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"In this, the first book on the effects of Exxon Valdez in 15 years, scientists directly involved in studying the spill provide a comprehensive perspective on, and synthesis of, scientific information on long-term spill effects. The coverage is multidisciplinary, with chapters discussing a range of issues including effects on biota, successes and failures of post-spill studies and techniques, and areas of continued disagreement. An even-handed and critical examination of more than two decades of scientific study, this is an invaluable guide for studying future oil spills and, more broadly, for unraveling the consequences of any large environmental disruption."

"Tesis ini membahas tentang kesesuaian implementasi sistem tanggap darurat terhadap insiden tumpahan minyak di laut disekitar daerah operasi PT.XXX. Kesesuaian implementasi tanggap darurat dalam penelitian ini menggunakan assessment tool berdasarkan National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 1600 edisi 2013. Hasil assessment yang dilakukan ditemukan 89.10% kesesuaian. Dalam insiden tumpahan minyak elemen pencegahan dalam NFPA 1600 dapat diimplementasikan dengan melakukan penilaian risiko. Tujuan penilaian risiko ini untuk mengetahui tingkat kemungkinan, keparahan dan risiko terjadinya tumpahan minyak di fasilitas PT.XXX. Setelah melakukan penilaian risiko dapat dipersiapkan rencana menanggulangan tumpahan minyak yang merupakan elemen mitigasi dalam NFPA 1600. Penanggulangan tumpahan minyak dapat mempertimbangkan response time sebelum tumpahan sampai ke garis pantai. Dari hasil simulasi dengan menggunakan komputer trajectory modeling diperoleh durasi tercepat tumpahan minyak menuju garis pantai pada bulan Pebruari sampai April 2015 adalah 14.4 jam. Dan kemampuan penanggulangan tumpahan minyak dapat ditentukan berdasarkan jumlah tumpahan minyak dan peralatan yang dimiliki. Dengan menghitung kapasitas skimmer dan temporary storage spill yang dimiliki, maka PT. XXX memiliki kemampuan Tier 1 ≤ 350 bbl.

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The Thesis was looking for compliance conformity for implementation emergency response system for oil spill incident around the operation field PT XXX. Conformity of the implementation emergency response system at this research used assessment tool from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 1600 edition 2013. The results of the conformity assessment conducted found 89.10%. Element prevention in NFPA 1600 for oil spill incident can be implemented by performing risk assessment.

The purpose of risk assessment to determine the level of likelihood, severity and relative risk of oil spills in the PT.XXX facility. Oil spill contingency plan can be prepared after conducted a risk assessment which a part of the implemented of mitigation element in NFPA 1600. Oil spills contingency plan may consider the response time before spills hit to the shoreline.

The simulation from computer trajectory modeling resulted duration of oil spills to the shoreline in February to April 2015 was 14.4 hours. The ability of oil spill response can be determined based on likely volume and oil spill equipment. Base on calculation of the skimmer and capacity of spill temporary storage, PT. XXX has the ability Tier 1 ≤ 350 bbl."

"Penelitian ini membahas mengenai implementasi asas cabotage dalam hukum positif Indonesia terhadap kapal penunjang Migas (Migas) atau anjungan Migas yang beroperasi di wilayah lepas pantai yang termasuk dalam wilayah laut zona ekonomi ekslusif (ZEE) maupun landas kontinen dimana ketentuan hukum internasional berlaku, kesesuainnya dengan ketentuan WTO yaitu ketentuan General Agreement on Trade In Services (GATS) dan schedule of commitment Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode pendekatan yuridis normatif yang di dukung oleh penelitian empiris. Dengan rumusan pengertian kapal yang meliputi juga floating platforms di lepas pantai (dalam hal ini termasuk rig-rig, anjungan Migas lepas pantai) sepanjang berada dalam yuridiksi dan kedaulatan Indonesia yaitu berada di laut teritorial Indonesia beserta perairan kepulauan dan perairan pedalaman maka asas cabotage berlaku terhadap kapal dan floating platforms tersebut. Sedangkan menurut hukum positif Iindonesia asas cabotage tidak berlaku di landas kontinen dan ZEE namun dalam pelaksanaannya berlaku karena dalam operasional tersebut harus melalui Pelabuhan, laut teritorial, perairan kepulauan dan perairan pedalaman. Implementasi asas cabotage belum dapat dilaksanakan sepenuhnya karena pemerintah masih memberikan dispensasi terhadap penggunaan kapal asing untuk usaha Migas lepas pantai melalui Permenhub No.46 Tahun 2019, namun peraturan ini secara substansi tidak sejalan atau bertentangan dengan asas hukum lex superior derogate legi inferiori. Pengaturan asas cabotage merupakan bagian dari prinsip yang diatur dalam GATS tentang domestic regulation, dan WTO tetap mengakui eksistensi kedaulatan negara anggotanya. Hasil penelitian menyarankan perlu menyempurnakan hukum positif Indonesia sebagai peraturan domestik untuk menyesuaikan dengan perkembangan liberalisasi jasa angkutan laut khususnya penggunaan kapal asing untuk menunjang usaha Migas lepas pantai di Indonesia dan memberikan kelonggaran bagi armada angkutan laut asing pada kegiatan Migas lepas pantai.

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This focus of this study is assesed implementation of the cabotage principle in Indonesian positive law to offshore oil and gas supporting vessels or oil and gas platforms operating in offshore areas that are included in the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) sea area or the continental shelf where international law provisions apply, the compliance with WTO provisions namely the provisions of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and Indonesias schedule of commitment. This research applies a normative juridical approach which is supported by empirical research. With the formulation of the definition of a vessel which includes offshore floating platforms (in this case including rigs, offshore oil and gas platforms) as long as it is within the jurisdiction and sovereignty of Indonesia, which are in the territorial sea of Indonesia, archipelagic waters and inland waters, the cabotage principle applies to vessel and floating platforms. Meanwhile, according to positive Indonesian law the cabotage principle does not apply to vessel and floating platforms on the continental shelf and EEZ, but in practice the cabotage principle also applies because vessel and floating platforms in these operations must go through ports, territorial seas, archipelagic waters and inland waters. Implementation of the cabotage principle cannot yet be fully implemented because the government is still giving dispensation for the use of foreign vessel for offshore oil and gas business through Permenhub No.46 of 2019, but this regulation is substantially not in line with or against the legal principle of the lex superior derogate legi inferiori. Implementation of the cabotage principle is part of the principles that is regulated in GATS regarding domestic regulation, and the WTO continues to recognize the existence of the sovereignty of its member countries. The results suggest that it is necessary to improve Indonesias positive law as a domestic regulation to adjust to the development of liberalization of sea transportation services, especially the use of foreign vessels to support offshore oil and gas businesses in Indonesia and to provide leeway for foreign marine transportation fleets in offshore activities."