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"Kegiatan eksplorasi minyak dan gas bumi memiliki dampak negatif yaitu menghasilkan limbah, baik dalam bentuk padat, cair maupun gas. Salah satu limbah yang berbentuk padat adalah sludge yang mengandung hidrokarbon. Pengolahan limbah sludge dapat dilakukan secara fisik, kimia dan biologis. Namun pengolahan secara fisik dan kimia membutuhkan biaya yang cukup besar dan tidak ramah lingkungan. Alternatif lain yang dapat digunakan adalah teknologi bioremediasi dengan metode Bioslurry. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis tingkat penurunan TPH pada sludge dengan menggunakan metode Bioslurry dan menganalisis pengaruh konsentrasi mikroorganisme Pseudomonas aeruginosa dalam mendegradasi hidrokarbon. Sampel sludge IPAL diperoleh dari lokasi produksi gas bumi PT. Medco E&P Lematang-Sumatera Selatan. Penelitian menggunakan tiga buah reaktor dengan sistem batch. Konsentrasi penambahan inokulum bakteri pada reaktor A sebanyak 10%, reaktor B sebanyak 15% dan reaktor C sebanyak 0% (kontrol). Selama 57 hari penelitian, tingkat penurunan TPH pada reaktor A sebesar 94%, dari nilai TPH 12,2% menjadi 0,76%, pada reaktor B tingkat penurunan sebesar 92%, dari nilai TPH 12,2% menjadi 0,93% dan pada reaktor C tingkat penurunan sebesar 71%, dari nilai TPH 12,2% menjadi 3,5%. Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa penambahan inokum bakteri sebanyak 10% adalah yang paling optimal dalam mendegradasi hidrokarbon, dengan tingkat penurunan TPH paling besar yaitu 94%.

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The activity of exploring oil and gas has a negative impact that it produces solid, liquid, and gas waste as well. One of the solid waste is sludge which contains hydrocarbon. Sludge wastes management can be executed physically, chemically, and biologically. But, physically and chemical waste management have a higher cost and non environmentally friendly. Another alternatives which can be used is bioremediation technology using Bioslurry method. The aim of this study is to analyze TPH reduction on sludge using Bioslurry method and to analyze the effect of concentration of microorganisme Pseudomonas aeruginosa in degradating hydrocarbon. The sample of sludge WWTP is collected from gas production site PT Medco E&P in Lematang, Sumatera Selatan. This study use three reactors with batch system. The concentration addition 10% of inokulum bacteria in reactor A, 15% in reactor B, 0% in reactor C as a control. During 57 days of study, TPH reduction in reactor A read to 94%, from 12.2% of TPH to 0.76% of TPH, TPH reduction in reactor B to 92%, from 12.2% of TPH to 0.93% of TPH, and TPH reduction in reactor C to 71%, from 12.2% of TPH to 3.5% of TPH. As the conclusion of this study is that addition 10% inokulum bacteria is the optimum concentration in degradating hydrocarbon, with the highest TPH reduction, which is 94%."

"Ketersediaan energi menjadi kebutuhan esensial bagi kehidupan manusia, namun saat ini produksi energi masih bergantung pada konsumsi bahan bakar fosil. Meningkatnya permintaan energi yang disertai dengan menipisnya cadangan bahan bakar fosil, menyebabkan ketertarikan untuk mencari sumber energi terbarukan yang berkelanjutan dan ramah lingkungan. Salah satunya melalui penggunaan sistem berbasis biologis, yaitu Microalgae-Microbial fuel cell (MmFC). Microalgae-microbial Fuel Cell (MmFC) merupakan perangkat biokimia yang memanfaatkan,proses fotosintesis mikroalga untuk mengubah energi matahari menjadi listrik melalui reaksi metabolisme simultan dengan bakteri. Bakteri yang digunakan pada sistem ini dapat berupa kultur murni ataupun kultur campuran yang berasal dari limbah. Berangkat dari kondisi tersebut maka terdapat 2 optimasi yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini, yaitu optimasi jenis bakteri (bakteri indigenous limbah tempe dan bakteri Acetobacter aceti) dan optimasi waktu inkubasi limbah tempe (0 hari, 3 hari, 7 hari, dan 14 hari). Kinerja MmFC pada optimasi jenis bakteri ditinjau berdasarkan power density, sedangkan pada optimasi waktu inkubasi limbah tempe ditinjau berdasarkan power density dan bioremediasi limbah (%penurunan BOD dan COD). Hasil optimasi jenis bakteri, menunjukkan bahwa bakteri indigenous limbah tempe memberikan nilai power density lebih besar daripada bakteri A. aceti (PDmaks = 812,746 mW/m2; PDrata-rata = 438,310 mW/m2). Sementara itu, hasil optimasi waktu inkubasi limbah tempe, menunjukkan bahwa inkubasi limbah tempe selama 14 hari merupakan waktu inkubasi yang paling optimal ( PDmaks = 1146,876 mW/m2; PDrata-rata = 583,491 mW/m2; %penurunan COD = 46,011%; %penurunan BOD = 47,172%)

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The availability of energy is an essential need for human life, but currently, energy production still depends on the consumption of fossil fuels. The increasing energy demand, accompanied by the decrease of fossil fuel reserves, has caused interest in finding sustainable and environmentally friendly renewable energy sources. One of them is through the use of a biological-based system, namely Microalgae-Microbial fuel cell (MmFC).Microalgae-microbial Fuel Cell (MmFC) is a biochemical device that utilizes the photosynthetic process of microalgae to convert solar energy into electricity through simultaneous metabolic reactions with bacteria. The bacteria used in this system can be pure cultures or mixed cultures from waste. Based on these conditions, there are 2 optimizations carried out in this research, namely optimization of the type of bacteria (indigenous bacteria of tempeh waste and Acetobacter aceti bacteria) and optimization of incubation time of tempeh waste (0 days, 3 days, 7 days, and 14 days). The performance of MmFC on the optimization of bacterial species was reviewed based on the power density, while the optimization of incubation time for tempeh waste was reviewed based on the power density and waste bioremediation (% decrease in BOD and COD). The results of the optimization of the type of bacteria showed that the indigenous bacteria of tempeh waste showed a power density value greater than that of A. aceti bacteria (PDmax = 812.746 mW/m2; PDaverage = 438.310 mW/m2). Meanwhile, the optimization results of tempeh waste incubation time showed that incubation of tempeh waste for 14 days was the most optimal incubation time (PDmax = 1146.876 mW/m2; PD average = 583,491 mW/m2; % decrease in BOD = 46.011%; % decrease in COD = 47.172%)"

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini membahas mengenai kemampuan degradasi kultur campuran konsorsium yang mengandung bakteri Dehalococcoides dalam mendegradasi B3 berupa senyawa PCE dan TCE. Konsorsium bakteri ditumbuhkan pada medium tercemar PCE/TCE yang divariasikan penambahan nutrisi ekstrak ragi serta sumber karbonnya asetat dan laktat. Medium yang diberikan penambahan ekstrak ragi mampu mengurai PCE dengan konsentrasi 650 M dalam kurun waktu kurang lebih 20 hari, dan TCE dengan konsentrasi 700 M dalam kurun waktu sekitar 10 hari. Selama 33 hari pengamatan, medium yang ditambahkan asetat mampu mengurai 600 M PCE hingga 85,41 dan 450 M TCE hingga 56,7. Dalam jangka waktu yang sama, medium yang ditambahkan laktat mampu mengurai 500 M PCE sebesar 80,56 dan 600 M TCE hingga 70,26. Meskipun konsorsium yang ditumbuhkan tanpa ekstrak ragi memiliki kemampuan degradasi yang lebih lambat, namun konsorsium tersebut menunjukkan rasio populasi Dehalococcoides yang lebih tinggi. Didapatkan rasio populasi bakteri Dehalococcoides pada medium yang diberi ekstrak ragi kurang dari 0,5. Rasio tersebut mampu mencapai 22-26 pada medium PCE, dan 4-13 pada medium TCE yang tidak ditambahkan ekstrak ragi. Selain itu, akumulasi produk turunan cis-DCE, t-DCE, 1,1-DCE, dna VC juga terjadi pada konsorsium yang diberi ekstrak ragi. Hal tersebut mengindikasikan bahwa penambahan ekstrak ragi mampu mempercepat degradasi PCE/TCE akibat stimulasi pertumbuhan bakteri-bakteri dalam konsorsium, namun di sisi lain dapat menekan pertumbuhan Dehalococcoides sehingga mengakibatkan terjadinya akumulasi produk turunan PCE/TCE.

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ABSTRACTThis research discussed the degradation ability of mixed culture consortium containing Dehalococcoides bacteria in degrading hazardous waste such as PCE and TCE compounds. The bacterial consortium is grown on PCE TCE contaminated medium with variation of nutrients yeast extract and carbon source acetate and lactate. The medium with yeast extract addition was able to break down PCE with 650 M concentration in approximately 20 days, and TCE with 700 M concentration in about 10 days. During 33 days of observation, the acetate amended medium was able to degrade 600 M PCE up to 85.41 and 450 M TCE up to 56.7. In the same duration, the lactate amended medium was able to break down 500 M PCE by 80.56 and 600 M TCE by 70.26. Although the consortiums grown without yeast extract has slower degradation ability, those consortiums shows a higher population ratio of Dehalococcoides. The ratio of Dehalococcoides bacteria in medium with yeast extract addition was less than 0,5, while those ratio were able to reach 22 26 for PCE, and 4 13 for TCE in mediums without yeast extract addition. Furthermore, PCE TCE daughter product such as cis DCE, t DCE, 1,1 DCE, and VC were accumulated at some point in yeast extract amended medium. Those findings indicate that yeast extract addition could accelerate the degradation of PCE TCE because the stimulation of other bacterias within consortium, but on other side, could surpress the Dehalococcoides growth resulting in accumulation of PCE TCE daughter products. "

"Kegiatan industri pertambangan minyak bumi di Indonesia telah menimbulkan banyak kasus pencemaran limbah berbahaya dan beracun (B3). Kasus tersebut dapat menimbulkan dampak buruk bagi kualitas lingkungan. Pada KepMenLH No. 128 Tahun 2003, disebutkan bahwa pemulihan lahan tercemar oleh minyak bumi dapat dilakukan secara biologis, dengan menggunakan kapasitas kemampuan mikroorganisme. Salah satu teknik penerapan pemulihan tersebut adalah dengan menggunakan teknik Bioventing. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh injeksi udara dan mikroorganisme yang berperan dalam proses remediasi dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kinerjanya bioventing. Minyak bumi yang digunakan merupakan crude oil yang berasal dari PPPTMGB Lemigas. Selama 5 minggu penelitian, didapatkan penyisihan konsentrasi TPH terbesar yaitu sebesar 82% yang terdapat pada sampel dengan konsentrasi bakteri Bacillus Subtilis 10% v/v. Sedangkan pada sampel dengan konsentrasi bakteri Bacillus Subtilis 15% v/v, dan tanpa penambahan bakteri (bakteri indigenous) 1 dan 2 secara berurut adalah 67,1%, 54,24%, dan 68,12%. Penyisihan konsentrasi BTEX terbesar, yaitu sebesar 66,65% pada kontrol 2. Sedangkan sampel dengan kontrol 1, konsentrasi bakteri Bacillus Subtilis 10% v/v, dan bakteri Bacillus Subtilis 15% v/v secara berurut adalah 23,39%, 34,41%, dan 37,69%. Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa sampel dengan konsentrasi bakteri Bacillus Subtilis 10% v/v dan Kontrol 2 yang paling baik dalam mendukung efektivitas proses degradasi minyak bumi.

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Oil mining industry in Indonesia has generated many cases of very hazardous waste pollution. Those cases could adversely affect the quality of environment. Ministry of Environment through the Ministry of Environment Decree No. 128/2003, stated that the recovery of oil contaminated area can be purified by using microbial activity, called bioremediation. On of the most preferred methods for the remediation process of oil contaminated soil is bioventing.

The main objective of this study was to determine the effect of air injection and microorganisms that play a role in the remediation process and the factors that affect performance bioventing. Oil used in this study was crude oil which was derived from PPTMGB Lemigas. The purpose of this study. During the 5 weeks of the study, obtained the largest TPH concentrations allowance that is equal to 82% were found in the sample with the concentration of the bacteria Bacillus Subtilis 10% v/v. While the sample with the concentration of bacteria Bacillus Subtilis 15% v/v, and without the addition of bacteria (indigenous) 1 and 2 in sequence is 67.1%, 54.24%, and 68.12%. Provision largest concentration of BTEX, amounting to 66.65% in the control 2. Whereas the control 1, the concentration of the bacteria Bacillus Subtilis 10% v / v, and the bacteria Bacillus Subtilis 15% v / v in the order are 23.39%, 34.41%, and 37.69%.

From this study it can be concluded that the sample with the concentration of the bacteria Bacillus Subtilis 10% v / v and Control 2 is best in support of the effectiveness of oil degradation process."

"ABSTRAKKegiatan eksplorasi dan produksi minyak bumi berpotensi menimbulkan kontaminasi minyak pada tanah, misalnya dari kegiatan operasional, kebocoran pipa, maupun akumulasi timbulan limbah minyak di masa lalu. Keputusan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup no 128 tahun 2003 menyatakan bahwa tanah yang terkontaminasi minyak dikategorikan sebagai limbah bahan berbahaya dan beracun (B3) yang berpotensi menimbulkan kerusakan lingkungan. Pemulihan tanah tercemar oleh minyak bumi dapat dilakukan secara biologis, dengan menggunakan kapasitas kemampuan mikroorganisme. TPH atau Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons dalam hal ini merupakan jumlah hidrokarbon minyak bumi yang terukur dari media tanah. Dalam Keputusan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup No.128 tahun 2003 dijelaskan bahwa target konsentrasi TPH yang aman bagi lingkungan ialah dibawah 1%. Landfarming merupakan salah satu teknik yang dapat diterapkan dalam pemulihan tanah tercemar minyak bumi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui jenis bulking agent yang paling efektif dalam pelaksanaan proses bioremediasi. Sampel tanah terkontaminasi minyak bumi yang diolah diambil dari tanah terkontaminasi minyak mentah (Crude Oil Contaminated Soil) di Pre-treatment pit dalam (SBF) Soil Bioremediation Facility PT. Chevron Pacific Indonesia di Minas, Riau. Bulking agent yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah serbuk kayu dan cacahan serabut tandan kosong kelapa sawit. Selama 6 minggu penelitian, penyisihan konsentrasi TPH terbesar yaitu 41,04% pada sampel dengan penambahan bulking agent serbuk kayu 4% (w/w). Sedangkan pada sampel dengan penambahan bulking agent serabut tandan kosong kelapa sawit 4% (w/w) dan tanpa penambahan bulking agent berturut-turut adalah 40,45% dan 35,04%. Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa sampel dengan penambahan bulking agent serbuk kayu 4% (w/w) yang paling efektif dalam proses degradasi minyak bumi.

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ABSTRACTExploration and production of oil has potential to contaminate soil, such as from operations, pipeline leak, and accumulation of oil waste. Ministry of Environment through the Ministry of Environment Decree No. 128/2003, stated that oil contaminated soil is classified as hazardous and toxic waste (B3) that could potentially cause damage to the environment. The remediation of oil contaminated soil can be purified by using microbial activity. TPH or Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons is the amount of petroleum hydrocarbons measured from the soil media. In MOE Decree No. 128/2003 stated that TPH concentrations target that are safe for the environment is below 1%. Landfarming is one of the most preferred technique that can be applied in the remediation of oil contaminated soil. The main purpose of this study was to determine which type of bulking agent is the most effective on bioremediation process. Crude Oil Contaminated Soil sample were taken from pre-treatment pit in Soil Bioremediation Facility PT. Chevron Pacific Indonesia in Minas, Riau. Bulking agents used in the study were wood chip and oil palm shell fiber. During 6 weeks of the study, the largest TPH removal was 41.04% which is a sample with the addition of 4% wood chip (w/w). While the sample with the addition of 4% oil palm shell fiber (w/w) and the sample without the addition of bulking agent were respectively 40.45% and 35.04%. From this study, it can be concluded that the sample with the addition of 4% wood chip (w/w) was the most effective in the crude oil biodegradation process."

"Bioremediation, involving biostimulation and/or bioaugmentation, is a promising method to overcome oil spills in Cilacap coastal waters. Cilacap coastal area has high risk on oil pollution. This study investigated the stimulatory effect of nitrogen concentration, bacterial density and the composition of bacterial culture in enhancing oil degradation in this area. The applications of 4 different concentrations of Slow Release Fertilizer (SRF) and 2 different densities of bacterial cells in the form of single (RCO/B/08_008) and mixed culture were employed in microcosm experiments for 28 days. The efficacy of combining bacterial culture and fertilizer application in various concentrations was also tested. Oil degradation, bacterial growth and environmental parameters were monitored periodically during the experiments. The results showed that oil degradation rate was more influenced by nutrient concentration (biostimulation) than bacterial number or culture composition (bioaugmentation) added. The efficacy of biostimulation in degrading oil was better than that of bioaugmentation. Biostimulation increased oil degradation up to 6.4 times higher than the control. The optimum of fertilizer concentration added was 7.5 mg N/g (C:N ratio of 1,000:75), which increased depletion rate both in biostimulation-only and the combination of biostimulation with bioaugmentation up to 6.4 and 7.5 times higher than the control, respectively. It is suggested that bioremediation of oil-contaminated sandy beach in Cilacap would be optimal by employing a combination of Slow Release Fertilizer at concentration having C/N ratio = 1,000 : 75 and RCO/B/08_008 culture at density of 0.5 x 108 cells/mL (100% homology with Alcanivorax sp. TE-9)."

"Konsorsium bakteri lokal (gabungan Salipiger bermudensis DQ 178660, Alterierythrobacter evoxidivorans DQ 304436, Alteromonas macleodii Y 18228 dan Vibrio harveyi DQ 146936) pendegradasi senyawa hidrokarbon kontaminan yang diisolasi dari kawasan eksplorasi minyak Cepu Jawa Tengah diuji kemampuannya dalam merombak senyawa hidrokarbon minyak bumi yang mencemari tanah di kawasan industri Krakatau Steel Cilegon. Dalam penelitian ini, karakterisasi produksi biosurfaktan yang dihasilkan konsorsium bakteri dilakukan dengan mengevaluasi pola pertumbuhan, analisis tegangan permukaan, analisis tegangan antarmuka, analisis komposisi kimia dan uji aktivitas emulsifikasi. Pengujian selama 30 hari pengamatan meliputi pH, suhu, tekstur tanah empat fraksi (berpasir, liat kasar, liat halus, berdebu), karbon organik, nitrogen organik, rasio karbon/nitrogen organik, fosfor dan kalium serta analisis sampel tanah tercemar hidrokarbon menggunakan Gas Chromatography-Mass Sphectroscopy (GC-MS). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa biosurfaktan yang dihasilkan konsorsium bakteri memiliki kemampuan menurunkan tegangan permukaan air lebih tinggi dibanding dengan bakteri tunggal (51 dynes/cm dari 72 dyns/cm), reduksi nilai tegangan antarmuka air dengan minyak paling tinggi dihasilkan konsorsium bakteri (10 dynes/cm), nilai indeks emulsifikasi (93,75%) paling tinggi dihasilkan oleh konsorsium bakteri. Analisis komposisi kimia biosurfaktan yang dihasilkan konsorsium bakteri menunjukkan bahwa biosurfaktan merupakan senyawa kompleks terdiri dari karbohidrat, protein dan lipid. Setelah 30 hari massa inkubasi, hasil analisis GC-MS menunjukkan bahwa bakteri dan konsorsium bakteri mampu merombak senyawa hidrokarbon tersisa yang mencemari tanah di kawasan PT Krakatau Steel Cilegon Banten.;

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Local bacterial consortium (combined of Salipiger bermudensis DQ 178 660, Alterierythrobacter evoxidivorans DQ 304 436, Alteromonas macleodii Y 146 936 and Vibrio harveyi DQ 18228) hydrocarbons degrading contaminants that isolated from oil exploration areas in Cepu Central Java was analyzed for its ability to degrade petroleum hydrocarbons that polluted the soil in industrial area of PT. Krakatau Steel Cilegon.

In this study, characterization of biosurfactant produced by bacterial consortium conducted to evaluate growth patterns, analysis of surface tension, interfacial tension, chemical composition and emulsification activity assay. Analysis for 30 days of observation include pH, temperature, soil texture four fractions (sandy, dusty, rough clayey, smooth clayey), organic carbon, organic nitrogen, the ratio of carbon/nitrogen organic, phosphorus and potassium as well as analysis of hydrocarbon contaminated soil samples using Gas Chromatography -Mass Sphectroscopy (GC-MS).

The results showed that the biosurfactants produced by bacterial consortium have the ability to lower the surface tension of water is higher than with a single bacterium (51 dynes/cm from 72 dyns/cm), the reduction of the highest values ​​of water interfacial tension with oil produced by bacterial consortium (10 dynes/cm ), the highest value of emulsification index (93.75%) produced by bacterial consortium. Analysis of the chemical composition of biosurfactants produced by bacterial consortium showed that biosurfactants are complex compounds composed of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. After 30 days of incubation time, the results of GC-MS analysis showed that bacteria and bacterial consortium are capable of overhauling the remaining hydrocarbon compounds that polluted the soil in the area of PT Krakatau Steel Cilegon Banten."