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"Manajemen kalor sangat diperlukan dalam rangka menjaga keberlangsungan operasi dan memperpanjang umur pemakaian instalasi industri. Bermacam-macam peralatan dikembangkan untuk mengkarakterisisasi fenomena panas. Dalam disertasi ini, pembahasan difokuskan pada pengembangan metode pengukuran heat flux sumber panas dan konduktivitas panas bahan berbasis pendekatan Inverse Heat Conduction Problem (IHCP) 2D. Permasalahan konduksi panas untuk plat 2D dalam keadaan steady dimodelkan dengan menggunakan metode beda hingga. Dengan menggunakan data suhu hasil pengukuran experimental, pengukuran heat flux dan konduktivitas panas dilakukan melalui penyelesaian permasalahan inverse menggunakan Conjugate Gradient Method (CGM). Metode pengukuran ini membutuhkan perangkat hardware dan software. Perangkat hardware berupa plat tembaga tipis dan sistem instrumentasi untuk memonitor distribusi suhu plat. Perangkat software berupa pemrograman dalam bahasa MatLAB yang dikembangkan untuk menyelesaikan IHCP. Keunggulan dari metode baru ini adalah dapat mengukur heat flux dengan luasan berapapun dan jenis sumber panas apapun. Untuk pengukur konduktivitas panas, plat tembaga diganti dengan spesimen bahan plat yang akan dicari konduktivitas panasnya. Algoritma juga dilengkapi dengan pencarian titik minimum global dari dua variable yaitu konduktivitas panas dan koefisien disipasi panas. Keunggulan dari perhitungan konduktivitas panas bahan ini mampu mengeliminir potensi masalah akibat kehilangan panas yang tidak teridentifikasi sehingga perhitungan menjadi lebih presisi. Keunggulan lainnya, prosedur pengukuran tidak membutuhkan eksperimen pendahuluan dalam rangka karakterisasi disipasi panas yang hilang ke lingkungan. Untuk pengukuran heat flux, eksperimen dilakukan dengan tingkat kesalahan pengukuran suhu ±0,5 ºC. Hasilnya menunjukkan korelasi yang baik antara fluks yang dihitung dan eksperimen. Deviasi maksimum fluks panas pengukuran adalah 7%. Pendekatan IHCP 2D juga telah diterapkan untuk mengukur konduktivitas panas bahan Titanium. Dengan ketelitian akusisi data temperatur ± 0.2 ºC, maka diperoleh deviasi maksimum hasil pengukuran konduktivitas panas sebesar 11.3% dari nilai sebenarnya 17,0 W/m.ºC. Ada kecenderungan semakin tinggi daya pemanas yang diterapkan, hasil pengukuran konduktivitas panas semakin presisi.

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Heat management is essential to ensure the continuity of industrial operations and to extend the service life of industrial installations. Various tools have been developed to characterize heat-related phenomena. This dissertation focuses on the development of methods for measuring heat flux from heat sources and the thermal conductivity of materials using a two-dimensional Inverse Heat Conduction Problem (IHCP) approach. The steady-state heat conduction problem in a 2D plate is modeled using the finite difference method. Based on temperature data obtained from experimental measurements, the heat flux and the thermal conductivity are determined by solving the inverse problem using the Conjugate Gradient Method (CGM). This measurement method requires both hardware and software. The hardware includes a thin copper plate and an instrumentation system to monitor the temperature distribution of the plate. The software is a MATLAB-based program developed to solve the IHCP. The advantages of this new method include the ability to measure heat flux over any surface area and from any type of heat source. For thermal conductivity measurements, the copper plate is replaced with a material specimen whose thermal conductivity is to be determined. The algorithm is also equipped with a global minimum search for two variables: thermal conductivity and heat dissipation coefficient. This method can eliminate potential errors due to unaccounted heat loss, resulting in inaccurate calculations. Another advantage is that the measurement procedure does not require preliminary experiments to characterize heat dissipation to the environment. For heat flux measurement, experiments were conducted with a temperature measurement error margin of ±0.5 ºC. The results show good correlation between calculated and experimental fluxes, with a maximum deviation of 7%. The 2D IHCP approach was also applied to measure the thermal conductivity of Titanium. With a temperature data acquisition accuracy of ±0.2 ºC, the maximum deviation in thermal conductivity measurement was 11.3% from the actual value of 17.0 W/m.ºC. There is a trend showing that the higher the applied heating power, the more accurate the thermal conductivity measurements become."

"Quarks are the main constituents of protons and neutrons and hence are important building blocks of all the matter that surrounds us. However, quarks have the intriguing property that they never appear as isolated single particles but only in bound states. This phenomenon is called confinement and has been a central research topic of elementary particle physics for the last few decades. In order to find the mechanism that forbids the existence of free quarks many approaches and ideas are being followed, but by now it has become clear that they are not mutually exclusive but illuminate the problem from different perspectives. Two such confinement scenarios are investigated in this thesis. Firstly, the importance of Abelian field components for the low-energy regime is corroborated, thus supporting the dual superconductor picture of confinement and secondly, the influence of the Gribov horizon on non-perturbative solutions is studied."

"This book is both a course book and a monograph. The first chapter briefly introduces the history, background and technology of EPM. In the second chapter, the concept of transport phenomena is concisely introduced and in the third chapter the essential part of magnetohydrodynamics is transcribed and readers are shown that the concept of transport phenomena does not only apply to heat, mass and momentum, but also magnetic field. The fourth chapter describes electromagnetic processing of electrically conductive materials such as electromagnetic levitation, mixing, brake, and etc., which are caused by the Lorentz force. The fifth chapter treats magnetic processing of organic and non-organic materials such as magnetic levitation, crystal orientation, structural alignment and etc., which are induced by the magnetization force. This part is a new academic field named magneto-science, which focuses on the development of super-conducting magnets."