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"ABSTRAKPerkerasan jalan raya dirancang dengan ketentuan mampu memenuhi faktor ketahanan terhadap deformasi akibat pengulangan beban roda. Deformasi alur terjadi ketika terjadi peningkatan tegangan tarik pada suhu tinggi akibat beban roda. Hubungan antara jumlah lintasan roda dengan tegangan permanen dapat diketahui melalui uji alur roda. Penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh nano crumb rubber dalam upaya peningkatan ketahanan aspal campuran panas terhadap pengaruh suhu akibat beban roda kendaraan khususnya pada jalan lalu lintas berat. Limbah ban bekas yang telah dihaluskan sampai butiran ukuran nano yang disebut dengan nano crumb rubber (NCR). Material ini ditambahkan pada agregat halus, pada umumnya disebut dengan pencampuran kering. Penambahan NCR sebesar 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, dan 100% terhadap kandungan filler pada campuran aspal panas (ACWC). Dengan metode ini didapatkan bahwa terjadi penurunan dari segi kualitas, dilihat dari hasil stabilitas yang menurun cukup jauh. Penelitian dilanjutkan dengan melakukan penambahan NCR sebanyak 2,5% dan 5% dari berat aspal. Sehingga dapat diketahui pengaruh penambahan Nano Crumb Rubber yang didapat melalui uji Wheel Tracking Machine. Dari pengujian WTM didapatkan bahwa penambahan NCR dalam campuran beraspal akan meningkatkan kualitas dari campuran tersebut, pada suhu rendah peningkatan kualitas 2,5% NCR tidak setinggi penambahan 5% NCR, akan tetapi penambahan 5% NCR lemah terhadap suhu yang tinggi. Pada suhu pengujian 60°C 2,5% merupakan yang terbaik.

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ABSTRACT

Highway Pavement is designed with the provision of being able to meet the resistance factor to deformation due to repetition of wheel load. Rutting occurs when there is an increase in tensile stress at high temperatures due to wheel load. The relationship between the number of trajectories of wheels with permanent stress can be known through the wheel tracking test. This study was to determine the effect of nano crumb rubber in an effort to increase the resistance of hot mix asphalt to the influence of temperature due to vehicle wheel loads, especially on heavy traffic roads. Waste from used tires to nano-size granules called nano crumb rubber (NCR). This material is subtitute to fine aggregates, generally called dry mixing. The addition of NCR is 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the filler content in hot asphalt mixtures (ACWC). With this method, it was found that there was a decrease in quality, from the results of the stability which decreased quite far. The research was continued by adding NCR as much as 2.5% and 5% of the asphalt weight. So that it can be seen the effect of adding Nano Crumb Rubber obtained through the Wheel Tracking Machine test. From the WTM test it was found that the addition of NCR in the asphalt mixture would improve the quality of the mixture, at low temperatures the increase in the quality of 2.5% NCR was not as high as the addition of 5% NCR, but the addition of 5% NCR was weak to high temperatures. At the test temperature 60 ° C 2.5% is the best."

"Proses perencanaan campuran aspal sangat bergantung pada proporsi material yang ditentuan oleh jenis gradasi agregat serta jenis dan kadar aspal yang digunakan. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan 2 sampel gradasi sebagai pembanding yaitu gradasi menerus (Spek IV laston Binamarga) dan gradasi senjang (Spek Lataston HRS-WC). Sampel diuji pada suhu 90 dengan 50 tumbukan, 110 dengan 2x50 tumbukan, serta 90 dengan 2x120 tumbukan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan untuk nilai deformasi dan kecepatan deformasi pada sampel dengan gradasi menerus nilainya lebih besar daripada sampel dengan gradasi senjang hampir di semua variasi. Nilai VIM dan VMA pada gradasi senjang Lebih besar daripada gradasi menerus, sedangkan untuk nilai stabilitas sampel dengan gradasi senjang memiliki nilai yang lebih besar daripada sampel dengan gradasi menerus.

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Asphalt mix design process is dependent on the proportion of material that is determined by the type of aggregate gradation and the type and asphalt content used. In this research 2 samples used for comparison of gradation. gradation Continuous( Spek IV Laston Binamarda) and gap graded (Spek Lataston HRSWC). Samples were tested at 900C 2x50 blows, 1100C with 2x75 blows, and 900C with 2x120 blows. The results showed for the deformation and deformation rate on the sample with continuous gradation have greater value than sample with a graded gap in almost every variation. VIM and VMA values in graded gap Bigger than continuous gradation, whereas for the stability of the sample with a graded gap has a greater value than the sample with continuous gradation."

"The most pavement type in Indonesia is flexible pavement, of which rutting as one of the pavement defect is caused by heavy load and high temperature . Rutting can cause the decrease of road service and followed by crack which leading to worse damage of pavement. The purpose of the study is to find out the performance of Stone Mastic Asphalt using asphalt cement pen 60 mixed with semi extraction of asbuton and the method of the research is laboratory experiments. The results showed that the addition of semi extraction asbuton significantly increases the resistance of the SMA mixtures to rutting, increasing modulus of asphalt mixtures and improve drain down and flushing. However the the resistance of mixture to particle loose decreases even though it is still in the limit requirement and it tends to become less brittle. As the addition of semi extraction asbuton increases some Stone Mastic Asphalt performance, and decreases the others, so that the determination of semi extraction asbuton proportion has to be minimum but still meet the requirement os asphalt mixture, by carrying further research about fatigue resistance of Stone Mastic Asphalt."

"Tankyrase 1 dan 2 (TNKS 1/2) merupakan protein pada dasar kripta kolon yang berperan dalam meningkatkan kadar b-katenin di nukleusdengan mendegradasi komponen utama destruction complex, yaitu axis inhibitory protein (AXIN). Peningkatan kadar abnormal b-katenin di nukleus yang distabilkan oleh TNKS1/2 menjadi salah satu tahap awal perkembangan kanker kolorektal. Inhibitor TNKS1/2 telah teruji secara in vitro pada sel kanker kolorektal dengan komponen destruction complex yang termutasi dapat mengatasi resistensi pengobatan 5-fluorourasil (5-FU). Inhibitor TNKS1/2 pada kedua situs (dual binders) memiliki aktivitas penghambatan yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan inhibitor yang hanya mengikat pada satu situs aktif. Sampai saat ini belum ada senyawa yang disetujui oleh FDA terhadap inhibitor dual binders TNKS 1/2 sehingga penemuan inhibitor dual binders TNKS1/2 masih dibutuhkan sebagai target pengobatan kanker kolorektal. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan penapisan virtual senyawa bahan alam Indonesia dari pangkalan data HerbalDB untuk penemuan senyawa kandidat inhibitor dual binders TNKS1/2. Makromolekul yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah TNKS1 (PDB ID: 4I9I) dan TNKS2 (PDB ID: 7CE4) dengan menggunakan program AutoDock Vina dalam PyRx dengan ukuran grid box 18,75 Å x 18,75… x 18,75 ,exhaustiveness: 16, dan num modes: 9 yang berdasarkan hasil validasi metode penapisan virtual terbaik. Dari hasil penapisan virtual didapatkan 10 peringkat senyawa dengan energi bebas ikatan terendah, yaitu Epigalokatekin 3,5-di-o-galat; Epigalokatekin 3,4’-di-o-galat; Jasmolakton D; Epigalokatekin 3-o-p-kumarat; Epigalokatekin 3,3’-di-o-galat; Mirisetin3-(6''-galoilgalaktosida); Galokatekin 3-o-galat; Asam isoklorogenat B; Orientanol E; dan Verbaskosida.

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Tankyrase 1 and 2 (TNKS 1/2) are proteins at the crypt base of colon that play a role in increasing the levels of b-catenin in the nucleus by degrading the main component of the destruction complex, axis inhibitory protein (AXIN). Abnormal increase level of b-catenin in the nucleus which is stabilized by TNKS1/2 is one of the early stages of colorectal cancer development. The TNKS1/2 inhibitor has been tested in vitro on colorectal cancer cells with a mutated destruction complex component that can overcome resistance to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) treatment. TNKS1/2 inhibitors at both active sites (dual binders) have higher inhibitory activity than inhibitors that only bind to one active site. Until now, there is no compound has been approved by the FDA for TNKS 1/2 dual binders inhibitors, so the discovery of TNKS1/2 dual binders inhibitors are still needed as a target for colorectal cancer treatment. In this study, a virtual screening of Indonesian natural ingredients compounds from the HerbalDB database was carried out for the discovery of candidate compounds for TNKS1/2 dual binders inhibitors. The macromolecules used in this study were TNKS1 (PDB ID: 4I9I) and TNKS2 (PDB ID: 7CE4) using the AutoDock Vina program in PyRx with size of grid box 18,75 Å x 18,75 Å x 18,75 Å, exhaustiveness: 16, and num modes: 9 based on the best results of the virtual screening validation. From the results of virtual screening, 10 compounds with the lowest bond free energy were obtained, Epigallocatechin 3,5-di-o-galate; Epigallocatechin 3,4'-di-o-gallate; Jasmolactone D; Epigallocatechin 3-o-p-coumarate; Epigallocatechin 3,3'-di-o-gallate;Myricetin3-(6''-galloylgalactoside); Gallocatechin 3-o-gallate; isochlorogenic acid B; Orientanol E; and Verbascoside."

"Penelitian ini membahas tentang analisa campuran Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) dan limbah plastik LDPE pada campuran panas (Hotmix) aspal melalui uji Marshall Stability Test dengan kadar aspal tinggi. Penelitian ini didasari oleh isu lingkungan yang semakin meningkat. RAP bisa digunakan kembali sebagai campuran aspal namun membutuhkan material tambahan yang dapat membuat karakteristiknya mendekati atau bahkan menyamai campuran aspal biasa. Untuk itu, penelitian ini menggunakan material tambahan berupa plastik LDPE (Low Density Polyethylen), didasari oleh banyaknya sampah plastik kresek disekitar kita. Pada penelitian ini, metode pencampuran aspal dan plastik LDPE yang digunakan adalah metode Wet Process. Proses pembuatan benda uji Marshall mengikuti standar ACWC, untuk RAP dilakukan pengujian ekstraksi. Aspal dicampur dengan plastik LDPE, lalu agregat baru dicampurkan dengan RAP. Hasil uji Marshall menunjukkan bahwa nilai stabilitas pada campuran RAP 65% kadar aspal 5% memiliki nilai tertinggi sebesar 1434,582 kg, nilai Flow pada campuran RAP 45% kadar aspal 5%; RAP 55% kadar aspal 5%; dan semua campuran RAP 65% diatas standar ACWC yaitu 4, nilai MQ tertinggi adalah 401,33641 pada campuran RAP 45% kadar aspal 4%, Nilai VMA pada semua campuran diatas standar, Nilai VIM beragam ada yang memenuhi standar dan ada yang tidak, dan nilai VFA pada campuran tersebut hanya beberapa yang memenuhi standar ACWC.

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This research discusses the analysis of the mixture of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) and LDPE plastic waste in hot mix (Hotmix) asphalt through the Marshall Stability Test with high bitumen content. This research is based on increasing environmental issues. RAP can be reused as an asphalt mixture but requires additional material that can make its characteristics close to or even equal to ordinary asphalt mixtures. For this reason, this study uses additional material in the form of LDPE (Low Density Polyethylene) plastic, based on the large amount of plastic waste around us. In this study, the method of mixing asphalt and LDPE plastic used was the Wet Process method. The process of making Marshall specimens follows ACWC standards, for RAP extraction testing is carried out. Asphalt is mixed with LDPE plastic, then the new aggregate is mixed with RAP. Marshall test results show that the value of stability in the RAP mixture of 65% asphalt content of 5% has the highest value of 1434.582 kg, the value of Flow in the mixture of RAP 45% asphalt content of 5%; RAP 55% asphalt content 5%; and all RAP mixtures are 65% above the ACWC standard, namely 4, the highest MQ value is 401.33641 in the RAP mixture 45% asphalt content 4%, VMA values ​​in all mixtures above the standard, VIM values ​​vary, some meet the standard and some are not, and Only a few of the VFA values ​​in these mixtures meet the ACWC standards."

"Perkerasan lentur di Indonesia umumnya menggunakan aspal  Pen 60/70 dimana sebagian besar merupakan aspal impor dari negara lain, sementara Indonesia memiliki aspal alam di pulau Buton, Sulawesi Tenggara yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk mensuplai kebutuhan tersebut. Kegiatan transportasi yang semakin meningkat mengakibatkan kerusakan pada jalan berupa fatigue dan cracking serta meningkatnya limbah ban bekas. Oleh sebab itu  pemanfaatan asbuton dan ban bekas sebagai bahan additive pada aspal minyak merupakan solusi untuk mengurangi konsumsi aspal minyak dan meningkatkan Performance Grade aspal.Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui karakteristik rheologi aspal modifikasi Asbuton Nano Crumb Rubber dengan uji fisik dasar dan uji mekanistik dengan alat Dynamic Shear Rheometer dan pengaruh asbuton nano crumb rubber pada campuran Cold Pavement Hot Mix Asphalt (CPHMA). Aspal modifikasi merupakan campuran aspal minyak, bitumen asbuton hasil ekstraksi dan nano crumb rubber dengan kadar bitumen asbuton dan nano crumb rubber dalam campuran yaitu 5%, 10%, 20%, 30% dan 40% dan disebut LGAM. Selanjutnya dilakukan uji marshall untuk mengetahui karakteristik campuran aspal modifikasi dan agregat.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai Performance Grade aspal semakin meningkat dengan bertambahnya kadar asbuton nano crumb rubber dalam campuran aspal modifikasi. Berdasarkan hasil uji Marshall  LGAM 5, Kadar Aspal Optimum yang diperoleh berada pada 7,04%. Sedangkan pada LGAM – 10,  tidak memeiliki Kadar Optimum Aspal (KAO).

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The flexible pavement in Indonesia generally used Pen 60/70 asphalt , which is mostly imported asphalt from other countries, while Indonesia has natural asphalt on the island of Buton, Sulawesi Tenggara which can be utilized to supply those needs. Increased transportation activities have resulted in damage to roads in the form of fatigue and cracking as well as an increased waste of used tires. Therefore the use of asbuton and used tires as additives in oil asphalt is a solution to reduce the consumption of oil asphalt and improve the Performance Grade of asphalt.

This study was conducted to determine the rheological characteristics of asphalt modified Asbuton Nano Crumb Rubber with basic physical tests and mechanistic tests with Dynamic Shear Rheometer and the effect of asbuton nano crumb rubber on Cold Pavement Hot Mix Asphalt (CPHMA) mixture. Modified asphalt is a mixture of asphalt oil, asbuton bitumen extracted and nano crumb rubber with asbuton bitumen content and nano crumb rubber in a mixture of 5%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% and are called LGAM. Marshall tests are then performed to determine the characteristics of the modified asphalt mixture and aggregate.

The results showed that the Performance Grade value of asphalt increased with increasing levels of asbuton nano crumb rubber in modified asphalt mixtures. Based on the Marshall test LGAM 5  results, the Optimum Asphalt Level obtained was at 7,04%. Whereas the LGAM-10, does not have Optimum Asphalt Levels."

"Meningkatnya permintaan material aspal dan agregat membuat terbatasnya pasokan material sehingga digunakan aspal bekas yaitu Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) sebagai pengganti material aspal. Selain itu, meningkatnya limbah plastik yang semakin tidak terkontrol menjadi pencemaran lingkungan. Oleh karena itu, pada penelitian ini menggunakan gabungan campuran RAP dan material agregat dan aspal baru dengan aspal modifikasi plastik LDPE. Penelitian ini menggunakan gradasi ACWC. Pengujian dilakukan pemeriksaan karakteristik material RAP, agregat baru, dan aspal modifikasi plastik. Kadar aspal yang digunakan adalah kadar 3%, 4%, dan 5% dan terpilih kadar 3% karena mendekati spesifikasi aspal ACWC. Dalam pencampuran dilakukan secara hot mix dengan suhu pencampuran 150oC dan pencampuran aspal plastik menggunakan wet process (cara basah). Pengujian dilakukan uji marshall untuk mengetahui pengaruh kadar RAP dan aspal modifikasi plastik pada campuran aspal. Dari hasil uji marshall, RAP dengan kadar tinggi membuat stabilitas dan flow semakin tinggi seiring dengan pertambahan RAP. Pengaruh plastik membuat nilai stabilitas semakin baik dan nilai flow semakin rendah dibandingkan dengan tidak memakai plastik. Selain itu, penambahan kadar RAP dan aspal modifikasi plastik menyebabkan perubahan parameter VMA, VIM, dan VFA dalam campuran.

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The increasing demand for asphalt and aggregate materials limited the supply of material so that used asphalt, namely Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) as a place for asphalt material. In addition, plastic waste environment that is increasingly uncontrolled is becoming environmental pollution. Therefore, this study uses a combination of RAP and aggregate material and new asphalt with modified LDPE plastic asphalt. This study uses ACWC gradations. Tests carried out an examination of the characteristics of the RAP material, new aggregates, and plastic modified asphalt. The asphalt content used was 3%, 4%, and 5% content and 3% grade was selected because of the ACWC asphalt specifications. Mixing is done by hot mix with a mixing temperature of 150oC and mixing plastic using the wet process. The Marshall test was conducted to measure the effect of RAP and plastic asphalt on the asphalt mixture. From the results of the Marshall test, the RAP with high levels made the flow stable and the flow higher along with the increase in RAP. The effect of plastic makes the stability value better and the flow value is lower compared to not using plastic. In addition, the addition of RAP and plastic asphalt levels caused changes in the VMA, VIM, and VFA parameters in the mixture."

"Kerusakan lapis permukaan jalan lentur umumnya disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor, seperti beban lalu lintas berlebih, terpapar cuaca ekstrim, dan minim perawatan. Faktor tersebut secara langsung memberikan dampak terhadap material lapis permukaan tersebut di mana agregat penyusunnya mengalami degradasi menjadi butiran-butiran yang lebih kecil dan aspal mengalami penuaan. Dalam penelitian ini, fenomena degradasi agregat disimulasikan dengan memvariasikan gradasi campuran aspal dan fenomena penuaan aspal yang ditandai dengan perubahan karakteristik aspal disimulasikan dengan menambahkan bitumen RAP dengan kadar tertentu ke dalam aspal minyak murni. Berdasarkan hasil uji Marshall Standard dan WTM, degradasi agregat lebih memberikan dampak terhadap volumetrik campuran aspal. Di lain sisi, perubahan karakteristik aspal memberikan pengaruh yang lebih dominan dibandingkan efek degradasi agregat di mana campuran aspal mengalami peningkatan kinerja yang ditandai dengan deformasi yang rendah dan nilai stabilitas yang tinggi.

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Damage to flexible road surface layers is generally caused by several factors, such as excessive traffic loads, exposure to extreme weather, and lack of maintenance. These factors directly impact the surface layer material where the constituent aggregates degrade into smaller grains and the asphalt ages. In this study, the phenomenon of aggregate degradation is simulated by varying the gradation of the asphalt mixture and the phenomenon of asphalt aging characterized by changes in asphalt characteristics is simulated by adding a certain amount of RAP bitumen to virgin oil asphalt. Based on the Marshall Standard and WTM test results, aggregate degradation has more impact on the volumetric properties of the asphalt mixture. On the other hand, the change in asphalt characteristics exerted a more dominant influence than the effect of aggregate degradation where the asphalt mixture experienced improved performance characterized by low deformation and high stability."

"Konstruksi perkerasan jalan di Indonesia seringkali mengalami kerusakan akibat pengaruh jalan terendam. Kondisi permukaan jalan terendam diakibatkan oleh sistem drainase buruk. Kerusakan pada lapis permukaan disebabkan menurunnya kekuatan struktur campuran aspal oleh beban kendaraan dan adanya air di permukaan. Pada penelitian ini Buton Natural Asphalt (BNA) ditambahkan pada campuran Asphalt Concrete Wearing Coarse (AC-WC) yang menggunakan aspal penetrasi 60/70. Penambahan BNA 25% terhadap aspal optimum AC-WC selanjutnya disebut ACWC Modifikasi dilakukan berbagai pengujian dalam kondisi kering dan terendam air. Analisis dilakukan untuk mengkaji karakteristik mekanik Stabilitas Marshall, Modulus Resilien dan Stabilitas Dinamis dengan menggunakan alat uji Marshall, Umata, Wheel Tracking Machine dan Scan Electronic Microscope.AC-WC Modifikasi telah menunjukkan kinerja peningkatan nilai Stabilitas Marshall 11.35 %. Berdasarkan uji perendaman Marshall (Marshall Immersion) diperoleh Indek Kekuatan Sisa meningkat sebesar 2.71%. Modulus resilen (MR) meningkat 6.55% dalam kondisi terendam dan pada kondisi beban standar terjadi peningkatan sangat signifikan yaitu 32.59 %. Hasil uji deformasi permanen menunjukan laju deformasi 14.44 % lebih kecil dari pada campuran aspal AC-WC dengan indeks Penetrasi 60/70.

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Construction of road pavement in Indonesia are often damaged due to the influence of submerged roads. Submerged road surface conditions caused by poor drainage system. Damage to the surface layer due to decreased structural strength of asphalt concrete mixture by weight of the vehicle and the presence of water on the surface. In this study Buton Natural Asphalt (BNA) was added to the mixture Asphalt Concrete Wearing Coarse (AC-WC) using bitumen 60/70 penetration index.

BNA addition of 25% of the optimum asphalt AC- WC called AC-WC Modifications carried out various tests in dry conditions and submerget. The analysis conducted to assess the mechanical characteristics of Marshall Stability, Resilient Modulus and Dynamic Stability using Marshall test, Umata test, Wheel Tracking Machine and Scan Electronic Microscope.

AC-WC Modifications have shown performance enhancement Marshall Stability value of 11.35%. Based on the Marshall Immersion test obtained Marshall Index of Retained Strength increased by 2.71%. Resilient Modulus (MR) 6.55% increase in submerged conditions and at standard load conditions occur very significant increase of 32.59%. Permanent deformation test results showed the rate of deformation of 14.44% smaller than the asphalt mixture AC-WC with 60/70 penetration index."