and support program so that the community can accept ISIS combatant orphans, as a form of fulfilling the obligation to protect children as regulated in Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2016 tentang Perubahan Kedua atas Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2002 tentang Perlindungan Anak. The government needs to view children as victims, not perpetrators. Do not let them have to bear the sins of their parents, as happened to the children of former political prisoners."

"This chapter analyzes the United States use of psychological warfare to win the hearts and minds of the people of Indonesia during the 1950s, and Iraq and Muslim majority countries in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks. This chapter explains both the change and historical development of U.S. psychological warfare, the agencies involved, and the policy options at its disposal. It argues that the U.S. uses of psychological warfare without clear understanding of the domestic politics of the targeted country produced results that were not only harmful to the people of the country targeted but also to U.S. interests. Drawing from the past and present practices of U.S. psychological warfare this chapter seeks to identify the changes in U.S. psychological warfare, and the mistakes that the U.S. has made, as well as the type of challenges that it will face in the future."

"Kelompok teroris termasuk ISIS menggunakan berbagai cara kaderisasi, salah satunya memanfaatkan lembaga pendidikan, sehingga lembaga pendidikan memiliki peran penting untuk melahirkan generasi penerus dan menjaga eksistensi kelompok teroris. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan metode studi kasus dengan teknik pengumpulan data primer melalui wawancara terhadap narasumber dari mantan jamaah atau pengurus lembaga pendidikan jaringan ISIS di Pantura Jawa Barat, serta lembaga pemerintah yaitu Badan Intelijen Negara (BIN), Densus 88 Anti Teror, dan Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Terorisme (BNPT). Selain itu, penelitian ini menggunakan teknik observasi lapangan dan didukung data sekunder. Peneliti menggunakan Teori Kontra Intelijen untuk memahami perubahan dalam kaderisasi melalui lembaga pendidikan oleh ISIS di Pantura Jawa Barat dan Teori Belajar Sosial untuk memahami implikasinya. Penelitian tentang kaderisasi teroris melalui lembaga pendidikan masih terbatas sehingga diharapkan dapat memberikan masukan dalam penanggulangan terorisme. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa kaderisasi melalui lembaga pendidikan oleh ISIS di Pantura Jawa Barat mengalami metamorfosa, antara lain dari pola sentralisasi menjadi desentralisasi, dari lembaga formal menjadi nonformal, serta adanya kamuflase sehingga lebih sulit dikontrol. Selain itu, lembaga pendidikan menjadi lingkungan sosial tempat terjadinya proses belajar observasional bagi anggota kelompok teroris. Untuk menanggulangi permasalahan tersebut, penelitian merekomendasikan strategi kolabolasi melibatkan berbagai unsur, mulai dari lembaga pemerintah hingga masyarakat.

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Terrorist groups, including ISIS, use various methods of regeneration, one of which is using educational institutions. Hence, educational institutions have an essential role in producing the next generation and maintaining the existence of terrorist groups. This research is qualitative research using a case study method with primary data collection techniques through interviews with sources from former congregants or administrators of ISIS network educational institutions in Pantura, West Java, as well as government institutions, namely the National Intelligence Agency (BIN), Densus 88 Anti-Terror Police, and National Counterterrorism Agency (BNPT). Apart from that, this research uses field observation techniques and is supported by secondary data. Researchers use Counterintelligence Theory to understand changes in regeneration through educational institutions through ISIS in Pantura, West Java, and Social Learning Theory to understand the implications. Research on terrorist regeneration through educational institutions is still limited, so it is hoped that it can provide input in overcoming terrorism. This research found regeneration through educational institutions by ISIS in Pantura, West Java, experienced a metamorphosis, including from a pattern of centralization to decentralization, from formal to non-formal institutions, and camouflage, making it more difficult to control. In addition, educational institutions become a social environment where observational learning processes occur for members of terrorist groups. To overcome this problem, research recommends a collaboration strategy involving various elements, from government institutions to the community."

"ABSTRAK Terorisme dikategorikan sebagai kejahatan luar biasa. Dalam setiap proses kejahatan, individu akan melalui proses desistance from crime, seseorang mengakhiri masa keterlibatannya dalam aksi terorisme. Proses disengagement adalah tahapan yang penting untuk mencapai desistance from crime. Untuk mencapai hal tersebut, seseorang harus memiliki pull factor, seperti keluarga, lingkungan, ekonomi maupun hukuman. Maka, dalam penelitian Thesis ini, ada empat variabel determinan yang dapat mendorong individu menjadi desistance from crime. Kemudian, artikel jurnal yang ditulis oleh LaFree dan Miller (2015) yang berjudul desistance fromterrorism: what can we learn from criminology? membahas tujuh perspektifteoritis yang berkaitan dengan prediksi yang berkaitan dengan desistancedan mempertimbangkan potensinya untuk menjelaskan desistance from terrorism.Dengan menganalisis dan membedah hal tersebut, akan memunculkan pola-pola desistance from crime dan memperlihatkan kecenderunganprimary desistanceyangbersumber pada data pengalaman 30 mantan teroris di Indonesia.

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ABSTRACT

Terrorism is categorized as extra-ordinary crime. In every crime process, an individual will go through a process of desistance from crime, which is a proses of someone ended his/her involvement in acts of terrorism. The disengagement process is a crucial stage to achieve desistance from crime. To achieve this, an individual must have pull factor, such as family, surroundings, economy, and punishment. Thus, in this thesis study, there are four determinant variables that can encourage individual to be desistance from crime. Then, article journal written by LaFree and Miller (2015) entitled desistance from terrorism: what can we learn from criminology? discuss seven criminological perspectives relating to predictions about desistance and consider their potential to explain desistance from terrorism. By analyzing and dissecting this, patterns of desistance from crime will emerge and show the tendency for primary desistance based on data from thirty former terrorist in Indonesia."